James T. Campbell Justice

On Appeal from the 181st District Court Randall County, Texas
Trial Court No. 23,164-B, Honorable David Gleason, Presiding

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Before QUINN, C.J., and CAMPBELL and HANCOCK, JJ.

The Court this day has withdrawn its opinion dated September 29, 2015 and issued the following opinion in its place. The motion for rehearing filed by appellant Pio Hilarion Jimenez is overruled.

Appellant appeals from his conviction by jury of the offense of continuous sexual abuse of a child and the resulting sentence of fifty years of imprisonment. Appellant challenges his conviction through four issues. We will affirm the judgment of the trial court.

Background

Appellant was indicted for continuous sexual abuse of a child, A.F., occurring between September 1, 2007 and January 1, 2010. Appellant is an uncle of A.F.'s father, and their families were once close. A.F.'s father lived with appellant and his wife in California for several years. During that time, A.F.'s mother and father met, married, and had two children, Alex and A.F. Appellant and his wife later moved to Amarillo, Texas and, in the summer of 2007, A.F.'s family also moved. They again lived with appellant and his wife. At some point, A.F.'s family moved to their own home in Canyon, Texas. Even after moving to their own home, the children spent a lot of time with appellant and his wife. A.F. and her brother testified they often went to appellant's home after school.

A.F., thirteen years old at the time of trial, testified to several instances of sexual abuse by appellant, beginning when they lived in California and continuing after the family moved to Texas. She testified to instances of anal and vaginal penetration, as well as genital touching. A.F. told her father about the abuse in December 2010, when A.F. was ten. Police were notified and A.F. was interviewed and examined by a sexual assault nurse examiner (SANE).

Appellant did not testify at trial, but presented a defense asserting no acts of sexual abuse had occurred. He relied on testimony from members of his family, and on that of a medical doctor, who expressed disagreement with the opinion of the SANE nurse. His defense emphasized the inconsistencies in A.F.'s accounts, the doubt such acts of abuse could occur under the circumstances she described, and the absence of clinical evidence of trauma to her genitalia or anus.

The jury found appellant guilty as charged in the indictment and assessed punishment as noted. Appellant filed a motion for new trial and the trial court held a hearing, after which it denied the motion. This appeal followed.

Analysis

Sufficiency of the Evidence

By his first issue, appellant asserts the evidence supporting his conviction was insufficient. His challenge to the evidence is limited. He does not contest the sufficiency of the evidence he committed acts of sexual abuse against A.F., but argues only there was no proof two acts of sexual abuse occurred within the time frame required under Penal Code section 21.02.

In evaluating the sufficiency of the evidence supporting a conviction, our inquiry is "whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the verdict, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt." Garcia v. State, 367 S.W.3d 683, 686-87 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979)). It is the role of the trier of fact to resolve conflicts in testimony, weigh evidence, and draw reasonable inferences from that evidence. Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (citing Jackson, 443 U.S. at 318-19 (1979)). The trier of fact is the sole judge of the credibility of witnesses and the weight, if any, to be given to their testimony. Garcia, 367 S.W.3d at 686-87; Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 899 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (plurality op.). The State may prove the elements of an offense by either direct or circumstantial evidence. Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at 13.

In a legal sufficiency review "circumstantial evidence is as probative as direct evidence in establishing the guilt of an actor, and circumstantial evidence alone can be sufficient to establish guilt." Id. If the record could support conflicting inferences, we presume that the fact finder resolved the conflict in favor of the prosecution and defer to that resolution. Garcia, 367 S.W.3d at 687. We measure the sufficiency of the evidence against the elements of the offense as defined by the hypothetically correct jury charge for the case. Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).

To establish continuous sexual abuse of a child, the State must prove (1) the defendant committed two or more acts of sexual abuse, (2) during a period that is 30 or more days in duration, and (3) at the time of the commission of each of the acts of sexual abuse, the defendant was 17 years of age or older and the victim was a child younger than 14 years of age. Williams v. State, 305 S.W.3d 886, 889 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2010, no pet.). The testimony of a child victim alone is sufficient to support a conviction for continuous sexual abuse of a child. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.07(a); Lee v. State, 186 S.W.3d 649, 655 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, pet. ref'd). A child victim is not required to be specific about the dates the abuse occurred. Ruiz v. State, Nos. 05-12-01703-CR, 05-12-01704-CR, 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 7083, at *27 (Tex. App.—Dallas June 30, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication).

Although the exact dates of the abuse need not be proven, the offense of continuous sexual abuse of a child does require proof that there were two or more acts of sexual abuse that occurred during a period that was thirty or more days in duration. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 21.02(d); Williams, 305 S.W.3d at 890-91 (State must prove two acts of sexual abuse "committed over a span of thirty or more days"). Under the statute, "members of the jury are not required to agree unanimously on which specific acts of sexual abuse were committed by the defendant or the exact date when those acts were committed. The jury must agree unanimously that the defendant, during a period that is 30 or more days in duration, committed two or more acts of sexual abuse." TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 21.02(d).

The indictment alleged appellant abused A.F. during a period beginning September 1, 2007, the effective date of the continuous sexual abuse statute. Evidence of acts of sexual abuse occurring before that date was admissible, but appellant's conviction for continuous sexual abuse cannot be based on his conduct before the statute's effective date. Martin v. State, 335 S.W.3d 867, 876 (Tex. App.—Austin 2011, pet. ref'd).

A.F. testified to an event of sexual abuse by appellant that occurred in California before her family moved to Texas, an event that occurred in a rented Penske truck during appellant's move to Texas, and multiple events after her family moved to Texas. With one exception, the dates of the events A.F. said occurred in Texas are unclear from her testimony. The exception is an incident of sexual abuse that, the parties agree, occurred around Christmas in 2008, according to A.F.'s testimony. She testified she was helping put up Christmas lights at appellant's house and her aunt sent her to the garage for nails. While she was in the garage, appellant pulled down her pants and assaulted her vaginally and anally. She said her brother came into the garage and saw that her pants were down. A.F.'s brother testified to the same event, telling the jury he approached the garage and saw A.F. with her pants down and appellant was sitting down "facing her."

Appellant's contention is that no evidence shows any other act of sexual abuse occurred after September 1, 2007, and thirty or more days before the Christmas 2008 incident.

With regard to proof of a second act of sexual abuse occurring after September 1, 2007, appellant's brief makes specific reference to an incident of abuse A.F. said occurred in appellant's van after A.F.'s family moved to Texas. There, she said, appellant "[p]ut his thing in [her] butt." Appellant acknowledges that A.F.'s testimony can be understood to state that this "van incident" occurred after her family moved from appellant's house. Because there was testimony from which the jury reasonably could have determined A.F.'s family moved to their own home in Canyon after September 1, 2007, the testimony of the "van incident" alone provided evidence appellant committed an act of abuse after that date other than the Christmas 2008 incident.

The jury also rationally could have determined the "van incident" or another act of sexual abuse occurred thirty or more days before the Christmas 2008 incident. A.F. told the jury that, because both her parents worked, she and her brother went to appellant's house many days after school even after they moved to their own home. She was asked, "What do you remember happening after you moved into your own house and didn't live at [appellant's] house any more?" She responded, "A lot of things happened. He pretty much would do it every day. When he would come home from work, he would do it." She later clarified that appellant engaged in the abusive conduct when he came home early from work, and that it was not every day he did so.

A.F. later also told the jury appellant put his "thing" in her "butt" more than he put his "thing" in her "front." She testified he put his "thing" in her "front" about "two or three" times but could not recall how many times he had put it in her "butt." She also testified appellant would "make me touch his thing" and make her "move it up and down." She testified she would see "[w]hite sticky stuff" come out and [appellant] would clean it up with "brown hard paper" towels.

With the exception of the Christmas 2008 incident, A.F.'s testimony was unclear whether the particular acts of abuse she described occurred while her family lived with appellant or after their move to Canyon. The date of their move to Canyon also is unclear from the record. But nothing about A.F.'s testimony suggests that the multiple and varied acts of sexual abuse she described occurred in the compressed period of time within thirty days of the Christmas incident. And the evidence appellant had established a practice of sexually abusing A.F. even before the families moved to Texas, coupled with the evidence suggesting he abused A.F. soon after her family moved into his home, if believed, provided the jury strong evidence that the acts of sexual abuse were not limited to the period of time around Christmas 2008.

The testimony of A.F.'s counselor also told the jury appellant's abuse of A.F. was continuous over a period of time. She told the jury she began seeing A.F. in February 2011 and stated A.F. "described acts of anal and vaginal penetration [by appellant] from the time she was six years old up until about the time she was ten years old, from California all the way through Texas, through her move to Texas." The SANE nurse testified that at her examination, A.F. described the history of the sexual abuse by appellant. She told the jury A.F. described a number of events that included genital touching and anal and vaginal penetration, occurring over a period of time. Among others, she related instances of sexual abuse by appellant after her family moved to their own house and through Christmas 2008.

It was the jury's responsibility to resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts. See Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at 13. After review of the entire record, and considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we conclude without difficulty that it permitted a rational jury to find beyond reasonable doubt that appellant committed two or more acts of sexual abuse against A.F. after September 1, 2007 and over a period thirty or more days in duration. See Smith v. State, 340 S.W.3d 41, 48 (Tex. App.—Houston [1^st Dist.] 2011, no pet.); Williams, 305 S.W.3d at 890; McGough v. State, No. 11-10-00073-CR, 2012 Tex. App. LEXIS 1669 (Tex. App.—Eastland March 1, 2012, no pet.) (mem. op. not designated for publication). The evidence is sufficient to support appellant's conviction, and his first issue is overruled. Jury Charge Error

By his second and third issues, appellant contends the court's charge to the jury contained errors, and the errors deprived him of a fair trial.

Reviewing assertions of error in a jury charge, we first determine whether the charge contains error, and if so, we then determine whether the error was sufficiently harmful to require reversal. Kirsch v. State, 357 S.W.3d 645, 649 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012); Hailey v. State, 413 S.W.3d 457, 495 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2012, pet. ref'd).

The degree of harm required for reversal depends on whether the error was preserved. Villarreal v. State, 453 S.W.3d 429, 433 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015); Kirsch, 357 S.W.3d at 649. When error is preserved in the trial court, the record must show only "some harm." Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (op. on reh'g). When error is not preserved, reversal is required only if there was "egregious harm," i.e., the error was so egregious and created such harm that the defendant was deprived of a fair and impartial trial. See Villarreal, 453 S.W.3d at 433. Neither of the errors appellant raises on appeal were brought to the trial court's attention, so the egregious harm standard will apply.

We begin with appellant's third issue.

30-day Requirement Under Statute

By his third issue, appellant contends the charge failed to require the jury to find he committed two or more acts of sexual abuse over at least thirty days in order to find him guilty.

In support of his contention, appellant relies on Smith, 340 S.W.3d at 50, in which the application paragraph contained the statement, "Now, if you find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that on or about the 1st day of December, 2007, through the 1st day of September, 2008, which said time period being a period that was 30 days or more in duration, in Brazoria County, Texas, the defendant, Jesse James Smith, committed two or more acts of sexual abuse against [the complainant] . . .". Addressing that language, the court said, "[t]he precise phrasing in the application paragraph does not specifically require a finding that the last act of sexual abuse occurred on at least the 29th day after the day of the first act." Instead, the language lacked clarity because, read literally, it allowed the jury to find the defendant guilty so long as two or more acts of sexual abuse occurred between December 2007 and September 2008, regardless whether they occurred at least thirty days apart. Id.

Appellant contends the application paragraph here contains the same error. It provides, "Now, . . . if you unanimously believe from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that [appellant], during a period that was 30 or more days in duration, to-wit: from on or about September 1, 2007 to on or about January 1, 2010, in the County of Randall, and State of Texas, did then and there, when the defendant was 17 years of age or older, intentionally or knowingly commit two or more acts of sexual abuse against [A.F.], a child younger than 14 years of age . . .". The charge also instructed the jury that the "phrase 'on or about' in an indictment means any time prior to the presentment of the indictment that is within the applicable statute of limitations period. There is no statute of limitations period for the offense of Continuous Sexual Abuse of a Young Child, the offense charged in this case."

We agree with appellant that the application paragraph, like that in Smith, 340 S.W.3d at 50, confused the statutory thirty-day-period requirement with the "on or about" period alleged in the indictment. The paragraph's language stating that conviction required two or more acts of sexual abuse "during a period that was 30 or more days in duration, to-wit: from on or about September 1, 2007 to on or about January 1, 2010" told the jury it could find appellant guilty so long as two or more acts of sexual abuse occurred between the dates mentioned, regardless whether they occurred over a period of at least thirty days. See Smith, 340 S.W.3d at 50-51. The paragraph erroneously suggested to the jury that the thirty-day requirement was met if it found appellant committed two or more such acts between September 1, 2007 and January 1, 2010. See Knowles v. State, No. 04-12-00180-CR, 2013 Tex. App. LEXIS 2873 at *14 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Mar. 20, 2013, pet. ref'd) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (concluding application paragraph, unlike that in Smith, reflected the language and structure of the continuous abuse statute by expressly requiring finding that defendant committed two or more acts during a period of thirty or more days).

We turn, then to a determination whether the error was egregiously harmful to appellant. Charge error is egregiously harmful if it affects the very basis of the case, deprives the defendant of a valuable right, or vitally affects a defensive theory. Villarreal, 453 S.W.3d at 433; see Allen v. State, 253 S.W.3d 260, 264 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). Egregious harm is a "high and difficult standard" to meet, and such a determination must be "borne out by the trial record." Villarreal, 453 S.W.3d at 433 (citing Reeves v. State, 420 S.W.3d 812, 816 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013)). We will not reverse a conviction unless the defendant has suffered "actual rather than theoretical harm." Id. (citing Cosio v. State, 353 S.W.3d 766, 777 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011)). We consider (1) the entirety of the jury charge, (2) the state of the evidence, including the contested issues and weight of probative evidence, (3) the arguments of counsel, and (4) any other relevant information revealed by the trial record as a whole. Villareal, 453 S.W.3d at 433.

Considered in the context of the entirety of the charge, we find the erroneous wording of the application paragraph did not cause appellant egregious harm. More than once, the charge independently stated the requirement that the acts of sexual abuse be committed during a period of thirty or more days, or stated that requirement in a way to distinguish it from the "on or about" dates. As examples, the beginning paragraph of the charge told the jury appellant "stands charged by indictment with the offense of Continuous Sexual Abuse of a Young Child, alleged to have been committed in Randall County, Texas, from on or about September 1, 2007 to on or about January 1, 2010 and continuing during a period of 30 or more days in duration." The next paragraph defined the elements of the offense, including the requirement that commission of the acts of sexual abuse occur "during a period that is 30 or more days in duration," without any mention of the "on or about" dates of September 1, 2007 to January 1, 2010. The charge also contained a sentence like that cited in the harm analysis in Smith, stating, "You are required to agree unanimously that the defendant . . . during a period that is 30 or more days in duration, committed two or more acts of sexual abuse." See Smith, 340 S.W.3d at 51. As in Smith, the sentence immediately precedes the application paragraph. Id. And the charge later contained a sentence referring to the jury's determination "whether two or more incidents occurred 30 or more days in duration during the time frame alleged in the indictment." All these references serve to mitigate the impact of the erroneous application paragraph language.

As to the state of the evidence, appellant's defense contended no act of sexual abuse occurred. With regard to the dates of the incidents A.F. described, and the evidence that two such incidents occurred thirty days apart, A.F. and her brother described one incident as occurring near Christmas 2008. A.F. also described incidents that appeared to occur closer to the time A.F.'s family moved to Texas in the summer of 2007. Appellant contends on appeal that one or more of those incidents occurred before September 1, 2007. Nothing in the evidence suggests that the several other incidents of abuse A.F. described were clustered within thirty days of Christmas 2008. The state of the evidence thus weighs against a finding of egregious harm.

The arguments of counsel strongly indicate appellant was not egregiously harmed by the error in the application paragraph. Both the prosecutor and appellant's counsel made abundantly clear in their arguments that the jury must find two acts of sexual abuse occurred over a period of thirty days or more. Appellant's counsel emphasized the instruction that jurors need not agree which acts occurred, but must agree that two acts occurred, as he put it, "more than thirty days apart." The prosecutor also argued that the testimony of a particular witness showed that appellant's acts "were at least 30 days apart."

Two other aspects of the record bear on the harm analysis. The State's indictment, read to the jury, contained language similar to that in the charge's application paragraph, alleging that appellant "during a period that was 30 or more days in duration, to-wit: from on or about September 1, 2007 to on or about January 1, 2010, and before the presentment of this indictment, in said County and State, did then and there . . . intentionally and knowingly commit two or more acts of sexual abuse . . . ." On the other hand, during voir dire, the prosecutor thoroughly discussed the requirement of proof that acts of sexual abuse occurred thirty or more days apart. She used a calendar as a demonstrative aid, and depicted for the venire examples of evidence that would, or would not, satisfy the thirty-day requirement. As one example, she asked a venire member if proof that a defendant committed sexual abuse every day for the 28 days of February would satisfy the thirty-day requirement. He correctly responded that it would not. At least two other venire members raised questions about the requirement, leading to further discussion.

We find the application paragraph erroneously failed to make clear to the jury that, for conviction, it must find appellant committed two or more acts of sexual abuse over a period thirty days or more in duration, but, as did the court in Smith, 340 S.W.3d at 53, we find also that appellant was not egregiously harmed by the erroneous language. Appellant's third issue is overruled.

Jury Charge Error Regarding Allegations Before September 1, 2007

In appellant's second issue, he argues the jury charge did not contain an explicit instruction prohibiting the jury from considering any acts of sexual abuse that occurred before the statute's effective date of September 1, 2007 and, by the definition of "on or about," allowed the jury to consider acts prior to that date as among the two or more acts the State was required to prove. Everywhere in the charge that the date September 1, 2007 appears, it reads "on or about September 1, 2007." Appellant did not object at trial to this aspect of the charge.

The charge included a limiting instruction removing from the jury's consideration as acts available for conviction the abuse A.F. testified occurred in California and the act she testified occurred in the rented Penske truck on the way from California to Texas. Both those events clearly would have occurred before September 1, 2007.

The testimony, however, does not make clear when during the summer of 2007 A.F.'s family moved to Texas. Appellant contends that two of the incidents A.F. described as occurring after the move could have occurred before September 1.

Courts of appeals have held that "even when the application paragraph limits conviction to a proper time period, the charge is erroneous unless the instruction on the nonbinding nature of the dates alleged in the indictment is somehow specifically limited to require jurors to convict based only on acts of sexual abuse that took place on or after September 1, 2007." Whitington v. State, No. 08-13-00102-CR, 2015 Tex. App. LEXIS 4230 (Tex. App.—El Paso Apr. 24, 2015, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication); see Gomez v. State, 459 S.W.3d 651, 660 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2015, pet. ref'd); Flores v. State, No. 13-12-00606-CR, 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 4158 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi Apr. 17, 2014, pet. ref'd) (mem. op., not designated for publication); Oliver v. State, No. 10-12-00389-CR, 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 2836 (Tex. App.—Waco Mar. 13, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication); Kuhn v. State, 393 S.W.3d 519, 524 (Tex. App.—Austin 2013, pet. ref'd); Martin, 335 S.W.3d at 875-76 ("given the evidence of appellant's sexually abusive acts prior to the effective date of section 21.02, the trial court's unqualified instruction that the dates alleged in the indictment were not binding and that the State could prove that the offenses had been committed at any time prior to the return of the indictment 'present[ed] the jury with a much broader chronological perimeter than is permitted by law' with respect to count one").

We agree with the State that the limiting instruction served the purpose of overriding the charge's definition of "on or about," and instructing the jury not to consider the California incident and the Penske truck incident as evidence authorizing conviction. See Struckman v. State, No. 10-10-00427-CR, 2011 Tex. App. LEXIS 8042 (Tex. App.—Waco Oct. 5, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (distinguishing Martin because trial court included instruction advising jury that State elected to proceed only on events occurring after September 1, 2007, thereby limiting the chronological perimeter). But we agree with appellant that the charge did not otherwise restrict the acts of abuse authorizing conviction to those occurring after September 1, 2007, and was thus erroneous.

Turning to the harm analysis, we find the most significant factor on this record is the state of the evidence, including the contested issues and weight of probative evidence. Here, neither the entirety of the charge nor the arguments of counsel lend significant weight, pro or con, on the question of egregious harm from this error. Villareal, 453 S.W.3d at 433.

The state of the evidence clearly weighs against finding egregious harm. Appellant's brief argues the initial incident of abuse in the garage of appellant's home "probably" occurred before September 1. And he contends the evidence could support a conclusion the van incident predated September 1. Assuming for this purpose appellant's contentions are correct, they address only two of the several incidents A.F. specifically described. And, from her statements regarding the "things [that] happened" when appellant came home early from work after her family's move to their own house, the jury properly could have inferred there were, during that time, more instances of sexual abuse than those A.F. specifically described. Further, as courts have noted in similar cases, appellant's defense of the charge against him did not focus on the issue whether incidents occurred before or after September 1. Appellant's defense contested the occurrence of all the incidents of abuse, and focused on challenges to A.F.'s credibility. See, e.g., Kuhn, 393 S.W.3d at 528-29.

On this record, any harm from the court's failure to clarify the application of the "on or about" definition to the September 1 date is theoretical, not actual. See Villarreal, 453 S.W.3d at 433. We do not see that the error affected the very basis of the case against appellant, deprived him of a valuable right, or vitally affected a defensive theory. Id. We overrule appellant's second issue. Motion for New Trial

In appellant's last issue, he argues the trial court erred by denying his motion for new trial. Appellant presented expert trial testimony by a medical doctor, who testified he reviewed pictures and the SANE nurse's report and concluded the medical evidence did not support a finding of sexual abuse. On cross-examination, asked if in his practice he consulted with a SANE nurse, the doctor testified he had consulted with Ashley Huynh, a Houston SANE nurse. The State called Huynh in rebuttal. She denied consulting with the doctor, and expressed a negative opinion of him. During closing argument, the State reiterated Huynh's testimony, saying, "And Ashley Huynh came in here and told you [the doctor] lied to you."

Appellant's motion for new trial was based on copies of emails Huynh and the doctor had exchanged on occasions in the year before trial in appellant's case. Appellant contended the emails constituted newly discovered evidence, and showed Huynh lied at appellant's trial, detrimentally impacting his defense. After reviewing the emails and hearing argument, the court denied his motion for new trial.

We review a trial court's denial of a motion for new trial under an abuse of discretion standard. Holden v. State, 201 S.W.3d 761, 763 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). "We do not substitute our judgment for that of the trial court; rather, we decide whether the trial court's decision was arbitrary or unreasonable. A trial court abuses its discretion in denying a motion for new trial only when no reasonable view of the record could support the trial court's ruling." Id. In considering a motion for new trial, the trial court possesses broad discretion in assessing the credibility of witnesses and in weighing the evidence to determine whether a different result would occur upon retrial. Messer v. State, 757 S.W.2d 820, 827-28 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1998, pet. ref'd).

A motion for new trial must be granted where material evidence favorable to the accused has been discovered since trial. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 40.001 (West 2014). To establish an abuse of discretion for failure to grant a motion for new trial based on newly discovered evidence, the appellant must show: (1) the newly discovered evidence was unknown or unavailable to him at the time of his trial; (2) his failure to discover or obtain the evidence was not due to a lack of diligence; (3) the new evidence is admissible and not merely cumulative, corroborative, collateral, or impeaching; and (4) the new evidence is probably true and will probably bring about a different result in another trial. Lee, 186 S.W.3d at 659-60; see also Wallace v. State, 106 S.W.3d 103, 108 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). If the appellant fails to establish any one of these elements, the trial court does not abuse its discretion by denying the motion for new trial. Shafer v. State, 82 S.W.3d 553, 556 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2002, pet. ref'd).

In the emails supporting appellant's motion for new trial, Huynh thanked the doctor for his interest in her forensic nursing program, referred to their discussions about cases, told him to feel free to discuss cases with her in the future off the record, and proclaimed her respect for him as a physician. As noted, they were dated in 2012 before appellant's trial in 2013. None related to appellant's case; Huynh had no involvement with A.F.

The State argued the emails were not likely to bring about a different result on retrial. We find the trial court's acceptance of the State's argument was not an abuse of its discretion. Accordingly, we resolve appellant's final issue against him.

Conclusion

Having overruled each of appellant's issues, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

James T. Campbell

Justice
Do not publish.