HAYWOOD S. GILLIAM, JR., United States District Judge

Daniel Morley Hattis, Hattis & Lukacs, Bellevue, WA, Paul Karl Lukacs, Hattis & Lukacs, Thousand Oaks, CA, Stephen DeNittis, Pro Hac Vice, DeNittis Osefchen Prince, P.C., Marlton, NJ, for Plaintiffs.

James Hyeoun Ju Moon, Scott Robert Commerson, Davis Wright Tremaine LLP, Los Angeles, CA, John Goldmark, Pro Hac Vice, Davis Wright Tremaine LLp, Seattle, WA, Joseph Edward Addiego, III, Davis Wright Tremaine LLP, San Francisco, CA, for Defendant.

ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO REMAND

Re: Dkt. No. 16

HAYWOOD S. GILLIAM, JR., United States District Judge

Pending before the Court is the motion to remand filed by Plaintiffs Brandon Jack and Jean Alda. Dkt. No. 16 ("Mot."). The Court finds this matter appropriate for disposition without oral argument and the matter is deemed submitted. See Civil L.R. 7-1(b). For the reasons detailed below, the Court GRANTS the motion.

I. BACKGROUND

Plaintiffs initially filed this putative class action against Defendant Ring LLC on November 19, 2020, in San Francisco Superior Court. See Dkt. No. 1, Ex. A ("Compl."). Defendant manufactures, markets, distributes, and sells Ring video doorbells and Ring security cameras. Id. at ¶ 15. Both the doorbell and security camera integrate with a smartphone "app," allowing users to view real-time and video recordings. See id. at ¶¶ 20–23. Plaintiffs allege that Defendant failed to disclose that in order to record, play back, and view snapshots from the doorbell and security camera, users have to pay an additional $3 fee per month (or a yearly fee of $30). See id. at ¶¶ 1–9, 25–29, 36, 45. Plaintiffs assert that these functions are "fundamental" to the products, and that without them, the doorbell and security camera "lose much of their usefulness and effectiveness." See id. at ¶ 28. Although the boxes for the doorbell and security camera identified their key features, Plaintiffs allege that they did not disclose the monthly or yearly fees. See id. at ¶¶ 41–42, 51. Plaintiffs further allege that Defendant's webpages also fail to disclose these fees. See id. at ¶ 53.

Based on these facts, Plaintiffs bring causes of action for violations of the Consumer Legal Remedies Act, Cal. Civ. Code §§ 1750, et seq. ; California's False Advertising Law, Cal. Bus. & Professions Code §§ 17500, et seq. ; and California's Unfair Competition Law, Cal. Bus. & Professions Code §§ 17200 et seq. Id. at ¶¶ 103–164. Plaintiffs also seek to represent several classes of California consumers who purchased the Ring Video Doorbell 2 and the Ring Floodlight Cam, both in store and on Defendant's website. See id. at ¶¶ 85–88. Plaintiffs request that the Court order Defendant to provide Plaintiffs with the ability to use the recording, playback, and snapshot functions without charge for the life of their devices. Id. at 29 ("Prayer for Relief"). Additionally, and as relevant to this motion, Plaintiffs also ask that the Court:

enter a public injunction requiring Defendant to prominently disclose on the outside of the boxes of its Ring video doorbell and security camera products, and on the Ring website product pages for the products, that the video recording, playback and snapshot features of the products will not function unless the purchaser also buys the Protect Plan from Ring for an additional fee of $3 per month or $30 per year, per device.

Id. at 28.

On January 22, 2021, Defendant removed this action to federal court, claiming that the Court has jurisdiction under the Class Action Fairness Act of 2005 ("CAFA"), 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d). See Dkt. No. 1 ("Notice of Removal") at 2–5. In the alternative, Defendant also stated that the Court has diversity jurisdiction over this action under 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a). See id. at 5–6. Plaintiffs now move to remand this action to San Francisco Superior Court, arguing that the Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction under either CAFA or traditional diversity jurisdiction. See Mot.

II. LEGAL STANDARD

A suit may be removed from state court to federal court only if the federal court would have had subject matter jurisdiction over the case. See 28 U.S.C. § 1441(a) ; see Caterpillar Inc. v. Williams , 482 U.S. 386, 392, 107 S.Ct. 2425, 96 L.Ed.2d 318 (1987) ("Only state-court actions that originally could have been filed in federal court may be removed to federal court by the defendant."). "If at any time before final judgment it appears that the district court lacks subject matter jurisdiction, the case shall be remanded." 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c). The party seeking removal bears the burden of establishing federal jurisdiction. See Provincial Gov't of Marinduque v. Placer Dome, Inc. , 582 F.3d 1083, 1087 (9th Cir. 2009) ; see also Abrego Abrego v. The Dow Chemical Co. , 443 F.3d 676, 683–685 (9th Cir. 2006) ("[U]nder CAFA the burden of establishing removal jurisdiction remains, as before, on the proponent of federal jurisdiction.").

III. DISCUSSSION

A. CAFA Jurisdiction

Under CAFA, a class action may be removed if the amount in controversy exceeds $5 million, the proposed class consists of more than 100 members, and "any member of a class of plaintiffs is a citizen of a State different from any defendant." See 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(2), (d)(5)(B). Because just a single plaintiff must be a citizen of a different state from any single defendant, CAFA "abandons the complete diversity rule for covered class actions" in exchange for a minimal diversity standard. See Abrego , 443 F.3d at 680.

Here, the parties dispute whether Defendant can establish minimum diversity. The parties appear to agree that the named Plaintiffs and putative class members are all citizens of California. See Mot. at 2; Dkt. No. 19 ("Opp.") at 5. However, the parties disagree about how to determine Defendant's citizenship. Defendant, a limited liability company ("LLC"), has its principal place of business in California; is organized under the laws of Delaware; and its member is a citizen of both Washington and Delaware. See id. at ¶ 15; Notice of Removal at 2. Plaintiffs contend that under CAFA, an LLC is an "unincorporated association," whose citizenship should be determined by its principal place of business—here, California. See Mot. at 12–18. Under this interpretation, Defendant could not meet even minimum diversity. Defendant responds that CAFA did not alter the longstanding rule under traditional diversity jurisdiction that an LLC's citizenship is determined based on the citizenship of its members—here, Washington and Delaware. See Opp. at 5–12.

Plaintiffs acknowledge that in traditional diversity cases, LLCs are treated like partnerships and are considered citizens of every state of which their members are citizens. See Johnson v. Columbia Properties Anchorage, LP , 437 F.3d 894, 899 (9th Cir. 2006). However, they urge that CAFA created an exception to this rule. See Mot. at 12–15. Plaintiffs first point to the text of CAFA, which provides in relevant part that "an unincorporated association shall be deemed to be a citizen of the state where it has its principal place of business and the State under whose laws it was organized." 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(10) (emphasis added). Based on this language, Plaintiffs contend that CAFA created a dichotomy for purposes of jurisdiction: corporations versus all other entities. See Mot. at 14. Plaintiffs urge that because an LLC is not a corporation, it should be considered an "unincorporated association," and its citizenship should be based on its principal place of business. See id. Plaintiffs also point out that the majority of courts that have considered this issue have held that LLCs are "unincorporated associations" under CAFA. See, e.g. , Ferrell v. Express Check Advance of SC LLC , 591 F.3d 698, 700–05 (4th Cir. 2010) ; Ramirez v. Carefusion Res., LLC , No. 18-CV-2852-BEN-MSB, 2019 WL 2897902, at *2 (S.D. Cal. July 5, 2019) (collecting cases).

The Ninth Circuit has not directly weighed in on this issue. But in a concurrence, one of the judges of the Ninth Circuit expressly found a limited partnership to be an unincorporated association under CAFA. See Davis v. HSBC Bank Nevada, N.A. , 557 F.3d 1026, 1032, & n.13 (9th Cir. 2009) (Kleinfeld, J., concurring) (applying § 1332(d)(10) ). And as noted above, the Ninth Circuit has indicated that "LLCs resemble both partnerships and corporations." Johnson , 437 F.3d at 899. The concurrence in Davis explained that "CAFA abrogates the traditional rule that an unincorporated association shares the citizenship of each of its members for diversity purposes ...." See id. In light of Davis , it seems likely that the Ninth Circuit would consider an LLC an unincorporated association under § 1332(d)(10).

This is consistent with the Fourth Circuit's reasoning in Ferrell v. Express Check . 591 F.3d at 700–05. In Ferrell , the Fourth Circuit reasoned that the Supreme Court has historically characterized business entities as falling into one of two categories: corporations or unincorporated associations. Ferrell , 591 F.3d at 702–03 (collecting cases). Under this framework, "corporations were deemed to be citizens of the State in which they were incorporated, and all other business enterprises were referred to as unincorporated associations and treated effectively as citizens of the States of which their members were citizens." Id. at 703. The Ferrell court reasoned that Congress understood and enacted CAFA with awareness of this historical framework. Id. at 703–04 ; see also Abrego , 443 F.3d at 684 ("[W]e presume that Congress is aware of the legal context in which it is legislating."). The Fourth Circuit also reasoned that this interpretation was consistent with Congress’ intent "to give CAFA broad application." Ferrell , 591 F.3d at 705 ; see also Dart Cherokee Basin Operating Co., LLC v. Owens , 574 U.S. 81, 89, 135 S.Ct. 547, 190 L.Ed.2d 495 (2014) (noting that "Congress enacted [CAFA] to facilitate adjudication of certain class actions in federal court"). Applying the traditional diversity rule—considering an LLC a citizen of every state of which its members are citizens—would likely undermine this intent. The Court finds this reasoning persuasive and adopts it here.

Defendant cites several district court cases that determined an LLC's citizenship based on the citizenship of its members, even under CAFA. See Opp. at 6–7. However, none of these cases grapple with the language of § 1332(d)(10). Rather, they appear to assume—without discussion—that CAFA did not change how courts evaluate an LLC's citizenship. See, e.g. , Angiano v. Anheuser-Busch InBev Worldwide, Inc. , No. CV 21-00435 PA(PVCX), 2021 WL 364641, at *2 (C.D. Cal. Feb. 2, 2021). It is not even clear if the parties raised this argument in any of these cases. But as noted above, judges in the Ninth and Fourth Circuits have suggested that CAFA did intend to change the traditional diversity rule for LLCs. The Court therefore finds that Defendant's citizenship is based on its principal place of business. And because there is no dispute that Defendant's principal place of business is California, Defendant cannot establish minimum diversity under CAFA.

B. Traditional Diversity Jurisdiction

Defendant's inability to establish CAFA jurisdiction does not, on its own, preclude federal jurisdiction, as "[f]ederal diversity jurisdiction still exists for other class actions that satisfy the general diversity jurisdiction provision of § 1332(a)." See Serrano v. 180 Connect, Inc. , 478 F.3d 1018, 1021, n.4 (9th Cir. 2007). The Court therefore considers Defendant's alternative argument that the Court has jurisdiction under traditional diversity.

Traditional diversity jurisdiction requires complete diversity of citizenship and an amount in controversy greater than $75,000. See 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a). As noted above, under traditional diversity jurisdiction, "an LLC is a citizen of every state of which its owners/members are citizens." Johnson , 437 F.3d at 899. Because Defendant's member is a citizen of Delaware and Washington under this analysis, the parties appear to agree that complete diversity exists. See Mot. at 18–25; Opp. at 12–13. But Plaintiffs contend that Defendant cannot meet the $75,000 amount in controversy requirement.

Plaintiffs argue that their individual monetary claims for relief are minimal. Plaintiff Jack, for example, seeks to recover the $398 he paid for his devices, as well as the $3 per month fee for he has paid and continues to pay for both devices (currently a total of $512). See Compl. ¶¶ 55, 68–69. Plaintiff Alda seeks to recover the $249 he paid for the security camera, as well as the $3 monthly fees he has paid and continues to pay for the device (currently a total of $448). See id. at ¶¶ 38, 46–48. Such monetary relief, Plaintiffs urge, is far from the $75,000 minimum amount in controversy. See Mot. at 18–22.

Plaintiffs further argue that Defendant may not aggregate Plaintiffs’ individual damages to reach the $75,000 amount in controversy. See Mot. at 18–22. Under this non-aggregation rule, "multiple plaintiffs who assert separate and distinct claims are precluded from aggregating them to satisfy the amount in controversy requirement." Urbino v. Orkin Servs. of California, Inc. , 726 F.3d 1118, 1122 (9th Cir. 2013). Defendants are similarly precluded from aggregating plaintiffs’ claims. See Snow v. Ford Motor Co. , 561 F.2d 787, 789 (9th Cir. 1977).

Defendant appears to agree that the non-aggregation rule precludes it from aggregating the monetary damages to reach the amount in controversy. Plaintiffs’ claims arise from their own unrelated and individually cognizable transactions. However, Defendant contends that the non-aggregation rule does not apply to Plaintiffs’ requested public injunctive relief. See Opp. at 13–16. Defendant asserts that "Plaintiffs’ individual requests for public injunctive relief" amount to "purely individualized relief that does not implicate any other individual's claims." Id. at 13–14. Defendant appears to suggest that each Plaintiff seeks public injunctive relief without regard to the class, such that the Court may consider the entire cost to Defendant of complying with the injunction. Defendant argues that changing all of its packaging and advertising for the doorbell and security cameras in the way requested by Plaintiffs "would substantially exceed $75,000." Opp. at 16. Defendant does not provide an estimate of the cost of these changes, but states that it "is estimated to be in the millions" because "[t]he value of the products currently on shelves with their existing labels is over a million dollars." See Dkt. No. 19-2 at ¶ 4.

But Defendant does not cite a single case in which a court has adopted its theory of valuing injunctive relief. Rather, Defendant relies on the California Supreme Court opinion in McGill v. Citibank, N.A. , 2 Cal. 5th 945, 951–54, 216 Cal.Rptr.3d 627, 393 P.3d 85 (Cal. 2017), which considered the validity of an arbitration provision. See Opp. at 15–16. In McGill , the California Supreme Court held that arbitration provisions are invalid and unenforceable if they purport to waive a plaintiff's statutory right to seek public injunctive relief in any forum. See id. The McGill Court noted that public injunctive relief "has the primary purpose and effect of prohibiting unlawful acts that threaten future injury to the general public." Id. at 951. But the court also explained that a plaintiff may request public injunctive relief, even if suing in his or her individual capacity rather than in a representative capacity. See id. at 959–60. The case said nothing about how to value such public injunctive relief.

In contrast, the Ninth Circuit has held that district courts must value an injunction for purposes of the amount in controversy based on the benefit to each individual plaintiff, and not on the cost of compliance to the defendant. See Snow , 561 F.2d at 791 ; see also In re Ford Motor Co./Citibank (S. Dakota), N.A. , 264 F.3d 952, 958–62 (9th Cir. 2001). In Snow , much like here, the plaintiff alleged that the defendant had misrepresented the nature of its product (a towing system for vehicles). See Snow , 561 F.2d at 788. The plaintiff alleged that the towing package did not include a wiring kit to connect the trailer's electrical system to that of the towing vehicle. Id. The plaintiff sought to represent a class of consumers, and sought (1) damages in the amount of the cost of the wiring kit for himself and each purchaser (approximately $11 each); and (2) injunctive relief to preclude the defendant from selling its towing package without the wiring kit. Id.

The Court recognized that "[i]n suits involving equitable relief, the dollar value of the object in controversy may be minimal to the plaintiff, but costly to the defendant." Id. Nevertheless, the Court reasoned that "where the equitable relief sought is but a means through which the individual claims may be satisfied, the ban on aggregation [applies] with equal force to the equitable as well as the monetary relief." Id. at 790. The Ninth Circuit concluded that "[t]he right asserted by plaintiffs is the right of individual future consumers to be protected from Ford's allegedly deceptive advertising which is said to injure them in the amount of $11.00 each," an amount below the amount in controversy threshold. Id. at 790–91. In short, the Ninth Circuit precluded district courts from considering the entire cost to defendant of complying with any requested injunctive relief. Yet that is precisely what Defendant is asking the Court to do here: consider the total cost to Defendant of changing all its packaging in future. The Court rejects Defendant's attempt to circumvent the Ninth Circuit's opinion in Snow , and finds that it has not established that the $75,000 amount in controversy requirement for traditional diversity jurisdiction is met in this case.

IV. CONCLUSION

Accordingly, the Court GRANTS the motion and REMANDS the case to San Francisco Superior Court. The Clerk is directed to remand the case and close the file.

IT IS SO ORDERED.