WALLER

Sylvia S. Owen, New Albany, Thomas Henry Freeland, IV, attorneys for appellant. Office of the Attorney General by Jeffrey A. Klingfuss, attorney for appellee.
EN BANC.

RANDOLPH, Presiding Justice, for the Court:

¶ 1. Brett Jones was convicted of murder for stabbing his grandfather to death. In accordance with Mississippi Code Section 97–3–21, the trial judge sentenced Jones to life imprisonment. Miss.Code Ann. § 97–3–21 (Rev.2006) ( “Every person who shall be convicted of murder shall be sentenced by the court to imprisonment for life in the State Penitentiary.”). Jones's conviction and sentence were affirmed by the Court of Appeals. Jones v. State (“ Jones I ”), 938 So.2d 312 (Miss.Ct.App.2006).

¶ 2. This Court granted Jones leave to seek post-conviction relief in the Circuit Court of Lee County. In his petition for post-conviction relief before the circuit court, Jones argued, inter alia, that, because he was fifteen years old at the time of the murder, his life sentence violated the Eighth Amendment's prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment. The circuit court denied Jones's motion for post-conviction relief, and the Court of Appeals affirmed that judgment. Jones v. State (“ Jones II ”), 122 So.3d 725 (Miss.Ct.App.2011), reh'g denied (Apr. 3, 2012).

¶ 3. Jones then petitioned this Court for writ of certiorari, noting that two cases were pending before the United States Supreme Court which raised the issue of whether the Eighth Amendment forbids a sentence of life without parole for juveniles convicted of homicide. On June 25, 2012, the Supreme Court decided Miller v. Alabama (and the companion case Jackson v. Hobbs ), ––– U.S. ––––, 132 S.Ct. 2455, 183 L.Ed.2d 407 (2012). This Court granted Jones's petition for writ of certiorari and ordered supplemental briefing regarding the application of Miller. We have limited our review to that issue.

ANALYSIS

¶ 4. Where an appeal raises a question of law, the applicable standard of review is de novo. Lambert v. State, 941 So.2d 804, 807 (Miss.2006) (citing Brown v. State, 731 So.2d 595, 598 (Miss.1999)).

¶ 5. In Miller, the United States Supreme Court held “that the Eighth Amendment forbids a sentencing scheme that mandates life in prison without the possibility of parole for juvenile offenders.” Miller, 132 S.Ct. at 2469 (emphasis added). The Court declined to impose a categorical bar on sentences of life without parole for juveniles, but “require[d] [the sentencing authority] to take into account how children are different, and how those differences counsel against irrevocably sentencing them to a lifetime in prison.” Id. The Miller Court identified multiple juvenile characteristics and circumstances which may exist that are precluded from consideration by a mandatory sentencing scheme:

Mandatory life without parole for a juvenile precludes consideration of his chronological age and its hallmark features—among them, immaturity, impetuosity, and failure to appreciate risks and consequences. It prevents taking into account the family and home environment that surrounds him—and from which he cannot usually extricate himself—no matter how brutal or dysfunctional. It neglects the circumstances of the homicide offense, including the extent of his participation in the conduct and the way familial and peer pressures may have affected him. Indeed, it ignores that he might have been charged and convicted of a lesser offense if not for incompetencies associated with youth—for example, his inability to deal with police officers or prosecutors (including on a plea agreement) or his incapacity to assist his own attorneys. See, e.g., Graham v. Florida, 560 U.S. 48, 130 S.Ct. 2011, 176 L.Ed.2d 825 (“[T]he features that distinguish juveniles from adults also put them at a significant disadvantage in criminal proceedings”); J.D.B. v. North Carolina, 564 U.S. ––––, ––––, 131 S.Ct. 2394, 2400–2401, 180 L.Ed.2d 310 (2011) (discussing children's responses to interrogation). And finally, this mandatory punishment disregards the possibility of rehabilitation even when the circumstances most suggest it.
Id. at 2468.

¶ 6. We recently addressed Miller in Parker v. State, 119 So.3d 987 (Miss.2013) ( mandate not issued ). Like Jones, fifteen-year-old Parker was convicted for the murder of his grandfather and sentenced to life imprisonment. Id. at 996. Preliminarily, we found that “[p]rior to Miller, our trial courts were not required to hold an individualized sentencing hearing for juveniles before imposing a life sentence.” Id. at 995. Thus, Miller imposed a new obligation with which this State must comport. Id. We held that, although “murder does not carry a specific sentence of life without parole,” the State's parole statute, Section 47–7–3(1)(h), rendered Parker's life sentence “tantamount to life without parole.” Id. Therefore, our sentencing and parole scheme “contravene[d] the dictates of Miller,” as it made Parker ineligible for parole absent consideration of his youth by the sentencing authority. Id. We vacated Parker's sentence and remanded his case to the circuit court for a new sentencing hearing. Id. at 997.

¶ 7. Parker was pending before this Court on direct appeal when Miller was announced. The United States Supreme Court has stated, “[w]hen a decision of this Court results in a ‘new rule,’ that rule applies to all criminal cases still pending on direct review.” Schriro v. Summerlin, 542 U.S. 348, 351, 124 S.Ct. 2519, 159 L.Ed.2d 442 (2004) (quoting Griffith v. Kentucky, 479 U.S. 314, 328, 107 S.Ct. 708, 93 L.Ed.2d 649 (1987)). After determining that Miller imposed a new obligation, there was little question as to whether that obligation should apply if this Court found that Parker had received a mandatory sentence of life without parole. In contrast, Jones's conviction and sentence became final in 2006, more than five years before Miller. Jones is before this Court on collateral review. Thus, the issue presented today is whether Miller applies to cases which already have become final. Stated differently, we must determine if Miller applies retroactively to cases on collateral review.

I.

¶ 8. In Teague, a plurality decision, the United States Supreme Court held that, “[u]nless they fall within an exception to the general rule, new constitutional rules of criminal procedure will not be applicable to those cases which have become final before the new rules are announced.” Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 310, 109 S.Ct. 1060, 103 L.Ed.2d 334 (1989). The Teague Court identified two exceptions to the general bar against retroactivity. The Court stated,

First, a new rule should be applied retroactively if it places certain kinds of primary, private individual conduct beyond the power of the criminal law-making authority to proscribe. Second, a new rule should be applied retroactively if it requires the observance of those procedures that ... are implicit in the concept of ordered liberty.
Id. at 307 (internal citations omitted). This Court expressly has adopted Teague's “very limited retroactive application standard.” Manning v. State, 929 So.2d 885, 900 (Miss.2006).

¶ 9. In ensuing cases, the United States Supreme Court has expounded upon the exceptions articulated in Teague. In Summerlin, the Court determined that Teague's first exception encompassed rules “more accurately characterized as substantive rules not subject to the bar.” Summerlin, 542 U.S. at 351–352 n. 4, 124 S.Ct. 2519. The Court stated, “[n]ew substantive rules generally apply retroactively ... because they necessarily carry a significant risk that a defendant stands convicted of an act that the law does not make criminal or faces a punishment that the law cannot impose upon him.” Id. at 351–52, 124 S.Ct. 2519 (internal citations omitted). Miller solely addressed the latter.

¶ 10. Although Miller did not impose a categorical ban on the punishment that the substantive law could impose, it explicitly foreclosed imposition of a mandatory sentence of life without parole on juvenile offenders. By prohibiting the imposition of a mandatory sentence, the new obligation prevents “a significant risk that a [juvenile] ... faces a punishment that the law cannot impose on him.” Id.

¶ 11. “[S]ubstantive rules ... include[ ] decisions that narrow the scope of a criminal statute by interpreting its terms.” Id. at 351–52, 124 S.Ct. 2519 (citing Bousley v. United States, 523 U.S. 614, 620–621, 118 S.Ct. 1604, 140 L.Ed.2d 828 (1998)). Prior to Miller, everyone convicted of murder in Mississippi was sentenced to life imprisonment and was ineligible for parole. Following Miller, Mississippi's current sentencing and parole statutes could not be followed in homicide cases involving juvenile defendants. Our sentencing scheme may be applied to juveniles only after applicable Miller characteristics and circumstances have been considered by the sentencing authority. As such, Miller modified our substantive law by narrowing its application for juveniles.

¶ 12. The Legislature is the branch of government responsible for enactment of substantive law, which includes both crime and punishment. As we noted in Parker, “[t]he authority to say what constitutes a crime, and what punishment shall be inflicted is in its entirety a legislative question.” Parker, 119 So.3d at 998 (quoting Williams v. State, 708 So.2d 1358, 1361 (Miss.1998)). However, its enactments must comport with both the United States and Mississippi Constitutions. Miller explicitly prohibits states from imposing a mandatory sentence of life without parole on juveniles. Thus, Miller rendered our present sentencing scheme unconstitutional if, and only if, the sentencing authority fails to take into account characteristics and circumstances unique to juveniles. When the Miller Court announced a new obligation prohibiting the application of our existing substantive law, it modified Mississippi substantive law.

II.

¶ 13. The dissent posits that this Court should declare Section 47–7–3(1)(h) unconstitutional as applied to every juvenile. This position was rejected by the Parker Court after full and careful deliberation. See Parker, 119 So.3d 987, n. 14 (“Miller does not require this Court to declare Section 47–7–3(1)(h)per se unconstitutional as applied to juveniles.”) Declaring Section 47–7–3(1)(h) unconstitutional as applied to all juveniles would be an inordinate expansion of Miller's holding. Application of Section 47–7–3(1)(h) to a juvenile is unconstitutional only absent consideration of the characteristics and circumstances unique to juvenile defendants by the sentencing authority.

¶ 14. To be clear, neither the sentencing statute, Section 97–3–21, nor the applicable parole provision, Section 47–7–3(1)(h), has been abrogated, as posited by the dissent. Section 97–3–21 does not violate the Miller mandate. Section 47–7–3(1)(h) cannot be applied in all cases, but can be applied constitutionally to juveniles who fail to convince the sentencing authority that Miller considerations are sufficient to prohibit its application. Therefore, in order to comply with the United States Constitution and to make Miller considerations more than perfunctory, we put in place a “stop-gap mechanism” which allows the sentencing authority “to annul application of Section 47–7–3(1)(h).” Parker, 119 So.3d 987, at 995. This mechanism enables the trial judge to nullify application of subsection (h) to ensure protection of a juvenile's Eighth Amendment rights.

¶ 15. This mechanism does not, as the dissent suggests, allow a juvenile defendant convicted of murder to be sentenced to life without parole. While we all recognize that a life sentence for murder is tantamount to life without parole, we expressly rejected that a juvenile could be sentenced to life without parole in Parker. See Parker, 119 So.3d 987, at n. 21 (“[T]oday's decision only grants the trial court the authority to sentence a juvenile to ‘life imprisonment’—the maximum sentence allowed by statute.”).

¶ 16. The dissent further posits that declaring Section 47–7–3(1)(h) unconstitutional as applied to all juveniles “minimizes our intrusion into any legislative function.” Diss. Op. ¶ 24. Yet, while seeking not to appropriate this legislative function, the dissent would declare a valid legislative enactment unconstitutional, even though it already has been shown that Section 47–7–3(1)(h) can be applied constitutionally to certain juveniles.

¶ 17. Finally, the dissent misconstrues the actual effect of the holding in Parker, and suggests that “the revised sentence will have no effect.” Diss. Op. ¶ 27. I doubt Mr. Jones would agree, given that today's decision grants him an opportunity to be relieved of a mandatory life sentence. If the sentencing authority concludes, after Miller consideration, that Jones's eligibility for parole should not be foreclosed by the parole statute, he is to be sentenced to “life imprisonment with eligibility for parole notwithstanding the present provisions of Mississippi Code Section 47–7–3(1)(h).” See supra n. 4. In that event, subsection (h) will have been annulled by the sentencing authority, and Jones will be eligible for parole subject to the general provisions of Section 47–7–3(1).

CONCLUSION

¶ 18. We are of the opinion that Miller created a new, substantive rule which should be applied retroactively to cases on collateral review. We affirm in part and reverse in part the Court of Appeals' judgment and the trial court's denial of post-conviction relief. We vacate Jones's sentence and remand this case to the Circuit Court of Lee County for a new sentencing hearing to be conducted consistently with this Court's opinion in Parker. See supra n. 4.

¶ 19. THE JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF APPEALS IS AFFIRMED IN PART AND REVERSED IN PART. THE JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT OF LEE COUNTY IS AFFIRMED IN PART AND REVERSED IN PART. THE SENTENCE IS VACATED, AND THIS CASE IS REMANDED TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF LEE COUNTY FOR RESENTENCING.

WALLER, C.J., DICKINSON, P.J., LAMAR, PIERCE AND COLEMAN, JJ., CONCUR. KITCHENS, J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY CHANDLER AND KING, JJ.

KITCHENS, Justice, dissenting:

¶ 20. For the reasons stated in my separate opinion in Parker, I disagree with the Court's remanding the present case to the circuit court for resentencing. Parker v. State, 119 So.3d 987 (¶¶ 31–38) (Miss.2013) (Kitchens, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part, joined by Dickinson, P.J., Chandler and King, JJ.). While capital murder may be punished by a sentence of life without parole, Jones received a life sentence for murder, the only punishment that our courts ( i.e., the “sentencing authority”) may impose for that crime. SeeMiss.Code Ann. § 97–3–21 (2012). Yet, our probation and parole statutes automatically foreclose the possibility of parole for those convicted of a violent crime. Miss.Code Ann. § 47–7–3(1)(h) (Rev.2011). Our trial courts can impose only those sentences allowed by statute, whereas authority over parole eligibility is vested in the executive branch, specifically, the State Parole Board. SeeMiss.Code Ann. §§ 47–7–1 to 47–7–55 (the Parole and Probation Law). Thus, it is the parole statute, Mississippi Code Section 47–7–3(1)(h) (Rev.2011), that violates Miller's declaration that “mandatory life without parole for those under the age of 18 at the time of their crimes violates the Eighth Amendment's prohibition on ‘cruel and unusual punishment’.” Miller v. Alabama, ––– U.S. ––––, 132 S.Ct. 2455, 2460, 183 L.Ed.2d 407 (2012); U.S. Const. amend. VIII. Accordingly, I would adopt the approach taken by the Wyoming Supreme Court when addressing their statutes and hold Section 47–7–3(1)(h) unconstitutional as applied to juveniles convicted of murder, in light of Miller. See Bear Cloud v. Wyoming, 294 P.3d 36 (Wyo.2013) (construed in Parker,). Therefore, rather than remanding the case for resentencing, I would grant Jones's petition for post-conviction relief as it relates to his sentence, and I would declare that, for juvenile offenders convicted of murder, the parole authorities shall apply only the general parole provision of Section 47–7–3(1).

¶ 21. I agree that Jones's life sentence for murder is tantamount to a sentence of life without parole. But, under Section 97–3–21, life without parole is a sentencing option for capital murder, but not for murder. Indeed, the State recently argued that the imposition of a sentence of life without parole for murder was legally permissible because Section 47–7–3(1)(h) foreclosed eligibility for parole. Fernando Martinez Parker v. State, 30 So.3d 1222, 1227–28 (Miss.2010). In rejecting that argument, we held that Section 47–7–3 “does not affect a judge's sentencing prerogative under the criminal statutes.” Id. at 1228. Because a sentence of life without parole “exceeded the statutory maximum,” we vacated the sentence and remanded “for resentencing within the statutory guidelines.” Id. at 1228, 1235.

¶ 22. The Court's having explicitly rejected the notion that, in Mississippi, a sentencing court has the authority to determine parole eligibility for those convicted of murder, mandatory life without parole is a product of Mississippi's parole and probation statutes, specifically Section 47–7–3(1)(h). When recently interpreting Miller under a similar statutory scheme, the Wyoming Supreme Court held that the least intrusive approach would be to leave the sentencing statute undisturbed and hold the statutes which barred parole for offenders serving life sentences “unconstitutional as applied to juvenile offenders.” Bear Cloud, 294 P.3d 36. This solution is simple, preserves judicial resources, respects the legislative authority to prescribe the bounds of sentences, and does not encroach on the executive branch's statutory authority over parole matters.

¶ 23. Although the Parker majority reasoned that its was “chart[ing] the same course” as Bear Cloud, 294 P.3d 36, it clearly did not. Parker, 119 So.3d at 1000. Unlike Parker, (and Brett Jones), the Bear Cloud case, 294 P.3d 36, involved a juvenile convicted of “murder in the first degree,” i.e., the equivalent of capital murder in Mississippi. The Wyoming Supreme Court explained that, under the “clear and unambiguous” language of the sentencing statute, the permissible sentences for first-degree murder in Wyoming are “life imprisonment without parole or life imprisonment according to law.” Id. at 44 (citing Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 6–2–101(b) (2009)). Although the defendant was sentenced to “life imprisonment according to law,” two other statutes prohibited Wyoming's parole board from granting him parole. The Bear Cloud opinion held that the least intrusive approach under Miller was to leave the sentencing statute undisturbed and hold the statutes which barred parole for offenders serving life sentences “unconstitutional as applied to juvenile offenders.” Bear Cloud, 294 P.3d at 45–46. The Wyoming Supreme Court explained that:

We find this statutory interpretation most appropriate for two reasons. First, it minimizes our intrusion into any legislative function while allowing trial courts to impose the existing possible statutory sentences for first-degree murder in a constitutionally permissible way. Second, it separates “life imprisonment without parole” from “life imprisonment according to law,” making them truly discrete, individual punishments when applied to juveniles.
Id. at 46.

¶ 24. In contrast, the majority rejects this view and holds that juveniles convicted of murder should be resentenced, following a circuit court hearing, to either life or “life imprisonment notwithstanding the provisions of Mississippi Code Section 47–7–3(1)(h), as it presently provides.” Despite its insistence to the contrary, the majority holds that a juvenile convicted of murder may now be sentenced to life or life without parole. This decision ignores the clear distinctions between capital murder and murder. By explicitly providing harsher sentencing options for capital murder (one of which is death if the offender is an adult), it cannot be doubted that the Mississippi legislature views capital murder as a more heinous crime than murder. Thus, rather than our disturbing “the existing possible statutory sentence” for murder under Mississippi Code Section 97–3–21, finding the parole statute unconstitutional as applied to juveniles convicted of murder “minimizes our intrusion into any legislative function,” while preserving distinct sentences for murder and capital murder. Bear Cloud, 294 P.3d at 46. Under this approach, subsection (1)(h) is inapplicable, and the juvenile would be subject to the general provisions, i.e., subsection (1) only, of the parole statute, which permits release on parole after the serving of ten years of a life sentence. Miss.Code Ann. § 47–7–3(1).

¶ 25. Notably, this approach was advocated by the State in Parker, 119 So.3d at 996. The Parker majority rejected this view. Id. The majority decision in the present case renders the same result, finding that Miller requires our trial courts “to hold an individualized sentencing hearing” which may result in a sentence of life with eligibility for parole or life without parole. Maj. Op. ¶ 6.

¶ 26. Yet, the main holding of Miller is that “mandatory life without parole for those under the age of 18 at the time of their crimes violates the Eighth Amendment's prohibition on ‘cruel and unusual punishment’.” Miller, 132 S.Ct. at 2460; U.S. Const. amend. VIII. This requires our Court to apply Miller to Mississippi's relevant statutes in light of our own precedent. A sentencing hearing might be warranted if life without parole were a permissible sentence; but, based on our case law and the interplay between Mississippi's sentencing statute and its parole statute, it is clear that Miller requires this Court to find Section 47–7–3(1)(h) unconstitutional as applied to juveniles convicted of murder. The majority, however, abrogates both the parole statute and the applicable sentencing statute. Miss.Code Ann. § 97–3–21; Miss.Code Ann. § 47–7–3(1)(h).

¶ 27. Finally, I find the majority's holding to be a purely procedural pronouncement that fails to provide any meaningful solution. If, on remand, the trial court imposes “life imprisonment notwithstanding the provisions of Mississippi Code Section 47–7–3(1)(h),” the revised sentence will have no effect.

¶ 28. Our circuit courts ( i.e., the “sentencing authority”) have no authority to impose anything other than a life sentence upon a conviction of murder. Miss.Code Ann. § 97–3–21 (Rev.2006). Yet, the majority adds an additional sentencing option of life without parole. This holding is in clear conflict with the legislature's clear and unambiguous declaration that the Parole Board “shall have exclusive responsibility for the granting of parole as provided by Section[ ] 47–7–3....” Miss.Code Ann. § 47–7–5(3) (Rev.2011) (emphasis added). Because the executive branch, not the judiciary, has jurisdiction over parole matters, any language regarding parole in a sentencing order for murder constitutes “surplusage and in no way binds the parole board....” Brown v. State, 731 So.2d 595, 599 (Miss.1999). Therefore, to give any effect to Miller's prohibition on mandatory sentences of life without parole for juveniles convicted of homicide offenses, this Court should declare Mississippi Code Section 47–7–3(1)(h) unconstitutional as applied to juveniles and leave the sentencing statute undisturbed. Accordingly, I dissent and would grant and render post-conviction relief to Jones regarding his Miller claim.

CHANDLER AND KING, JJ., JOIN THIS OPINION.