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rejecting allegations that plaintiff's marks "have all become widely known throughout the United States and worldwide."
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No. 10 Civ. 9492.
2012-07-31
LUV N' CARE, LTD. and Admar International, Inc., Plaintiffs, v. REGENT BABY PRODUCTS CORP. d/b/a/ Baby King, Defendant.
Lee A. Goldberg, Esq., Morris E. Cohen, Esq., Goldberg Cohen, LLP, New York, NY, for Plaintiffs. James J. Foster, Esq., Wolf, Greenfield & Sacks, P.C., Boston, MA, John T. Johnson, Esq., Fish & Richardson P.C., New York, NY, David Tadahiko Yaegashi, Esq., John Stephen Goetz, Esq., Kristen A. McCallion, Esq., Fish & Richardson P.C. (NYC), New York, NY, for Defendant.
Lee A. Goldberg, Esq., Morris E. Cohen, Esq., Goldberg Cohen, LLP, New York, NY, for Plaintiffs. James J. Foster, Esq., Wolf, Greenfield & Sacks, P.C., Boston, MA, John T. Johnson, Esq., Fish & Richardson P.C., New York, NY, David Tadahiko Yaegashi, Esq., John Stephen Goetz, Esq., Kristen A. McCallion, Esq., Fish & Richardson P.C. (NYC), New York, NY, for Defendant.
OPINION AND ORDER
SHIRA A. SCHEINDLIN, District Judge.
I. INTRODUCTION
Luv n' Care, Ltd. and Admar International, Inc. (collectively, “LNC”) bring this infringement action against Regent Baby Products Corp. d/b/a Baby King (“Regent”). In April, a jury trial was held before Judge Louis Stanton. The jury determined that two of LNC's design patents, D617,465 (“the '465 patent”) and D634,439 (“the '439 patent”), were not primarily dictated by function. Regent now moves this Court for judgment as a matter of law on the patents' functionality, or in the alternative, a new trial. For the reasons set forth below, Regent's motion is denied.
See 4/26/12 10 Civ. 9492 Verdict Sheet (“Verdict Sheet”), Ex. E to 5/24/12 Declaration of David T. Yaegashi, defendant's counsel (“Yaegashi Decl.”), at 1.
II. BACKGROUND
LNC designs and sells baby products internationally. Regent is a nationwide distributor of baby products. This action concerns two of LNC's design patents, the '465 and '439 patents. The '465 patent discloses the entirety of a child's drinking cup and includes five drawing sheets. The '439 patent discloses a cup top and includes six drawing sheets. The two patents are in the same patent family. Regent argues that the '465 and '439 patents are invalid because they are purely functional.
See Complaint ¶ 8.
See id. ¶ 7.
See Plaintiffs' Memorandum of Law in Opposition to Motion for Judgment as a Matter of Law or a New Trial (“Pl. Mem.”), at 4 n. 1.
See 7/29/11 Letter from Regent to Judge Stanton, Ex. A to Yaegashi Decl., at 2.
See id. at 4.
See id. at 2.
See id. at 4.
See id. at 2.
See Defendant's Memorandum of Law in Support of Judgment as a Matter of Law or a New Trial (“Def. Mem.”), at 1.
The verdict form presented the jury with one question for each design patent—is the appearance of the design claimed in the patent “primarily dictated by its function?” Regent argues that this question involved claim construction—a matter for the court, not the jury—and requests that I engage in claim construction at this time. Regent further argues that the verdict was not supported by the evidence and that Regent was unfairly prejudiced by LNC's comments during the trial. LNC argues that the jury verdict was supported by sufficient evidence, and that Regent waived its argument that the jury was impermissibly tasked with claim construction by failing to either object to the jury instructions or preserve the issue in its Rule 50(a) motion.
Verdict Sheet, at 1.
See Def. Mem. at 1–2.
See id. at 2, 20.
See Pl. Mem. at 9–19.
See id. at 4–6.
III. LEGAL STANDARD
A. Motion for Judgment as a Matter of Law Under Rule 50 and Motion for a New Trial Under Rule 59
A court may render judgment as a matter of law when “a party has been fully heard on an issue during a jury trial and the court finds that a reasonable jury would not have a legally sufficient evidentiary basis to find for the party on that issue.” The standard for granting judgment as a matter of law “mirrors” the standard for granting summary judgment. Accordingly, in ruling on such a motion, the trial court is required to
See Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 150, 120 S.Ct. 2097, 147 L.Ed.2d 105 (2000) (quotation marks and citations omitted); Zellner v. Summerlin, 494 F.3d 344, 371 (2d Cir.2007).
consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the party against whom the motion was made and to give that party the benefit of all reasonable inferences that the jury might have drawn in his favor from the evidence. The court cannot assess the weight of conflicting evidence, pass on the credibility of the witnesses, or substitute its judgment for that of the jury.
A jury verdict should not be set aside lightly. A court may not grant judgment as a matter of law unless: (1) there is such a “ ‘complete absence of evidence supporting the verdict that the jury's findings could only have been the result of sheer surmise and conjecture’ ” or (2) there is “ ‘such an overwhelming amount of evidence in favor of the movant that reasonable and fair minded [persons] could not arrive at a verdict against [it].’ ”
Tolbert v. Queens Coll., 242 F.3d 58, 70 (2d Cir.2001) (quotation marks and citation omitted). Accord Caceres v. Port Authority of N.Y. and N.J., 631 F.3d 620, 622 (2d Cir.2011).
Altria Grp., Inc. v. U.S., 658 F.3d 276, 290 (2d Cir.2011) (quoting Kosmynka v. Polaris Indus., Inc., 462 F.3d 74, 79 (2d Cir.2006)).
A “court may, on motion, grant a new trial on all or some of the issues ... after a jury trial, for any reason for which a new trial has heretofore been granted in an action at law in federal court.” The legal test for granting a new trial is less stringent than for granting judgment as a matter of law. “Unlike a motion for judgment as a matter of law, a motion for a new trial may be granted even if there is substantial evidence to support the jury's verdict.” Nevertheless, in practice, courts do not grant new trials as freely as the language suggests. “ ‘A motion for a new trial ordinarily should not be granted unless the trial court is convinced that the jury has reached a seriously erroneous result or that the verdict is a miscarriage of justice.’ ”
Caruolo v. John Crane, Inc., 226 F.3d 46, 54 (2d Cir.2000) (quotation marks and citation omitted).
Townsend v. Benjamin Enters., Inc., 679 F.3d 41, 51 (2d Cir.2012) (quoting Medforms, Inc. v. Healthcare Mgmt. Solutions, Inc., 290 F.3d 98, 106 (2d Cir.2002)).
Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 50(b),
[n]o later than 28 days after the entry of judgment ... the movant may file a renewed judgment as a matter of law and may include an alternative or joint request for a new trial under Rule 59 ... [—i]n ruling on the renewed motion, the court may: (1) allow judgment on the verdict, if the jury returned a verdict; (2) order a new trial; or (3) direct entry of judgment as a matter of law.
IV. APPLICABLE LAW
A. Functionality
“ ‘A design patent protects the non-functional aspects of an ornamental design as seen as a whole and as shown in the patent.’ ” “An aspect is functional ‘if it is essential to the use or purpose of the article or if it affects the cost or quality of the article.’ ” “The design of a useful article is deemed to be functional when ‘the appearance of the claimed design is ‘dictated by’ the use or purpose of the article.' ” “Whether a patented design is functional or ornamental is a question of fact.” The Federal Circuit has held that “ ‘[w]here a design contains both functional and non-functional elements, the scope of the claim must be construed in order to identify the non-functional aspects of the design as shown in the patent.’ ” “[T]he preferable course ordinarily will be for a district court not to attempt to construe a design patent claim”; however, “the distinction between the functional and ornamental aspects of a design” is an issue on which “a court's guidance would be useful to the fact finder.”
Amini Innovation Corp. v. Anthony Cal., Inc., 439 F.3d 1365, 1370 (Fed.Cir.2006) (quoting KeyStone Retaining Wall Sys., Inc. v. Westrock, Inc., 997 F.2d 1444, 1450 (Fed.Cir.1993)).
Id. at 1371 (quoting Inwood Labs., Inc. v. Ives Labs., Inc., 456 U.S. 844, 851, 102 S.Ct. 2182, 72 L.Ed.2d 606 (1982)).
PHG Techs., LLC v. St. John Cos., 469 F.3d 1361, 1366 (Fed.Cir.2006) (quoting L.A. Gear, Inc. v. Thom McAn Shoe Co., 988 F.2d 1117, 1123 (Fed.Cir.1993)).
Id. at 1365.
Richardson v. Stanley Works, Inc., 597 F.3d 1288, 1293 (Fed.Cir.2010) (quoting OddzOn Prods., Inc. v. Just Toys, Inc., 122 F.3d 1396, 1405 (Fed.Cir.1997)).
Id. (citing Egyptian Goddess, Inc. v. Swisa, Inc., 543 F.3d 665, 679–80 (Fed.Cir.2008)).
“In determining whether a design is primarily functional or primarily ornamental the claimed design is viewed in its entirety, for the ultimate question is not the functional or decorative aspect of each separate feature, but the overall appearance of the article, in determining whether the claimed design is dictated by the utilitarian purpose of the article.” “If the patented design is primarily functional rather than ornamental, the patent is invalid.” “ ‘The elements of the design may indeed serve a utilitarian purpose, but it is the ornamental aspect that is the basis of the design patent.’ ”
L.A. Gear, 988 F.2d at 1123 (citing Lee v. Dayton–Hudson Corp., 838 F.2d 1186, 1189 (Fed.Cir.1988)).
Richardson, 597 F.3d at 1293–94 (citing Lee, 838 F.2d at 1188).
Id. at 1294 (quoting L.A. Gear, 988 F.2d at 1123).
When determining functionality in the context of a design patent, the court may consider
“whether the protected design represents the best design; whether alternative designs would adversely affect the utility of the specified article; whether there are any concomitant utility patents; whether the advertising touts particular features of the design as having specific utility; and whether there are any elements in the design or an overall appearance clearly not dictated by function.”
PHG Techs., 469 F.3d at 1366 (quoting Berry Sterling Corp. v. Pescor Plastics, Inc., 122 F.3d 1452, 1456 (Fed.Cir.1997)).
V. DISCUSSION
A. The Jury Verdict Was Not Clearly Erroneous and Was Supported by Sufficient Evidence
I will not address Regent's claim construction arguments because they are premature. Claim construction can occur at any point before an infringement determination, and it may take into account a jury's findings of fact. The jury did not construe the claim, nor does its finding preclude claim construction at a later date. Thus, there is one issue beforethe Court: whether the jury verdict on functionality was clearly erroneous because it was not sufficiently supported by the evidence.
See Depaoli v. Daisy Mfg. Co., No. 07ocv–11778–DPW, 2009 WL 2145721, at *5 (D.Mass. July 14, 2009) (“To the extent the scope of the claim must be limited by prosecution history or functionality, I will address those issues definitively if and when they are raised at some later stage in these proceedings, such as resolution of motions for summary judgment or as part of the jury instructions at trial.”). See also Colgate–Palmolive Co. v. Ranir, L.L.C., No. 06–417, 2007 WL 2225888, at *3 (D.Del. July 31, 2007) (“Cognizant of the court's role as the construer of patent claims and the need for claim construction to be complete before a jury deliberates on infringement, the court may further limit the current construction at trial by factual determinations regarding functionality and ornamentality of the included features.”); ADC Telecomm., Inc. v. Panduit Corp., 200 F.Supp.2d 1022, 1033 (D.Minn.2002) (finding that because fact issues permeated the parties' arguments concerning functionality, functionality was best left to the fact-finder).
Judge Stanton concluded that, while a jury may not construe the claims, it may make an overall determination of invalidity due to functionality. See Def. Mem. at 4. See Luv N' Care, Ltd. v. Walgreen Co., 695 F.Supp.2d 125, 135 (S.D.N.Y.2010) (discussing the potential for a jury trial on the issue of functionality); Dexas Int'l, Ltd. v. Office Max Inc., No. 6:07cv396, 2009 WL 252164, at *7 n. 4 (E.D.Tex. Jan. 30, 2009) (adopting a brief verbal claim construction to “appropriately guide the jury['s]” infringement determination, yet “express[ing] no opinion as to whether the patented design incorporates functional elements”).
The parties presented the following evidence regarding functionality at trial.
1. The '225 Utility Patent
Regent proffered LNC's 6,994,225 (“the '225 patent”) as a utility patent that discloses the utilitarian advantages of the design. Indeed this factor weighs against LNC, as the ' 225 patent describes the functionality of individual elements. However, the functionality inquiry asks whether the overall design is dictated by utility.
See Def. Mem. at 10.
See L.A. Gear, 988 F.2d at 1123 (“[T]he utility of each of the various elements that comprise the design is not the relevant inquiry with respect to a design patent. In determining whether a design is primarily functional or primarily ornamental the claimed design is viewed in its entirety, for the ultimate question is not the functional or decorative aspect of each separate feature, but the overall appearance of the article, in determining whether the claimed design is dictated by the utilitarian purpose of the article.”) (citing Lee, 838 F.2d at 1189).
2. Advertising
Regent offered various examples of LNC advertising that touts the functional qualities of individual elements of LNC cups. These advertisements highlight individual attributes such as the silicone spout—for example, one advertisement states that the spout is “designed to prevent drips and spills.” Yet, these advertisements do not demonstrate that the overall design is dictated by function. Even where individual elements are dictated by function, the overall design may still be ornamental.
See LNC bottle advertisements (“LNC ads”), Exs. I, J, K, L to Yaegashi Decl.
See LNC ads, Ex. J to Yaegashi Decl., at 1.
See Power Controls Corp. v. Hybrinetics, Inc., 806 F.2d 234, 240 (Fed.Cir.1986) (“In determining whether a design is primarily functional, the purposes of the particular elements of the design necessarily must be considered.”). However, “ ‘[T]he determination of whether the patented design is dictated by the function of the article of manufacture must ultimately rest on an analysis of its overall appearance.’ ” PHG Techs., 469 F.3d at 1366 (quoting Berry Sterling, 122 F.3d at 1455). Regent also cites case law holding that the functionality inquiry heavily concerns the overall design—not the individual elements. See Rip–It Holdings, LLC v. Wilson Hunt Int'l, Ltd., No. 6:11–cv–1733–Orl–28GJK, 2012 WL 113529, at *4 (M.D.Fla. Jan. 13, 2012) (“The mere fact that each element of a design serves some functional purpose does not necessarily mean that the overall design is dictated by function.”) (citing L.A. Gear, 988 F.2d at 1123). “[B]ut when the function of each element cannot be separated from the overall design, it indicates that the entire design is dictated by function.” Id. (citing PHG Techs., 469 F.3d at 1368).
3. Alternative Designs
LNC put forth many examples of alternative designs that were available to Regent. Regent argues that LNC's alternative designs were legally insufficient because they could not be manufactured without additional cost or loss of quality. LNC correctly argues that their alternatives—differently-shaped cups that performed the same function as effectively as the LNC design—were appropriate. The jury was entitled to weigh the alternative designs more than the other facts, and credit the alternative design testimony of Nouri E. Hakim, the inventor of the LNC designs—testimony which was corroborated by Regent's witness, Jim Holley, to the extent that Holley testified that one of the cups was an alternative design.
See Pl. Mem. at 12.
See Def. Mem. at 15. PHG Techs., 469 F.3d at 1367 (finding that a “full inquiry with respect to alleged alternative designs includes a determination as to whether the alleged ‘alternative designs would adversely affect the utility of the specified article’ ”—not the cost or quality of the article) (quoting Rosco, Inc. v. Mirror Lite Co., 304 F.3d 1373, 1378 (Fed.Cir.2002)). Cf. Valu Eng'g, Inc. v. Rexnord Corp., 278 F.3d 1268, 1276 n. 5 (Fed.Cir.2002) (finding, in the trademark context, that a feature may be functional if it affects the cost or quality of the article).
See Plaintiffs' Alternative Designs, Ex. 4 to 6/11/12 Declaration of Benjamin H. Graf, plaintiffs' counsel (“Graf. Decl.”), at 1–15. See also Rosco, 304 F.3d at 1378 (“ ‘[T]he design must not be governed solely by function, i.e., ... this is not the only possible form of the article that could perform its function.’ ”) (quoting Seiko Epson Corp. v. Nu–Kote Int'l, Inc., 190 F.3d 1360, 1368 (Fed.Cir.1999)). “ ‘When there are several ways to achieve the function of an article of manufacture, the design of the article is more likely to serve a primarily ornamental purpose.’ ” Id. (quoting L.A. Gear, 988 F.2d at 1123).
See PHG Techs., 469 F.3d at 1367 (“ ‘[T]he presence of alternative designs may or may not assist in determining whether the challenged design can overcome a functionality challenge. Consideration of alternative designs, if present, is a useful tool that may allow a court to conclude that a challenged design is not invalid for functionality.’ ”) (quoting Berry Sterling, 122 F.3d at 1455).
See Holley Cross, Ex. 14 to Graf. Decl., at 420. See also R.F.M.A.S., Inc. v. Mimi So, 619 F.Supp.2d 39, 81 n. 21 (S.D.N.Y.2009) ( “ ‘[F]unctionality is a question of fact. The record contains competing expert opinions on the issue of functionality, either of which the jury could credit.’ ”) (quoting Keystone Mfg. Co., Inc. v. Jaccard Corp., 394 F.Supp.2d 543, 562 (W.D.N.Y.2005)).
4. Best Design
Regent restates its utility patent evidence to satisfy this factor. Plaintiffs' expert, Cooper Woodring testified that the embodiments of the patents-in-suit were constantly being improved. Hakim testified that a later design embodiment was manufactured more cheaply, with no loss of function.
See Def. Mem. at 16.
See Cooper Direct, Ex. 11 to Graf. Decl., at 270.
See Hakim Direct, Ex. 14 to Graf. Decl., at 435.
5. Individual Elements or Overall Design Not Dictated by Functionality
Hakim testified that he designed the cup to be attractive. Most significantly, he also testified that he had designed the cup prior to designing the valve that went inside it. Regent rebuts this evidence by arguing that the time gap between the filing of the ' 225 patent and the design patents indicates that the ' 225 patent dictated the design.
See Hakim Redirect, Ex. 10 to Graf. Decl., at 240.
See Hakim Direct, Ex. 8 to Graf. Decl., at 57.
See Def. Mem. at 18.
Given the evidence that was offered by LNC to demonstrate that its design patent was not primarily dictated by function, I cannot conclude that there was either insufficient evidence to support the verdict or overwhelming evidence in favor of Regent. Thus, I cannot conclude that the verdict was clearly erroneous.
Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Inc. v. CIBA Vision Corp., 634 F.Supp.2d 1293, 1304 (M.D.Fla.2008) (“Because of the presumption of validity, a patentee responding to a challenge to the patent's validity need only submit sufficient evidence to rebut any proof of invalidity offered by the challenger, and, where the challenger fails to identify any persuasive evidence of invalidity, the very existence of the patent satisfies the patentee's burden on the validity issue.”) (citing Canon Computer Sys., Inc. v. Nu–Kote Int'l, Inc., 134 F.3d 1085, 1088 (Fed.Cir.1998)). The patents-in-suit were recently reexamined by the Patent Office, which found the functionality arguments of two different defendants, Toys R' Us and Munchkin, without merit, although the examiner primarily focused on obviousness. See 7/25/12 Plaintiffs' letter to the Court at 2; 7/26/12 Defendant's Letter to the Court at 1.
B. Prejudice Does Not Warrant Judgement as a Matter of Law or a New Trial
Regent argues that it was prejudiced by LNC's statements of the law and LNC's false accusation of discovery violations. LNC argues that because Regent did not object to LNC's statements, they have waived their right to challenge the verdict on that basis. I find that Regent did not waive its objections, but the cited statements amount—at most—to harmless error. Any potentially harmful effect of statements made by LNC regarding the applicable law was negated by Judge Stanton's instructions. An accusation of discovery violations, which indeed may have occurred, is also insufficient to require a new trial or judgment as a matter of law.
See Henry v. Wyeth Pharm., Inc., 616 F.3d 134, 152 (2d Cir.2010) (finding that a failure to properly object during trial subjects the trial court's actions to a plain error standard).
See Marcic v. Reinauer Transp. Cos., 397 F.3d 120, 127 (2d Cir.2005) (finding that disparaging comments about a party, his witnesses, and the case did not amount to prejudicial conduct, as “ ‘[n]ot every improper or poorly supported remark made in summation irreparably taints the proceedings; only if counsel's conduct created undue prejudice or passion which played upon the sympathy of the jury, should a new trial be granted.’ ”) (quoting Matthews v. CTI Container Transp. Int'l, Inc., 871 F.2d 270, 278 (2d Cir.1989)). See also Patterson v. Balsamico, 440 F.3d 104, 119 (2d Cir.2006) (“[B]ecause attorneys are given ‘wide latitude in formulating their arguments' to the jury, ‘[r]arely will an attorney's conduct so infect a trial with undue prejudice or passion as to require reversal.’ ”) (quoting Reilly v. Natwest Mkts. Grp. Inc., 181 F.3d 253, 271 (2d Cir.1999)).
See AIG Global Secs. Lending Corp. v. Banc of Am. Secs., LLC, 386 Fed.Appx. 5, 8 (2d Cir.2010) (finding that counsel's potentially invalid legal theories did not warrant a new trial for the adversary, particularly when, “in any event,” the judge instructs the jury on the law). See also Frometa v. Diaz–Diaz, 348 Fed.Appx. 621 (2d Cir.2009) (finding misstatements of the law and improper comments insufficient to trigger a new trial when there was sufficient evidence to support the jury's verdict).
LNC provided evidence that Regent withheld the physical embodiment of one of its cited designs. See Pl. Mem. at 24.
See Air China, Ltd. v. Kopf, 473 Fed.Appx. 45, 51 (2d Cir.2012) (“ ‘[E]xtreme[ly] inflammatory remarks' by counsel during the closing to the jury, such as ‘[T]his man is a disgrace ...,’ a ‘schmuck,’ a ‘scam artist’ and ‘con man’ who had a ‘fundamental dishonesty’ ” did not demand a new trial because they were isolated comments in an otherwise appropriate closing). See also Marcic, 397 F.3d at 126 (“[A]lmost all of the statements [defendant] relies on were statements suggesting that [defendant] or his witnesses lied or that their testimony was unbelievable. Such statements were not statements of the evidence at all, but were rather argument calling on the jury to draw inferences from the evidence.”).
VI. CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, Regent's motion is denied. The Clerk of the Court is directed to close this motion (Docket No. 65). A conference is scheduled for August 23, 2012, at 4:30 p.m. in Courtroom 15C.
SO ORDERED.