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Kendrick v. Freeman

United States District Court, N.D. Indiana
Apr 21, 2008
CAUSE NO. 2:07-CV-0395-TS (N.D. Ind. Apr. 21, 2008)

Summary

receiving something to drink with meals three times a day, but no other access to drinking water, was not an unconstitutional condition of confinement

Summary of this case from Hardy v. Quinn

Opinion

CAUSE NO. 2:07-CV-0395-TS.

April 21, 2008


OPINION AND ORDER


Johnny Kendrick, a pretrial detainee confined at the Lake County Jail, filed a complaint pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging the violation of his federally protected rights. The defendants are Lake County Sheriff Roy Dominguez and Jail Warden Bernard Freeman. Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(a), the Court shall review any "complaint in a civil action in which a prisoner seeks redress from a governmental entity or officer or employee of a governmental entity." The Court must dismiss an action against a governmental entity or officer or employee of a governmental entity if it is frivolous or malicious, fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, or seeks monetary relief against a defendant who is immune from such relief. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b). Courts apply the same standard under § 1915A as when addressing a motion under Rule 12(b)(6).

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2) requires only a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief, in order to give the defendant fair notice of what the claim is and the grounds upon which it rests. While a complaint attacked by a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss does not need detailed factual allegations, a plaintiff's obligation to provide the "grounds" of his "entitlement to relief" requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do. Factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level, on the assumption that all the allegations in the complaint are true (even if doubtful in fact).
Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 1964-65 (2007) (quotation marks, ellipsis, citations, brackets, and footnote omitted).

While, for most types of cases, the Federal Rules eliminated the cumbersome requirement that a claimant set out in detail the facts upon which he bases his claim, Rule 8(a)(2) still requires a "showing," rather than a blanket assertion, of entitlement to relief. Without some factual allegation in the complaint, it is hard to see how a claimant could satisfy the requirement of providing not only "fair notice" of the nature of the claim, but also "grounds" on which the claim rests.
Id. at 1965 n. 3 (quotation marks, emphasis, and citation omitted). Furthermore, "on a motion to dismiss, courts 'are not bound to accept as true a legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation.'" Id., 127 S.Ct. at 1965 (quoting Papasan v. Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 286 (1986)).

Kendrick brings this action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, which provides a cause of action to redress the violation of federally secured rights by a person acting under color of state law. Brokaw v. Mercer County, 235 F.3d 1000, 1009 (7th Cir. 2000). To state a claim under § 1983, a plaintiff must allege violation of rights secured by the Constitution and laws of the United States, and must show that a person acting under color of state law committed the alleged deprivation. Id.; West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42 (1988). The first inquiry in every § 1983 case is whether the plaintiff has been deprived of a right secured by the Constitution or laws of the United States. Baker v. McCollan, 443 U.S. 137, 140 (1979).

Kendrick is a pretrial detainee seeking damages for conditions of confinement at the Lake County Jail. The Eighth Amendment protects convicted prisoners from cruel and unusual punishments. Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 535 n. 16 (1979). The rights of pretrial detainees are derived from the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause. Id. But "[a]n act or practice that violates the eighth amendment also violates the due process rights of pretrial detainees." Martin v. Tyson, 845 F.2d 1451, 1457 (7th Cir. 1988).

A violation of the Eighth Amendment's cruel and unusual punishments clause has two elements: (1) objectively, whether the injury is sufficiently serious to deprive the prisoner of the minimal civilized measure of life's necessities, and (2) subjectively, whether the prison official's actual state of mind was one of "deliberate indifference" to the deprivation. Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 834 (1994) (quoting Wilson v. Seiter, 501 U.S. 294, 302 (1991)). The Eighth Amendment requires that prison officials ensure that inmates receive adequate food, clothing, and shelter. Id. at 832. But conditions that merely cause inconvenience and discomfort or make confinement unpleasant do not rise to the level of constitutional violations. Id.; Adams v. Pate, 445 F.2d 105, 108-09 (7th Cir. 1971). In Martin v. Tyson, the Seventh Circuit noted:

[T]he conditions at the Marshall County Jail may be far from ideal. But again, the Marshall County Jail is a small, rural jail, and jails do not have to duplicate the amenities of small, rural hotels. To make out a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, Martin must show that intentional actions of the defendants served to deprive him of a constitutional right. He has not been Constitutionally harmed here.
845 F.2d at 1457 (citation omitted).

Kendrick's twenty-eight page statement of claim presents two issues dealing with conditions of confinement at the Lake County Jail. His first issue deals with Staph disease — the common name for a Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection, which is highly resistant to antibiotic treatment — which he states is a problem at the jail. He further alleges that conditions the Defendants tolerate at the jail make it more likely that Staph infection could spread from one inmate to another. He also alleges that the Lake County Jail does not provide adequate and effective treatment for inmates with Staph disease.

The Constitution does not mandate comfortable prisons or jails, and "only those deprivations denying the minimal civilized measure of life's necessities are sufficiently grave to form the basis of an Eighth Amendment violation." Wilson, 501 U.S. at 298 (internal quotations omitted). A plaintiff asserting an Eighth Amendment claim must show objectively that the alleged deprivation was sufficiently serious to rise to the level of a Constitutional violation, and subjectively that the defendant acted with deliberate indifference. Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. at 834. Kendrick does not allege that he contracted Staph disease at the jail, and the conditions he complains of, by themselves, do not deprive him of the minimal civilized measure of life's necessities. Other inmates may have contracted Staph disease while they were at the jail, but Kendrick may not assert the rights of any other inmate who claims to have suffered actual harm from this policy because he lacks standing to do so. See Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow, 542 U.S. 1, 12 (2004).

Issue two of the complaint's statement of claim, entitled "Jail Conditions," deals with a wide variety of conditions at the jail. In the first paragraph, entitled "Restroom Facilities," Kendrick alleges that "[i]nmates are locked out of their cells for hours at a time, and each day they spend a total of 10 hours in the dayroom, without access to the toilets in their cells." (Statement of Claim 16; DE 1 at 18.) He further alleges that the day room has no toilet facilities, and that "policy dictates that officers not open the cells to allow inmates to be able to perform excretory functions or to use the toilet." (Id.)

If jail officials prevented inmates from having access to toilet facilities for ten straight hours every day, it might state a claim upon which relief can be granted. But read carefully, Kendrick's complaint does not allege that prisoners are deprived of access to toilet facilities for ten straight hours. Rather, he alleges that inmates "spend a total of 10 hours in the dayroom," (id.) (emphasis added) where there is not access to toilets, and that inmates are locked out of their cells and thus deprived of access to toilet facilities for "hours at a time," (id.), a phrase that lacks specificity and cannot be read to mean ten straight hours. If this complaint is read as a whole, it can only be inferred that the time inmates spend locked out of their cells, where the toilets were located, was broken up by periods where they had access to their cells and to the toilets in their cells. Conditions that merely cause inconvenience and discomfort or make confinement unpleasant do not rise to the level of constitutional violations. Wilson, 501 U.S. at 298. In addition, even if Kendrick had established a constitutional violation regarding lack of access to toilets, he has not alleged that he, himself, suffered this alleged violation. He has only alleged that "inmates" in general suffered in this way. However, he may not assert the rights of other inmate who claims to have suffered actual harm from this policy because he lacks standing to do so. See Newdow, 542 U.S. at 12.

In his next claim, entitled "Use of Showers," Kendrick asserts that the Defendants require all thirty-two inmates in his unit to shower in four shower stalls within a one-hour period between 6:30 a.m. and 7:30 a.m., during which the day room is closed and only the showers are open. For the rest of the day, Kendrick states that the showers are closed to all inmates. Kendrick complains that requiring inmates to shower early in the morning is inconvenient, and that many of them have decided to go without showering because they would rather sleep in. The Constitution, however, does not require jail officials to establish a shower schedule that inmates feel is convenient. The Lake County Jail policy provides adequate time for all of the inmates to shower, if they choose, and does not deprive them of the minimal civilized measure of life's necessities. Cf. Henderson v. Lane, 979 F.2d 466, 468-69 (7th Cir. 1992). If prisoners made individual decisions to skip showers in favor of sleeping, then they are responsible, not the jail administration, for any deterioration in their personal hygiene.

In his next claim, entitled "Cell Cleaning," Kendrick complains that jail officers did not inspect the cells other than by routinely looking into them during count times, and that the defendants only provided cleaning supplies to inmates once a week. The next claim, entitled "The Dayroom," asserts that the administration did not conduct daily inspections of the day room. According to the complaint, the administration provides cleaning supplies after each meal for inmate volunteers to clean the day room, but that only "a half-hearted effort is made to clean the dayroom quickly so that inmates can return to their daily routine." (Statement of Claim 19; DE 1 at 21.) In his claim entitled "Shower Stalls," Kendrick states that inmates consistently urinate in the shower stalls and that the Defendants only provide cleaning supplies once a week.

"Obduracy and wantonness rather than inadvertence or mere negligence characterize conduct prohibited by the Eighth Amendment." McNeil v. Lane, 16 F.3d 123, 124 (7th Cir. 1994). "To state a claim under the Eighth Amendment, [a plaintiff] must, at minimum, allege facts sufficient to establish that the defendants possessed a total unconcern for (his) welfare in the face of serious risks." Id. at 124. The fact (assumed as true but not decided) that jail officials require inmates to clean their cells and the common areas, provide cell and shower cleaning materials once a week, and supply materials to clean the day room after each meal establishes that they are not indifferent to sanitation.

In his claim entitled "Water Fountains," Kendrick alleges that "the administration of the LCJ doesn't provide a water fountain in the dayrooms of the housing units. Inmates have no access to water in the dayrooms of the pods, for hours at a time." (Statement of Claim 20; DE 1 at 22). As already noted, the time inmates spend in the day room is broken by periodic access to their cells, which had running water. (Id. at 18.) Moreover, in the portion of his complaint dealing with meals, Kendrick states that inmates are fed three times a day in the day room. Accordingly, the facility provides liquid refreshment to the inmates at least three times during the period they spend in the day room in addition to some opportunity to go to their cells. It might be more convenient for inmates if the jail had a drinking fountain available in the dayroom, but giving them something to drink with meals three times a day as well as periodic access to water in their cells does not deprive them of the minimal civilized measure of life's necessities.

In his claim entitled "Uniform Exchange," Kendrick alleges that the Lake County Jail issues prisoners one uniform to wear for a week. In his claim entitled "Underwear," Kendrick asserts that jail officials do not provide underwear to indigent inmates. In his claim entitled "Blankets," he states that the administration does not exchange prisoners' blankets on a regular basis.

Conditions that merely cause inconvenience and discomfort or make confinement unpleasant do not rise to the level of constitutional violations. Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. at 832. Providing one uniform a week and not having a regular exchange for blankets does not deprive a prisoner of the minimal civilized measure of life's necessities. If jail officials do not provide underwear to an indigent prisoner who does not have his own, and the prisoner suffers actual harm, then it might state a claim upon which relief could be granted. But Kendrick does not allege that he suffered any actual harm from this policy, and it is not reasonable to infer that he suffered any actual harm from this practice. Indeed, he does not even allege that he was an indigent inmate. It may be that some inmates at the jail could not afford underwear and suffered harm, but Kendrick may not assert the rights of any other inmate because he lacks standing to do so. See Newdow, 542 U.S. at 12.

In his claim entitled "Personal Hygiene Items," Kendrick asserts that the jail only gives inmates a toothbrush, small tubes of toothpaste, small bars of soap, a roll of tissue, and a spoon. No deodorant, lotions, or other cosmetics were provided to indigent inmates. While additional soap and tissue are issued weekly, toothpaste is not reissued. Kendrick alleges that indigent inmates are unable to replace their toothpaste or supplement their personal hygiene items with purchases from the commissary. But, with the possible exception of denial of toothpaste to indigent inmates, the policy alleged does not deprive prisoners of the minimal civilized measure of life's necessities. It may be that some indigent inmates ran out of toothpaste, could not afford to buy more, and suffered harm, but Kendrick may not assert the rights of any other inmate because he lacks standing to do so.

In his claim entitled "Meals," Kendrick alleges that the Defendants provide small portions in the meals they serve to the inmates. The Constitution requires that inmates receive adequate amounts of nutritious food. See Farmer, 511 U.S. at 832. But Kendrick does not allege — and based on his complaint, it would not be reasonable to infer — that his total dietary intake while he was housed at the jail denied him an adequate amount quantity of nutritious food, and he does not allege any actual harm from the meals served.

Kendrick submits two claims dealing with access to legal materials and the courts, entitled "Postage Package" and "Law Library." To establish a violation of the right to access to the courts, an inmate must establish that jail officials failed to provide the assistance required by Bounds v. Smith, 430 U.S. 817 (1977), and show that he suffered actual injury. Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 351 (1996) (holding that Bounds v. Smith did not eliminate the actual-injury requirement as a constitutional prerequisite to a prisoner asserting lack of access to the courts). The actual-injury requirement applies even in cases "involving substantial systematic deprivation of access to court," including the "total denial of access to a library," or an "absolute deprivation of access to all legal materials." Lewis, 518 U.S. at 353 n. 4. Standing alone, delay and inconvenience do not rise to the level of a constitutional deficiency. Campbell v. Miller, 787 F.2d 217, 229 (7th Cir. 1986).

In his claim entitled "Postage Package," Kendrick alleges that the jail "administration does not provide indigent inmates with stamped envelopes to meet their needs to have access to the court. Nothing is provided to indigent inmates, no envelopes, no stamps, no paper, and no pens." (Statement of Claim 26; DE 1 at 28.) If Lake County Jail officials routinely severely limit indigent prisoners' access to scribe materials and postage, it is conceivable that they may eventually violate a prisoner's right of access to the courts. But as already noted, Kendrick does not allege that he was indigent. Moreover, delay and inconvenience do not rise to the level of a constitutional deficiency, and Kendrick does not allege that he suffered any actual harm from the defendants' alleged actions under this claim.

In his next claim entitled "Law Library," Kendrick alleges that the jail "does not allow inmates access to the law library without a court order to do so. This practice keeps inmates ignorant of their charges." (Id.) Kendrick does not allege that the Defendants hindered his own access to the law library, only that others lack access. (Given that Kendrick was able to file his 33-page complaint, it could be inferred that he has at some time gained access to the law library.) Kendrick may not assert the rights of any other inmates because he lacks standing to do so, see Newdow, 542 U.S. at 12, so this claim fails.

In his claim entitled "Disrespectful Staff," Kendrick alleges that "the officers who were assigned to the housing unit control booth were extremely disrespectful in their dealing with the inmates," including using racial epithets, and "bitter black female officers openly being completely disrespectful of black male inmates, for no cause." (Statement of Claim 27; DE 1 at 29.) But there is "a de minimis level of imposition with which the Constitution is not concerned," Ingraham v. Wright, 430 U.S. 651, 674 (1977), and "[s]tanding alone, simple verbal harassment does not constitute cruel and unusual punishment, deprive a prisoner of a protected liberty interest or deny a prisoner equal protection of the laws." DeWalt v. Carter, 224 F.3d 607, 612 (7th Cir. 2000). Even if it is true that the jail guards have been unprofessional in their dealings with Kendrick and other prisoners, the Constitution does not require that custody officers treat inmates with the respect that inmates and prisoners feel they deserve.

Finally, in his claim entitled "Officer Brutality," Kendrick alleges that the Defendants allowed officers to beat inmates or use taser guns on them and that "[t]hese officers terrorize the jail population without cause." (Statement of Claim 27; DE 1 at 29.) Excessive and unnecessary use of force on convicted prisoners violates the Eighth Amendment's cruel and unusual punishments clause, and use of excessive force on pretrial detainees violates the Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause. But Kendrick does not allege that he has was a victim of excessive use of force by custody officers. It may be the case that other inmates at the jail were subjected to excessive use of force, but Kendrick may not assert the rights of any other inmate because he lacks standing to do so.

For the foregoing reasons, the Court DISMISSES this complaint pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1).

SO ORDERED.


Summaries of

Kendrick v. Freeman

United States District Court, N.D. Indiana
Apr 21, 2008
CAUSE NO. 2:07-CV-0395-TS (N.D. Ind. Apr. 21, 2008)

receiving something to drink with meals three times a day, but no other access to drinking water, was not an unconstitutional condition of confinement

Summary of this case from Hardy v. Quinn
Case details for

Kendrick v. Freeman

Case Details

Full title:JOHNNY LASHAWN KENDRICK, JR., Plaintiff, v. BERNARD FREEMAN and ROY…

Court:United States District Court, N.D. Indiana

Date published: Apr 21, 2008

Citations

CAUSE NO. 2:07-CV-0395-TS (N.D. Ind. Apr. 21, 2008)

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