PER CURIAM.

Speaker Law Firm, PLLC, Lansing (by Liisa R. Speaker), for Cindy Kay Maier.

Bailey, Smith & Bailey, PC, Okemos (by Amy H. Bailey), for Daniel C. Maier.

Opinion

PER CURIAM.

Plaintiff appeals as of right the trial court's order awarding defendant sole physical and legal custody of the parties' son, JM. We affirm.

I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

Plaintiff and defendant married in 2002, and JM was born three years later. A little more than a year after JM was born the parties separated, but they did not finally divorce until 2012. Custody issues arose during the pendency of the divorce proceedings and resumed within months of the entry of a divorce judgment. In addition to the multiple motions for a show-cause hearing filed with the court, the parties were also involved in several Children's Protective Services (CPS) investigations instigated by plaintiff. CPS found each report to be unsubstantiated. In 2013, a petition to change custody was filed in conjunction with a motion to show cause. The trial court conducted an evidentiary hearing on the custody petition that spanned four months and included seven days of testimony and argument. At the close of those proceedings, the court entered an order granting defendant sole legal and physical custody of JM and granting plaintiff unsupervised visitation with a standard visitation schedule. After an acrimonious initial visitation between JM and plaintiff, the court modified its order on May 22, 2014, to require that plaintiff's visitation be supervised unless a psychological evaluation recommended otherwise. It is that order that plaintiff appeals.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

We review a trial court's fact-finding to determine if it is against the great weight of the evidence. Pierron v. Pierron, 486 Mich. 81, 85, 782 N.W.2d 480 (2010). A trial court's determination on the issue of custody is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Shulick v. Richards, 273 Mich.App. 320, 323, 729 N.W.2d 533 (2006). In child custody cases, an abuse of discretion occurs if “ ‘the result [is] so palpably and grossly violative of fact and logic that it evidences not the exercise of will but perversity of will, not the exercise of judgment but defiance thereof, not the exercise of reason but rather of passion or bias.’ ” Id. at 324, 729 N.W.2d 533 (citation omitted).

Plaintiff asks this Court to reconsider our decision in Shulick, in which we determined that this articulation of the “abuse of discretion” standard remained the proper standard in child custody cases in light of the Supreme Court's decision in Maldonado v. Ford Motor Co., 476 Mich. 372, 388, 719 N.W.2d 809 (2006), that a different articulation, the “principled outcomes” standard, was the “default abuse of discretion standard.” Shulick, 273 Mich.App. at 323–325, 729 N.W.2d 533. We decline. This Court's definition of “abuse of discretion” derives from the Supreme Court's ruling in another child custody case, Spalding v. Spalding, 355 Mich. 382, 384–385, 94 N.W.2d 810 (1959). Shulick, 273 Mich.App. at 324–325, 729 N.W.2d 533. While Maldonado articulated a general “default” definition of “ abuse of discretion,” it was Spalding that addressed the term within the specific context of child custody. “A panel of the Court of Appeals must follow the rule of law established by a prior published decision of the Court of Appeals issued on or after November 1, 1990, that has not been reversed or modified by the Supreme Court, or by a special panel of the Court of Appeals....” MCR 7.215(J)(1).

In Fletcher v. Fletcher, 447 Mich. 871, 879–880, 526 N.W.2d 889 (1994), the Supreme Court stated that because the Legislature used the word “palpable” in the Child Custody Act, MCL 722.21 et seq. , the same word the Court had used in Spalding, it must have meant to adopt the definition of “abuse of discretion” articulated in Spalding. This Court is bound to follow the precedent of the Supreme Court. See State Treasurer v. Sprague, 284 Mich.App. 235, 242, 772 N.W.2d 452 (2009).

III. ANALYSIS

A. THE TRIAL COURT'S CUSTODY DETERMINATION

Plaintiff argues that the trial court's custody determination was erroneous for numerous reasons. She argues that the court erred by failing to consider the reasonable preference of the child. She asserts that the court erred by both deciding custody before the completion of her psychological evaluation and using her failure to obtain such an evaluation as evidence in the court's custody decision. Finally, she contends that the court was biased against her.

1. REASONABLE PREFERENCE OF THE CHILD

Plaintiff's first claim of error is that the trial court failed to consider JM's reasonable preference because it did not interview him. Plaintiff asks this Court to hold that the recent case of Kubicki v. Sharpe, 306 Mich.App. 525, 858 N.W.2d 57 (2014), requires that a trial court conduct an interview of the child in all but the most extraordinary of circumstances. In Kubicki, the Court stated, “Regardless whether the parties wished for an interview, the court was affirmatively required to consider the child's preference.” Id. at 544–545, 858 N.W.2d 57. In the instant case, the trial court declined to interview the child. In doing so, the court stated:

The reasonable preference of the child if the Court considers the child to be of sufficient age to express a preference. [JM] turned nine during these proceedings. Neither party asked that he be interviewed. He suffers from anxiety and adjustment disorder and has been subjected to various evaluations and counseling appointments. There is a concern he struggles with ADHD. He has been exposed to inappropriate and inaccurate information and there are concerns which I will expand on later that [JM] has been coached. It is unlikely even if he were interviewed that he would be able to express a reasonable preference....

Kubicki did not announce a new legal mandate that every child over a certain age be interviewed to ascertain a reasonable preference. Following a long line of cases, Kubicki highlighted the standing principle that a court may not abrogate its responsibility to consider each of the enumerated best-interest child custody factors on the basis of a stipulation of the adults in a case. The right to have a reasonable preference considered attaches to the best interests of the child, not to the rights of the contestants in the custody battle. The term “reasonable preference” has been defined by this Court as a standard that “exclude[s] those preferences that are arbitrary or inherently indefensible.” Pierron v. Pierron, 282 Mich.App. 222, 259, 765 N.W.2d 345 (2009), aff'd by and quoted in Pierron, 486 Mich. at 92, 782 N.W.2d 480. The Child Custody Act requires that the court consider the reasonable preference of the child, if one exists. MCL 722.23(i). A preliminary question is always whether the child has the capacity to form a reasonable preference and, if so, whether the child has actually formed a preference. A child over the age of six is presumed to be capable of forming a reasonable preference. Bowers v. Bowers, 190 Mich.App. 51, 55–56, 475 N.W.2d 394 (1991). Undoubtedly, “an expression of preference by an intelligent, unbiased child might be the determining factor in deciding what the ‘best interests' of the child are.” In re Custody of James B., 66 Mich.App. 133, 134, 238 N.W.2d 550 (1975); see also Lewis v. Lewis, 73 Mich.App. 563, 566, 252 N.W.2d 237 (1977), and Bowers, 190 Mich.App. at 56, 475 N.W.2d 394. However, no court has ruled that every child over the age of six actually has the capacity to form a preference. Just as adults may lack the capacity to give competent testimony because of infirmity, disability, or other circumstances, so may a child's presumed capacity be compromised by circumstances peculiar to that child's life. Additionally, an interview is merely one avenue from which to adduce a child's capacity to form a preference and the preference itself, and not the sine qua non from which that determination must be made. Trial judges, learned in the law, are not necessarily the best persons to approach a child on this issue. Just as a protocol has been developed for interviewing child assault victims, this issue might well be best addressed with the development of an evidence-based protocol for interviewers seeking to ascertain a child's preference for custody. Additionally, it is not uncommon for children in the midst of family reorganization to be under the care of trained mental health care professionals from whom the trial court can seek input on many of the best-interest factors, including preference.

In this case the trial court did not interview JM, but did make an implicit fact-finding that this particular child could not formulate or express a reasonable preference, one that was not based on the inherently indefensible basis of coaching and emotional distress. In making this fact-finding, the court had before it a record that included JM's diagnosis of both depressive disorder and ADHD. Additionally, the record contained evidence of four unsubstantiated CPS complaints, testimony from therapists who opined that JM was being coached, and a traumatic visitation exchange that JM perceived to be a kidnapping. Additionally, more than one witness also testified that plaintiff voiced concerns and criticisms of defendant in the child's presence. Accordingly, the court found that while JM was of sufficient age to be able to form and express a preference, his fragile emotional state, coupled with significant efforts to influence his preference, rendered him unable at the time to form a reasonable preference. Clearly, the court fulfilled its statutory duty. The court's fact-finding was supported by the record and is affirmed.

2. PSYCHOLOGICAL EVALUATION

Next, plaintiff argues that the trial court abused its discretion by reaching a custody decision without considering her psychological evaluation. We disagree. Our decision in McIntosh v. McIntosh, 282 Mich.App. 471, 472, 768 N.W.2d 325 (2009), makes it clear that the failure to consider a psychological evaluation cannot be the sole basis for overturning a trial court's decision on custody. In McIntosh, this Court held that psychological evaluations “are but one piece of evidence amongst many, and are not by themselves dispositive in determining custody....” Id. We explained that “psychological evaluations are not conclusive on any one issue or child custody factor” and that “[t]he ultimate resolution of any child custody dispute rests with the trial court.” Id. at 475, 768 N.W.2d 325. Moreover, in evaluating the child custody factors, the trial court may consider the relative weight of the factors and is not required to give them equal weight. Sinicropi v. Mazurek, 273 Mich.App. 149, 184, 729 N.W.2d 256 (2006).

3. FAILURE TO ABIDE BY COURT ORDERS

Plaintiff also argues that the trial court erred by considering her repeated failure to abide by court orders to obtain a psychological evaluation. The trial court determined that plaintiff's inability to have a psychological evaluation as ordered weighed against her on two best-interest factors: Factor (g), MCL 722.23(g) (mental and physical health of the parties) and Factor (l ), MCL 722.23(l ) (any other factor relevant to the dispute). The trial court erred in its evaluation of these two factors according to our holding in Adams v. Adams, 100 Mich.App. 1, 13, 298 N.W.2d 871 (1980) (“Disputes regarding visitation and contempt are not a proper basis for changing custody.”). However, the error is harmless. Four other factors favored defendant without any indication of error in their consideration, and none favored plaintiff. In order for plaintiff to show that she should have been awarded custody, it is not only necessary for her to show that the trial court erred in its consideration of some of the factors that favored defendant, but also that some of the factors favored her. See Dempsey v. Dempsey, 409 Mich. 495, 498–499, 296 N.W.2d 813 (1980).

4. BIAS

Plaintiff also argues that the trial court treated her unfairly by precluding hearsay testimony from her witnesses, but not from defendant's witnesses. In support of this argument, plaintiff cites several instances in which the court allowed defendant to testify about out-of-court statements by plaintiff that she erroneously refers to as inadmissible hearsay. These statements were not hearsay. MRE 801(d)(2). She also relies on a single instance in which the trial court allowed defendant to testify about a statement JM made that was hearsay. Even assuming that admission of this statement was erroneous, plaintiff has not shown that the actions of the trial court rose to a level of bias.

B. THE TRIAL COURT'S PARENTING–TIME DETERMINATION

“Parenting time shall be granted in accordance with the best interests of the child.” MCL 722.27a(1). A trial court should grant parenting time “in a frequency, duration, and type reasonably calculated to promote a strong relationship between the child and the parent granted parenting time.” Id. The following factors may be considered:

(a) The existence of any special circumstances or needs of the child.

(b) Whether the child is a nursing child less than 6 months of age, or less than 1 year of age if the child receives substantial nutrition through nursing.

(c) The reasonable likelihood of abuse or neglect of the child during parenting time.

(d) The reasonable likelihood of abuse of a parent resulting from the exercise of parenting time.

(e) The inconvenience to, and burdensome impact or effect on, the child of traveling for purposes of parenting time.

(f) Whether a parent can reasonably be expected to exercise parenting time in accordance with the court order.

(g) Whether a parent has frequently failed to exercise reasonable parenting time.

(h) The threatened or actual detention of the child with the intent to retain or conceal the child from the other parent or from a third person who has legal custody....

(i) Any other relevant factors. [MCL 722.27a(6).]

“Orders concerning parenting time must be affirmed on appeal unless the trial court's findings were against the great weight of the evidence, the court committed a palpable abuse of discretion, or the court made a clear legal error on a major issue.” Shade v. Wright, 291 Mich.App. 17, 20–21, 805 N.W.2d 1 (2010) (quotation marks and citation omitted). The trial court must consider the best interests of the child even if it does not explicitly address the statutory factors. Id. at 31–32, 805 N.W.2d 1. The parenting-time order here was changed after an emergency hearing and only a week after the court's initial ruling granting unsupervised visitation. While the trial court did not explicitly go through all the factors in MCL 722.27a(6), it did state that it had reviewed and considered them.

The trial court was reasonably concerned about the status of JM's mental and emotional health when around plaintiff. In addition to the dense record that the court had from the protracted custody hearing, the court received testimony at the emergency hearing regarding plaintiff's behavior since JM had moved to defendant's home. Plaintiff admitted sending texts to defendant threatening to terminate all insurance for the benefit of JM. Plaintiff also admitted sending a letter to JM telling him that defendant's home was a temporary place for him. There was evidence that plaintiff told the wife of JM's coach that defendant had physically abused JM, similar to her four previous claims of abuse to CPS. The court stated, “[P]laintiff cannot separate her own emotional distress and anxiety from her son's, cannot act in a manner that's in his best interest, at this time, and is, clearly, trying to undermine the defendant as a parent.” The record supports this conclusion. The trial court's grant of parenting time was in accordance with JM's best interests.

Affirmed.

RONAYNE KRAUSE, P.J., and KIRSTEN FRANK KELLY and STEPHENS, JJ., concurred.