Summary
In Marderosian, the plaintiff was a busboy who suffered near total loss of vision in one of his eyes when a capped beer bottle exploded close to his face.
Summary of this case from Thompson v. Nestle Waters N. Am.Opinion
Docket No. 57457.
Decided March 8, 1983. Leave to appeal applied for.
Kerr, Russell Weber (by Robert R. Nix, II), for plaintiff.
Butzel, Long, Gust, Klein Van Zile (by Edward M. Kronk), for defendant.
Plaintiff suffered the near total loss of vision in one eye when a capped beer bottle exploded close to his face. At a bench trial in Wayne County Circuit Court, plaintiff sought to show negligence and breach of implied warranty on the part of defendant brewery. The trial judge granted defendant's motion for involuntary dismissal under GCR 1963, 504.2.
Plaintiff worked as a busboy at a restaurant and bar in April, 1973. At this bench trial in May, 1978, plaintiff described the careful manner with which he removed several cases of beer from a locked and dry storage room and placed them next to coolers behind the bar. After about a 15-minute break, plaintiff returned to remove the bottles from their cases to stock the coolers. Plaintiff testified that, while carefully removing and not bumping bottles of Stroh's beer, one bottle exploded in his hand about six to nine inches from his head, causing lacerations to his nose and right eye. The top portion of the bottle with the cap still on it, which had been saved, disappeared from plaintiff's attorney's office, apparently through the diligent efforts of a custodian. The bottle was never produced at trial.
Plaintiff's proofs concerning the condition of the bottle when it arrived at the restaurant were vague. Plaintiff and the kitchen manager were uncertain whether an agent of defendant or an independent distributor delivered the beer to the restaurant. Plaintiff testified that the beer could have been delivered by a salesman, a Stroh's truck, or another beer truck. The kitchen manager testified he believed the beer had been delivered by a distributor named Powell.
At the close of plaintiff's proofs, defendant moved for involuntary dismissal. In granting the motion, the trial court ruled that, where there are intervening handlers of the bottle from the time it leaves the bottler until it reaches its destination, plaintiff must make some showing that the bottle was not mishandled in the interim.
Plaintiff contends on appeal that he need only show that the bottle exploded and that it was not mishandled by him. The burden of showing the absence of mishandling, plaintiff argues, should lie with the defendant, especially where, as here, it was asserted as an affirmative defense.
A trial court's decision to grant a motion to dismiss in a bench trial under GCR 1963, 504.2, will not be overturned on appeal unless clearly erroneous. Warren v June's Mobile Home Village Sales, Inc, 66 Mich. App. 386, 389; 239 N.W.2d 380 (1976). Unlike the motion for directed verdict, GCR 1963, 515.1, a motion for involuntary dismissal calls upon the trial judge to exercise his function as trier of fact, weigh the evidence, pass upon the credibility of witnesses and select between conflicting inferences. Plaintiff is not given the advantage of the most favorable interpretation of the evidence. 2 Honigman Hawkins, Michigan Court Rules Annotated (2d ed), pp 332-333.
To recover under either theory asserted in the present case, breach of implied warranty or negligence, plaintiff must trace the defect into the hands of the defendant. Caldwell v Fox, 394 Mich. 401, 410; 231 N.W.2d 46 (1975). As between negligence and breach of implied warranty, the former theory calls for proof that the defect was caused by defendant's negligence, while the latter requires showing that the defect was attributable to the defendant. Smith v ER Squibb Sons, Inc, 405 Mich. 79, 89; 273 N.W.2d 476 (1979); Caldwell, supra, 410; Piercefield v Remington Arms Co, Inc, 375 Mich. 85, 98-99; 133 N.W.2d 129 (1965). "[P]laintiff has the burden of establishing that when the product left the manufacturer it was defective." Holloway v General Motors Corp (On Rehearing), 403 Mich. 614, 621; 271 N.W.2d 777 (1978).
The evidence need not be conclusive; it is enough if plaintiff "produces sufficient evidence of careful handling in general, and of the absence of unusual incidents, to permit reasonable men to conclude that, more likely than not, the event was due to the defendant's negligence". Prosser, Torts (4th ed), § 39, p 219. See 63 Am Jur 2d, Products Liability, § 10, p 20.
"[Plaintiff] is not, however, obliged to eliminate all possible causes of the accident consistent with the view that there was no manufacturing defect. He sustains his burden when he establishes with direct or circumstantial evidence a reasonable probability that the defect is attributable to the manufacturer." Holloway, supra, p 621 (footnotes omitted).
In the present case, plaintiff needed to connect the alleged defect with the defendant. In order to do that, plaintiff had to overcome testimony in the case that it might have been a third party who delivered the bottle or show that the third party did not mishandle the bottle.
Plaintiff produced some evidence of a defect in the bottle leading to the explosion; however, there was inadequate proof to connect the defect with the defendant. Plaintiff's showing of careful handling of the bottle after its arrival at the restaurant and his own care in removing the bottle from its case does not extend far enough to trace the defect to the defendant. The alleged defect could easily have been caused by someone handling the bottles after they left defendant's custody and control. The bottle or the case containing the bottle could have been dropped or kicked by the distributor before delivery to the restaurant. Had plaintiff established that the bottle was delivered by an agent of defendant, a different question would be presented. At this point, however, it is a mystery who delivered the bottle to the restaurant. Under these circumstances and under the scope of review afforded by an order for involuntary dismissal by the trial judge sitting as trier of fact, we are not persuaded that the trial judge's finding was clearly erroneous.
The trial judge correctly ruled in the present case that plaintiff needed to show the absence of mishandling by others after the bottle left the defendant's brewery. Because we agree with the trial judge that plaintiff failed to connect the alleged defect in the bottle to the defendant, we need not decide whether the trial judge's additional finding that an independent distributor delivered the bottle was clearly erroneous. In addition, defendant's assertion of negligence by others as an affirmative defense could not change the burden of proof.
The cases cited by plaintiff either do not discuss the present question, Pattinson v Coca-Cola Bottling Co of Port Huron, 333 Mich. 253; 52 N.W.2d 688 (1952), or noted that the evidence showed the defendant delivered the bottle, Cusumano v The Stroh Brewery Co, 26 Mich. App. 549; 182 N.W.2d 787 (1970), lv den 384 Mich. 795 (1971). Plaintiff's reliance on the rule of circumstantial evidence of negligence, Burghardt v Detroit United Railway, 206 Mich. 545; 173 N.W. 360; 5 ALR 1333 (1919), is misplaced because, "[e]ven though there is beyond all probable doubt negligence in the air, it is still necessary to bring it home to the defendant". Prosser, Torts (4th ed), § 39, p 218. The mere naming of a party defendant and proof of someone's negligence or breach of implied warranty is insufficient, without more, to trace the defect to the named defendant.
Plaintiff also argues that the trial judge abused his discretion in denying his motion for a new trial on the grounds of manifest injustice resulting from surprise, newly discovered evidence, misconduct of the defendant, and the trial court's failure to grant a continuance or reopening of the proofs. The grant or denial of a new trial lies within the sound discretion of the trial court. Kailimai v Firestone Tire Rubber Co, 398 Mich. 230; 247 N.W.2d 295 (1976). The burden is on the party moving for a new trial to persuade the trial court of an error of sufficient magnitude to cause the trial court to grant a new trial in the exercise of its discretion. Lemanski v Ford Motor Co, 82 Mich. App. 244; 266 N.W.2d 775 (1978), lv den 405 Mich. 811 (1979).
We are not persuaded that the trial judge abused his discretion on the grounds asserted by plaintiff. A party claiming a new trial on the ground of surprise must indicate surprise because of the testimony at the time it is given. Great American Ins Co v Michigan Consolidated Gas Co, 13 Mich. App. 410, 424; 164 N.W.2d 575 (1968). In the present case, plaintiff's counsel appeared to be satisfied with the testimony as given and did not claim surprise until after defendant moved for involuntary dismissal. The claim of newly discovered evidence, GCR 1963, 527.1(6), is much like the one of surprise. Ordinarily, evidence is not newly discovered unless discovered after the verdict is rendered. 6 Callaghan's Michigan Pleading Practice, § 41.21, p 388. Moreover, it is difficult to conclude that plaintiff, exercising reasonable diligence, could not have discovered who delivered the beer bottle to the restaurant. 3 Honigman Hawkins, Michigan Court Rules Annotated (2d ed), pp 113-114. The trial judge also did not abuse his discretion in denying the motion for a continuance. Such a motion must be made as soon as possible after ascertaining the facts; a continuance shall be granted only if the trial court finds the evidence material and diligent efforts were made to secure the witnesses or evidence. See GCR 1963, 503.2. We find Kornicks v Lindy's Supermarket, 24 Mich. App. 668; 180 N.W.2d 847 (1970), lv den 384 Mich. 771 (1970), distinguishable. Lastly, we find no support for plaintiff's claim that the deficiency in the proofs was due to misconduct by defendant.
Affirmed.
R.M. MAHER, J., concurred.
I would remand to the trial judge. He stated:
"The inevitable conclusion in the instant case must be that plaintiff having failed to make a showing, even prima facie, of negligence on the part of defendant, and having failed to show a causal connection that the proximate cause of this unfortunate accident was the negligence of defendant, has failed to sustain the burden of proof as set forth and required by the above cited cases, the court must find no cause of action against the defendant. A judgment in conformity with this opinion may be presented."
This language indicates that the trial judge held that a deficiency in plaintiff's proofs precluded his recovery as a matter of law. I do not think the trial judge's decision was made in his role as trier of fact. I must conclude, therefore, that in analyzing his decision our review should be analogous to a review of a directed verdict. Because I think the trial judge used an improper legal standard against which to measure plaintiff's proofs, I would reverse.
The trial judge ruled that, absent evidence that an intervening handler (defendant's distributor) had not mishandled a product, he could not find that a defect in the beer bottle was traceable to defendant. The trial court should have asked whether, given all the circumstances, it was reasonable to infer that a defect in the product (either in the bottle itself or in the pressure of the gas and liquid within it) existed at the time the product left the manufacturer. Holloway v General Motors Corp (On Rehearing), 403 Mich. 614, 621; 271 N.W.2d 777 (1978). In Holloway, supra, p 622 the Court quoted the following language from its opinion in Schoepper v Hancock Chemical Co, 113 Mich. 582, 586, 589; 71 N.W. 1081 (1897), which had been reaffirmed in Schedlbauer v Chris-Craft Corp, 381 Mich. 217, 230; 160 N.W.2d 889 (1968):
"`It is true that where an injury occurs that cannot be accounted for and where the occasion of it rests wholly in conjecture, the case may fail for want of proof. * * * But such cases are rare, and that rule should never be so extended as to result in a failure of justice, or in denying an injured person a right of action where there is room for balancing the probabilities, and for drawing reasonable inferences better supported upon one side than upon the other. * * * "[T]he question of whether the inference suggested by the plaintiff's theory is the correct one, or whether it was sufficiently rebutted, was for the jury.' (Emphasis supplied.)"
I think that an inference that the bottle was defective when it left defendant's control is one which might reasonably have been drawn by the trier of fact.
In this case, beer had been delivered to the place of plaintiff's employment and stored in a dry storage room. Plaintiff removed the beer from the storage room and transported it to the bar area where he left it for 20 minutes. As he picked up a bottle, it exploded in his hand. The explosion sounded like a firecracker going off. After the explosion, the top part of the broken bottle remained capped.
I see no important distinction between the facts of this case and those of Pattinson v Coca-Cola Bottling Co of Port Huron, 333 Mich. 253, 263-264; 52 N.W.2d 688 (1952), where the Court stated:
"We think that the evidence that the bottle exploded, throwing the particles of glass toward plaintiff and her witnesses, that no external force of any kind was applied to the bottle from which breaking might have resulted, and that a short time previously another bottle in the same container had exploded under like circumstances, together with the proof as to the process observed in inspecting and filling the bottles and regulating the carbonation of the content thereof, was sufficient to support a legitimate conclusion as to the cause of the breaking."
In Pattinson, the evidence concerning "the process observed in inspecting and filling the bottles" was evidence favoring defendant. This leaves the shattering of a nearby bottle the only evidence favoring plaintiff in Pattinson not present in plaintiff's proofs here. Where, as here, the bottle which shattered was packaged with other bottles by the manufacturer, the shattering of a nearby bottle would make the inference that the product was defective when it left the manufacturer's control no more reasonable. Correspondingly, such evidence would have no effect on the reasonableness of an inference that the defect was due to mishandling by a distributor. If one bottle were mishandled, it is likely that any bottles in the same container were equally mishandled.
The majority states:
"In the present case, plaintiff needed to connect the alleged defect with the defendant. In order to do that, plaintiff had to overcome testimony in the case that it might have been a third party who delivered the bottle or show that the third party did not mishandle the bottle."
I disagree. The circumstances in which the injury occurred were such that they supported a reasonable inference that the manufacturer, and not the distributor, was at fault. The manufacturer delivered a packaged product to the distributor who delivered it to plaintiff's employer. There is testimony of no mishandling after receipt of the beer by the employer. I will assume that a trier of fact would find that the product was defective at the time it exploded, sending shards of glass into plaintiff's eye. We must examine three possibilities: no mishandling by the distributor, some mishandling by the distributor, and gross mishandling by the distributor. The product was defective even if some mishandling occurred. The manufacturer should expect some degree of mishandling by its distributors and consumers. A trier of fact should be able to find a product like a beer bottle defective when it left the factory if the bottle exploded when picked up even if some mishandling occurred. This leaves us to consider the possibility of gross mishandling by the distributor. I think a reasonable trier of fact, even without the benefit of expert testimony, can conclude that the chance that distributor mishandling led to an explosion is of a fairly low order of probability. Accordingly, a trier of fact should be able to infer that it is reasonably probable that the defect existed when the product left the bottler's control.
It is also important to consider the practical effects of a requirement that plaintiffs prove that no gross distributor mishandling occurred in an "exploding bottle" case. It seems highly improbable that either party will be able to present substantial direct evidence of mishandling. In most "exploding bottle" cases, the presentation of evidence on the handling of a bottle that exploded will be a formal exercise substantially unrelated to the probability that a defect existed in the product when it left the manufacturer's control.
I would remand to the trial judge for consideration of the facts in light of the correct legal standard set forth in Holloway, supra.