ORDER AND REASONS

SARAH VANCE, District Judge

Before the Court are motions to dismiss lead plaintiff Samuel Boodman's Consolidated Class Action Complaint filed by defendants Bartholomew F. Palmisano, Sr., David E. Verret, and Bartholomew F. Palmisano, Jr. For the following reasons, the Court GRANTS the motion to dismiss as to Palmisano, Jr. and DENIES the motion to dismiss as to Palmisano, Sr. and Verret.

I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

Lead plaintiff Samuel Boodman brings this action against defendants OCA, Inc., Bartholomew F. Palmisano, Sr., David E. Verret and Bartholomew F. Palmisano, Jr. as a putative class action on behalf of all persons who purchased OCA stock or sold OCA put options from May 18, 2004 through June 6, 2005. Plaintiff asserts claims against the defendants under section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. § 78j(b), and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder. Plaintiff also asserts a claim for control person liability against the individual defendants under section 20(a) of the Exchange Act. Id. § 78t(a).

OCA is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business in Louisiana. Consolidated Class Action Complaint ("CAC") ¶ 10. OCA provides a range of financial, operational, marketing, practice management and other business services to orthodontic and pediatric dental practices throughout the United States and in several foreign countries. Id. By September 30, 2004, OCA provided business services to approximately 260 practices in the United States and approximately 40 practices abroad. Id. Plaintiff alleges that OCA essentially handles the "business operations" of affiliated practices in exchange for a percentage of the fees earned by the practices. Id. ¶ 2.

Palmisano, Sr. was OCA's chairman, president and chief executive officer throughout the putative class period. Id. ¶ 11. He is both an attorney and a certified public accountant. Id. Verret was the company's senior vice president of finance and chief financial officer from March 20, 2004 until he resigned in May 2005. Id. ¶ 13. He is also a certified public accountant. Id. Palmisano, Jr., son of OCA's chairman, was OCA's chief operating officer until June 7, 2005, when OCA's board of directors placed him on administrative leave. Id. ¶ 12. Before that, he was OCA's chief financial officer and chief information officer. Id. Both father and son were involved in developing OCA's accounting systems. Id. ¶ 11. Palmisano, Jr. reported directly to his father. Id. ¶ 12.

Plaintiff alleges that, throughout the class period, the defendants deceived investors by overstating the company's reported patient receivables and concealing material shortcomings in the company's internal controls over financial reporting. The following factual recitation is taken from the CAC and certain of OCA's public filings with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, which this Court can consider on these motions to dismiss. See Lovelace v. Software Spectrum, Inc., 78 F.3d 1015, 1018 (5th Cir. 1996) ("When deciding a motion to dismiss a claim for securities fraud on the pleadings, a court may consider the contents of relevant public disclosure documents which (1) are required to be filed with the SEC, and (2) are actually filed with the SEC.").

A. The E Y Letter

Beginning in at least 2003, OCA suffered from material weaknesses in its internal financial reporting controls. CAC ¶ 20. In early 2004, Ernst Young, then OCA's independent auditor, reported to OCA's audit committee that it had identified a number of material weaknesses in OCA's internal controls in the course of conducting its audit of OCA's financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2003. Id. E Y identified the following material weaknesses in OCA's internal controls: (i) a lack of segregation of duties between personnel determining fee revenue and service fees receivable and other financial processes; (ii) a lack of review and approval of the calculations, estimates and judgments required to determine certain account balances; (iii) incomplete analyses to explain variances or unusual relationships between certain financial statement accounts; (iv) a lack of documentation of accounting treatment for certain significant balances; (v) inadequate staffing in the accounting department; and (vi) poor communications between operations and financial personnel. CAC ¶ 32.

On April 27, 2004, OCA filed a current report on Form 8-K with the SEC. See OCA, Inc., Current Report (Form 8-K) (April 27, 2004); CAC ¶ 21. In the 8-K, OCA stated that it had dismissed E Y as its independent auditor and appointed PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP as OCA's new independent auditor. CAC ¶ 21. OCA disclosed in this report that E Y had submitted a letter to OCA's audit committee concerning potential material weakness in OCA's internal controls. Id. The company stated that it was taking steps to address the issues raised by E Y. Id. OCA did not, however, specifically identify at that time the numerous material internal control weaknesses that E Y had identified in its letter to OCA's audit committee. Id. Rather, in its April 27, 2004 Form 8-K, OCA stated only that E Y had provided OCA's Audit Committee with a letter discussing "a material weakness" in OCA's internal controls. Id.

B. Defendants' Alleged False or Misleading Statements During the Class Period

1. OCA's Adoption of FIN 46R

On May 18, 2004, the first day of the putative class period, OCA announced that, effective January 1, 2004, it would adopt Financial Accounting Standards Board Interpretation No. 46R ("FIN 46R"), which requires a company to consolidate the financial results of variable interest entities under certain circumstances when the company has an interest in the entities. Id. ¶ 23. OCA stated that its adoption of FIN 46R would require it to make a number of changes to its accounting and financial statement presentation. As is relevant here, OCA stated that FIN 46R would require the company to change the manner in which it recognized patient revenue and the manner in which it recorded patient receivables. Id. Specifically, under FIN 46R, OCA would "record patient revenue under patient contracts between affiliated practices and their patients, rather than the fee revenue portion that represented the Company's service fees." Id. With respect to receivables, OCA stated that it would "record patient receivables owed to affiliated practices under their patient contracts" and would "no longer record service fees receivable." Id.

OCA's May 18, 2004 press release quoted defendant Palmisano, Sr. as stating that FIN 46R would "simplify [OCA's] accounting and make it more transparent for our shareholders and other stakeholders to measure our progress." Id. The May 18, 2004 press release also noted that, because of the accounting changes required by FIN 46R and OCA's recent change of independent auditors, the company would delay the filing of its quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2004. Id.

2. OCA's First Quarter 2004 Form 10-Q

OCA filed its quarterly report and announced its financial results for the first quarter of 2004 on May 20, 2004. Id. ¶ 25. The company reported patient revenue for the quarter of $110.9 million. Id. It also reported patient receivables of $122.9 million, making patient receivables the single largest of the company's $200.9 million of current assets. Id.

The May 20, 2004 quarterly report included a number of statements concerning OCA's internal controls over financial reporting. Id. ¶ 27. The report disclosed that E Y had identified a number of material weaknesses in OCA's internal controls and that OCA was developing a plan to address each of the items raised in the E Y letter. Id. The report also stated that certain of the weaknesses identified in the E Y letter might no longer be applicable in light of OCA's adoption of FIN 46R. Id. Specifically, the report stated that the accounting changes required by FIN 46R made it unnecessary for OCA to make the complex, data-intensive calculations required to determine fee revenue and service fees receivable, as those accounts would no longer be recorded or reported in the company's financial statements. Id.

The May 20, 2004 quarterly report also identified a number of steps that the company had taken to improve controls on its internal financial reporting, including (i) increased automation in determining patient revenue and patient receivables; and (ii) steps to improve communication between operations and financial accounting, such as appointing a CFO with operations experience and forming a committee with representatives from the operations, financial accounting, and legal departments to discuss and assess pending litigation. Id. The company also stated that it intended to hire additional financial accounting staff and to engage outside consultants to advise management on additional improvements to internal controls.

Palmisano, Sr. and Verret each signed the May 20, 2004 quarterly report, and they each also executed a certification required by section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, 15 U.S.C. § 7241. CAC ¶ 28. Palmisano, Sr. and Verret certified that, based on their knowledge, OCA's May 20, 2004 quarterly report did not contain any material false statements or omissions and fairly presented the company's financial condition and results. Id. The certifications also stated, inter alia, that Palmisano, Sr. and Verret (i) had designed or caused to be designed "disclosure controls and procedures" to ensure that they were made aware of material information relating to the company; (ii) had evaluated the effectiveness of OCA's disclosure controls and presented in the quarterly report their conclusions about the effectiveness of those disclosure controls; (iii) had disclosed any material change in the company's internal controls over financial reporting that occurred during the most recent fiscal quarter; and (iv) had disclosed to OCA's auditors and its audit committee any significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in the company's internal financial reporting controls and any fraud, whether or not material, involving management or other employees who have a significant role in the company's internal financial reporting controls. Id.

The May 20, 2004 quarterly report also discussed in some detail the changes to revenue recognition that OCA had made as a result of FIN 46R, including the company's "belie[f] that the changes required under FIN 46R will enhance the transparency and clarity of our financial reporting." Id. ¶ 29. In a press release accompanying OCA's May 20, 2004 quarterly report, Palmisano, Sr. similarly stated, "We continue to make progress on a number of fronts that are important to the long range future of the Company, including improved transparency of our accounting. . . ." Id. ¶ 24.

3. OCA's July 26, 2004 Form 8-K/A

On July 26, 2004, OCA amended its April 27, 2004 Form 8-K to disclose additional details concerning the E Y letter. See OCA, Inc., Amendment No. 2 to Current Report (Form 8-K/A) (July 26, 2004); CAC ¶ 32. In its July 26, 2004 Form 8-K/A, OCA for the first time specifically described the internal control deficiencies that E Y had identified in its letter to OCA's audit committee. CAC ¶ 32. In addition, the July 26, 2004 Form 8-K/A also described the steps that OCA had taken to address E Y's concerns. Id. It stated, much like the May 20, 2004 quarterly report, that OCA's adoption of FIN 46R may have obviated certain of E Y's concerns and that the company had taken, or planned to take, a number of actions to improve its internal financial reporting controls, including (i) increasing automation in determining OCA's patient revenue and patient receivables; (ii) hiring additional accounting staff; (iii) improving communications between operations and financial accounting; and (iv) engaging outside consultants to advise management on OCA's internal controls. Id.

4. OCA's Second Quarter 2004 Form 10-Q

OCA filed its quarterly report for the quarter ended June 30, 2004 on August 9, 2004. Id. ¶ 35. In its August 9, 2004 quarterly report, which was again signed and certified by Palmisano, Sr. and Verret, OCA reported patient revenue of $104.3 million for the quarter and patient receivables of $128.7 million. Id. ¶¶ 35, 37. The August 9, 2004 quarterly report also included a discussion of OCA's internal controls that was substantially similar to the disclosures made in the May 20, 2004 quarterly report and the July 26, 2004 Form 8-K/A. Id. ¶ 36. In addition, OCA disclosed that it had begun the process of evaluating its internal controls in anticipation of disclosures that it would be required to make in its 2004 annual report:

[W]e are in the process of evaluating, documenting and testing our internal control over financial reporting in anticipation of disclosure that will be required to be included in our Annual Reports on Form 10-K (beginning with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for 2004) under rules adopted by the SEC under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. These SEC rules require that we include a report by OCA's management regarding its assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of the end of the fiscal year, including a statement as to whether or not our internal control over financial reporting is effective, as well as an attestation report by our independent auditors on management's assessment. Management is not permitted to conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is effective if there are one or more material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, and we must disclose any material weaknesses identified by management.

During this evaluation, documentation and testing process, we may identify one or more material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, and we may be unable to remediate those weaknesses before management's assessment. We cannot assure you that our management will conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is effective. In addition, our independent auditors may not be satisfied with our internal control over financial reporting or the level at which these controls are documented, designed, operated or reviewed, and they may decline to attest to management's assessment or may issue a qualified attestation report. . . .

In a press release the following day, August 10, 2004, Palmisano, Sr. stated that OCA was pleased with its second quarter financial results and that its base businesses continued to improve over the prior year. Id. ¶ 39.

5. OCA's Third Quarter 2004 Form 10-Q

On November 15, 2004, OCA issued a press release containing preliminary estimates of the company's financial results for the quarter ended September 30, 2004. Id. ¶ 40. OCA estimated, among other things, that it would report patient revenue for the quarter in the amount of $104.0 million. Id.

OCA confirmed these preliminary numbers when it filed its quarterly report for the third quarter of 2004 on December 23, 2004. The company reported patient revenue of $104.0 million and patient receivables of $124.3 million. Id. ¶ 42. As with the preceding two quarterly reports, the December 23, 2004 quarterly report discussed E Y's letter to OCA's audit committee concerning material weaknesses in OCA's internal controls and reiterated the steps that OCA was taking to address the issues raised by E Y. Id. ¶ 43.

OCA also stated that it was continuing to assess the effectiveness of its internal controls in anticipation of management's required year-end assessment of the company's internal controls, but that it could not ensure that it would be in a position to file its assessment within the time permitted by the SEC. See OCA, Inc., Quarterly Report (Form 10-Q), at 43 (Dec. 23, 2004). The company also stated that its testing and assessment of its internal controls might indicate material internal control deficiencies. Id.

6. OCA Delays the Filing of Its 2004 Form 10-K

After the market closed on March 17, 2005, OCA issued a press release stating that the company would not be in a position to file its 2004 annual report on Form 10-K in a timely manner. CAC ¶ 45. The company stated that it had identified certain accounting errors and potential errors, which it was in the process of investigating, but that it had made no determination concerning the impact of those errors or whether they were material. Id. The company also indicated that it had not completed its year-end assessment of its internal controls over financial reporting. Id. The press release quoted Palmisano, Sr. as stating, "While we are disappointed to delay issuance of our 2004 financial statements it does not impact the underlying strength of our business or how we continue to provide quality business services to our client practices." Id.

OCA's stock price fell by 6.5 percent on the heels of the March 17, 2005 announcement. Id. ¶ 46.

C. OCA's June 7, 2005 Disclosure

On June 7, 2005, OCA announced that it would further delay the filing of its 2004 annual report and that the company had determined that it had materially overstated its reported patient receivables for each of the first three quarters of 2004, which would require the company to restate its financial results for each of those three quarters. Id. ¶ 50. The company further stated that its board of directors had appointed a special committee to investigate a number of journal entries entered in the company's general ledger and allegations that altered data had been provided to the company's independent auditor. Id. ¶ 49. OCA also announced that Palmisano, Jr., the company's chief operating officer, had been placed on administrative leave pending the completion of the committee's review. Id. ¶ 53.

OCA's June 7, 2005 Form 8-K also revealed that OCA had identified a number of material weaknesses in its internal controls over financial reporting:

The Company has identified the material weaknesses listed below, as well as certain significant deficiencies, in its internal control over financial reporting at December 31, 2004. The Company and its independent registered public accounting firm may identify other material weaknesses and significant deficiencies as well. Because of these material weaknesses, the Company believes that management will conclude that the Company's internal control over financial reporting was not effective at December 31, 2004. . . .

The Company believes that, at December 31, 2004, it did not maintain effective controls over the period-end financial reporting process. The Company believes that its period-end review procedures were ineffective as they related to at least the following: independent and timely review of the Company's consolidation, analyses and financial reporting processes; revenue recognition reviews; reviews of allowances for bad debt for patient and affiliated practitioner accounts; review and approval of journal entries to the general ledger; and account reconciliations. The Company believes that it also lacked adequate controls over capitalization, disposition and evaluation of useful lives of long-lived assets. These control deficiencies resulted in audit adjustments and may result in restatement of previously issued financial statements. The Company also believes that, at December 31, 2004, it did not maintain adequate segregation of duties, which impacted the Company's financial reporting controls, revenue controls, expenditure controls and information technology controls. In addition, the Company believes that, at December 31, 2004, it did not maintain effective controls over access to financial applications and data. Certain of the Company's executive officers, information technology staff and users with financial, accounting and reporting responsibilities had access to financial application programs and data. The Company believes that management did not maintain adequate oversight of these employees or effectively monitor access to this information. Because of these material weaknesses, certain controls within the Company's control environment may not have prevented the ability to override other controls, and information critical to an effective review of certain transactions, accounting entries and related entities were not disclosed to the appropriate Company personnel and the Company's independent registered public accounting firm.

In the wake of this announcement, OCA's stock price fell by more than 38 percent, from its June 6, 2005 closing price of $4.03 per share to a June 7 closing price of $2.48 per share. Id. ¶ 54.

D. Additional Post-Class Period Events

On or about November 7, 2005, PWC resigned as OCA's independent auditor. CAC ¶ 53. In a Form 8-K filed shortly after PWC's resignation, OCA disclosed that PWC did not believe that OCA had taken

timely and appropriate remedial actions in response to the discovery of potential illegal acts at OCA related to alleged alterations of records provided to OCA's contract internal auditors, current independent registered public accountants and prior independent accountants from January 2000 through May 2005, which alleged alterations were disclosed in a Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 7, 2005.

The New York Stock Exchange de-listed OCA's stock on November 8, 2005, after which the stock traded on the pink sheets. Id. ¶ 56.

On March 14, 2006, OCA filed a voluntary petition for relief under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code.

E. Defendants' Alleged Wrongdoing

Plaintiff alleges that the public statements made by OCA and the individual defendants during the putative class period concerning OCA's patient receivables and its internal controls were materially false or misleading when made. Plaintiff alleges that, after OCA received the E Y letter in early 2004, the defendants recognized that a complete disclosure of the depth and extent of OCA's internal control weaknesses would significantly undermine the company's standing with orthodontic and pediatric dental practices, thus making them less likely to contract with OCA for business services as these practices relied on OCA to handle their own accounting processes. Id. ¶¶ 4, 67-68. Defendants also allegedly knew that disclosing the true extent of OCA's internal control problems would negatively affect the company's stock price. Id. To avoid these potential problems, the defendants allegedly attempted to cover up OCA's internal control problems by downplaying the significance of the problems identified in the E Y letter and falsely assuring both the market and potential affiliate orthodontic practices that the company was diligently addressing the problems identified in the E Y letter. Specifically, plaintiff alleges that the defendants' statements that OCA was taking steps to improve its internal controls were materially false. Plaintiff further alleges that, notwithstanding these public statements, OCA was not taking steps to improve its internal controls, and the company's internal control problems were actually deteriorating further.

Plaintiff points to a number of facts to support his allegations that the individual defendants' class period statements about OCA's patient receivables and internal controls were false or misleading when made. First, plaintiff states that OCA's June 7, 2005 disclosure that it had materially overstated its patient receivables for each of the first three quarters of 2004 establishes that the amounts of patient receivables that the company reported in its 2004 quarterly reports were false at the time they were made. Second, plaintiff asserts that OCA's disclosure that it had material internal control weaknesses as of December 31, 2004 establishes both that defendants' statements that OCA was working to address its internal control problems were false and that defendants failed to disclose that the company had additional, undisclosed internal control problems during the class period. Third, plaintiff argues that OCA's November 15, 2005 Form 8-K, which announced PWC's November 7, 2005 resignation, shows that defendants failed to disclose the full extent of OCA's internal control problems to the company's auditor during the class period. At paragraph 69 of the CAC, plaintiff provides a chart that purports to compare the internal control problems identified in the E Y letter in early 2004 with the internal control problems OCA disclosed in its June 7, 2005 Form 8-K. See id. Plaintiff alleges that the primary difference between the two is that the problems that OCA disclosed on June 7, 2005 were actually more numerous and more severe than the problems identified in the E Y letter. Id.

Finally, plaintiff also makes allegations based on interviews with three confidential witnesses who were employed in OCA's accounting department during the class period. See id. ¶¶ 31(a), 34(a), 34(b).

Confidential Witness No. 1 worked at OCA's Louisiana headquarters throughout the class period and was responsible for handling patient collections for approximately eight of OCA's affiliated practices. Id. ¶ 31(a). Plaintiff alleges that CW1 was one of about ten cash management and collections representatives working for OCA during the class period, and one of less than 20 employees in OCA's accounting department. CW1 reported to the "Supervisor and/or Director of Corporate Collections," who is not identified by name in the CAC. Id. Throughout the class period, CW1 frequently received calls from affiliates and patients complaining that OCA had failed to credit payments against some patients' outstanding receivable balances. Id. CW1, who had access to the company's general ledger, investigated such complaints and often found that OCA had incorrectly recorded payments from patients in "miscellaneous" accounts, rather than as a reduction of the patients' receivable balances. Id. CW1 allegedly mentioned these problems to her "superiors," but was never given an explanation as to why the problem occurred. Id. CW1 also stated that other cash management and collections representatives reported similar experiences. Id. Finally, plaintiff alleges that CW1 did not observe any steps by OCA management to improve internal controls, specifically concerning increased automation for determining patient receivables, during the class period. Id.

Confidential Witness No. 2 also worked in the accounting department at OCA's Louisiana headquarters for most of the class period, from June 2004 through May 2005. Id. ¶ 34(a). Plaintiff does not specifically identify CW2's job title, but he alleges that CW2 had "responsibilities for various aspects of the Company's financial reporting" and reported to CFO Verret. Id. CW2 stated that OCA's management took a "lackadaisical" approach to its financial reporting obligations. Id. With respect to internal controls, CW2 stated that during 2004, OCA's entire accounting department, including Verret, and other non-accounting employees, such as Palmisano, Jr., had access to the company's accounting records, journals, and general ledger and had the ability to make changes to those records without supervision. Id. Like CW1, CW2 did not observe any enhancements to OCA's internal controls during the class period. Id.

Confidential Witness No. 3 was a cash management and collections representative for OCA during part of the class period, from June 2004 through January 2005. Id. ¶ 34(b). CW3 handled cash management and collections for approximately 20 of OCA's affiliated practices. Like CW1, CW3 frequently received calls from affiliates and patients complaining that OCA had failed to credit payments against some patients' outstanding balances. Id. CW3 asked her supervisors about this problem, but was not given a satisfactory explanation. Id. CW3 also stated that Jeffrey Adams, another member of OCA's accounting department, prepared Daily Accounts Receivable Aging Reports, which "provided management with daily updates on the status of outstanding patient receivables and would have shown increasing outstanding balances which purportedly were not being paid." Id. According to CW3, Palmisano, Jr. was among the members of OCA management who received the daily reports. Id. Finally, like CW1 and CW2, CW3 did not observe any internal control improvements at OCA during the class period. Id.

II. PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Shortly after OCA's June 7, 2005 announcement, a number of plaintiffs filed securities class actions and shareholder derivative actions in this district against OCA and certain of its officers and directors. Those actions were consolidated before this Court and, by order and reasons dated November 18, 2005, the Court appointed Samuel Boodman as the lead plaintiff in the securities cases. Plaintiff filed the CAC on February 1, 2006. Plaintiff asserts a claim against OCA, Palmisano, Sr., Verret and Palmisano, Jr. under section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 thereunder, as well as a claim for control person liability against each of the individual defendants under section 20(a) of the Exchange Act.

Defendants filed motions to dismiss the CAC on March 8, 2006. During the briefing of defendants' motions, however, OCA filed its petition for voluntary bankruptcy protection, thus staying plaintiff's claims against it in this case. Accordingly, this order addresses only the individual defendants' motions to dismiss.

III. APPLICABLE LAW

A. Rule 12(b)(6) Standard

Motions to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) are traditionally viewed with disfavor and are infrequently granted. Test Masters Educ. Servs., Inc. v. Singh, 428 F.3d 559, 570 (5th Cir. 2005) (citing Shipp v. McMahon, 199 F.3d 256, 260 (5th Cir. 2000)). On a motion to dismiss, the court must accept all well-pleaded facts in the complaint as true and view those facts in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. See Baker v. Putnal, 75 F.3d 190, 196 (5th Cir. 1996); Am. Waste Pollution Control Co. v. Browning-Ferris, Inc., 949 F.2d 1384, 1386 (5th Cir. 1991). The court must resolve doubts as to the sufficiency of the claim in the plaintiff's favor. Vulcan Materials Co. v. City of Tehuacana, 238 F.3d 382, 387 (5th Cir. 2001). The court need not, however, "`strain to find inferences favorable to the plaintiffs.'" Southland Sec. Corp. v. Inspire Ins. Solutions Inc., 365 F.3d 353, 361 (5th Cir. 2004) (quoting Westfall v. Miller, 77 F.3d 868, 870 (5th Cir. 1996)). Nor will it accept "conclusory allegations, unwarranted deductions, or legal conclusions." Id.; see also Fin. Acquisition Partners LP v. Blackwell, 440 F.3d 278, 286 (5th Cir. 2006) ("[T]he plaintiff must plead specific facts, not conclusory allegations, to avoid dismissal.").

B. Pleading Standards for Securities Fraud Cases

To state a claim under Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5, a plaintiff must adequately allege, in connection with the purchase or sale of securities, "`(1) a misstatement or an omission (2) of material fact (3) made with scienter (4) on which plaintiff relied (5) that proximately caused [the plaintiff's] injury.'" Nathenson v. Zonagen Inc., 267 F.3d 400, 406-07 (5th Cir. 2001) (quoting Tuchman v. DSC Commc'ns, 14 F.3d 1061, 1067 (5th Cir. 1994)).

A plaintiff asserting a claim for securities fraud must also plead his claim in accordance with the particularity requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b) and the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (the "PSLRA"), 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4. The relevant provision of the PSLRA provides:

Misleading statements and omissions. In any private action arising under this title in which the plaintiff alleges that the defendant

(A) made an untrue statement of a material fact; or

(B) omitted to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements made, in the light of the circumstances in which they were made, not misleading;

the complaint shall specify each statement alleged to have been misleading, the reason or reasons why the statement is misleading, and, if an allegation regarding the statement or omission is made on information and belief, the complaint shall state with particularity all facts on which that belief is formed.

The PSLRA also requires that a plaintiff "state with particularity facts giving rise to a strong inference" of scienter with respect to each allegedly false or misleading statement. 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(b)(2). The scienter element of a section 10(b) claim can be satisfied by establishing either intent to defraud or severe recklessness. Fin. Acquisition Partners, 440 F.3d at 287; Nathenson, 267 F.3d at 408. Severe recklessness, for purposes of section 10(b)'s scienter element, is "`limited to those highly unreasonable omissions or representations that involve not merely simple or even inexcusable negligence, but an extreme departure from the standards of ordinary care, and that present a danger of misleading buyers or sellers which is either known to the defendant or so obvious that the defendant must have been aware of it.'" Nathenson, 267 F.3d at 408 (quoting Broad v. Rockwell, 642 F.2d 929, 961-62 (5th Cir. 1981)).

IV. DISCUSSION

Defendants Palmisano, Sr., Verret and Palmisano, Jr. each move to dismiss the CAC on two grounds. First, they argue that plaintiff has failed to allege any actionable false statements or omissions of material fact. Second, they assert that plaintiff has not alleged facts sufficient to establish a strong inference of scienter. In connection with each of these challenges, the individual defendants also argue that plaintiff has engaged in impermissible "group pleading" and has failed to specify each defendant's role in the alleged fraud.

A. Group Pleading

Defendants first argue that plaintiff improperly relies on the "group pleading" doctrine. Under the group pleading doctrine, which has been accepted by some courts, a plaintiff is permitted to rely on a presumption that certain public statements issued by a company are the collective work of a group of company insiders. The Fifth Circuit has described the group pleading doctrine as follows:

Instead of being required to plead that a defendant actually made, authored or approved an offending statement in a corporate communication, the "group pleading" doctrine in its broadest form allows unattributed corporate statements to be charged to one or more individual defendants based solely on their corporate titles. Under this doctrine, the plaintiff need not allege any facts demonstrating an individual defendant's participation in the particular communication containing the misstatement or omission where the defendants are "insiders or affiliates" of the company. . . . Therefore, the "group pleading" doctrine would allow the plaintiff to plead the first element of a section 10(b) case against an individual defendant without citing particular facts connecting the defendant to the alleged fraud.

In Southland Securities Corp., the Fifth Circuit rejected the group pleading doctrine as inconsistent with the PSLRA's pleading and scienter requirements. See id. at 364. The Southland Securities Corp. court concluded that, under the PSLRA, an unattributed corporate statement can be charged to an individual corporate officer only if "specific factual allegations link the individual to the statement at issue," such as "a signature on the document or particular factual allegations explaining the individual's involvement in the formulation of either the entire document, or that specific portion of the document, containing the statement." Id. at 365.

In his opposition brief, plaintiff disclaims any reliance on the group pleading doctrine. Plaintiff asserts that the CAC sufficiently attributes statements to the individual defendants because it identifies the authors or signatories of many of the allegedly false or misleading statements and alleges that the individual defendants were involved in creating OCA's false or misleading press releases during the class period.

The Court finds that plaintiff has adequately attributed many of the allegedly false or misleading statements identified in the complaint to one or more of the individual defendants. For example, plaintiff alleges that Palmisano, Sr. and Verret each signed and certified OCA's quarterly reports for the first three quarters of 2004. See CAC ¶ 25 (May 20, 2004 Form 10-Q); id. ¶ 35 (August 9, 2004 Form 10-Q); id. ¶ 42 (December 23, 2004 Form 10-Q); Southland Sec. Corp., 365 F.3d at 365 (defendant's signature on corporate document sufficient to attribute statements within the document to that defendant). Moreover, a number of statements in OCA's press releases during the class period are expressly attributed to Palmisano, Sr. See CAC ¶ 23 (May 18, 2004 press release); id. ¶ 24 (May 20, 2004 press release); id. ¶ 39 (August 10, 2004 press release); id. ¶ 45 (March 17, 2005 press release).

Plaintiff has failed, however, to specifically link a number of the alleged false statements to any individual. The individual defendants are correct that they cannot be held liable for any statements that plaintiff has not specifically tied to them, including any unattributed statements in OCA press releases during the class period. Although the CAC alleges generally that the individual defendants were involved in creating and/or approving all of OCA's press releases and other public statements during the putative class period, this boilerplate allegation, which amounts to little more than an assertion that the individual defendants are responsible for all of OCA's public statements because of their positions with the company, is facially insufficient to attribute any particular statement to any of the individual defendants. See Fener v. Belo Corp., 425 F. Supp. 2d 788, 797-98, 2006 WL 832514, at *5-6 (N.D. Tex. Mar. 30, 2006). Indeed, the Southland Securities Corp. court expressly held that this type of general attribution allegation is insufficient because it "fails to specify which of the documents is attributable to each individual defendant, let alone which portions or statements within the documents are assignable to each individual defendant." Southland Sec. Corp., 365 F.3d at 365; see also Fin. Acquisition Partners, 440 F.3d at 287 ("Corporate officers are not liable for acts solely because they are officers, even where their day-to-day involvement in the corporation is pleaded.").

Plaintiff's failure to specifically attribute statements to the individual defendants is fatal to the section 10(b) claim against Palmisano, Jr. As plaintiff even concedes, the CAC contains no allegation that Palmisano, Jr. signed any of OCA's public filings during the class period. See Pl. Opp. Mem. at 33 (noting that "Palmisano, Jr. was not a signatory to the false SEC filings issued during the Class Period"). Moreover, plaintiff has not alleged sufficient facts to connect Palmisano, Jr. to any of the other allegedly false statements identified in the CAC. Accordingly, because plaintiff has failed to identify any false or misleading statement attributable to Palmisano, Jr., the Court will dismiss plaintiff's section 10(b) claim against him.

In addition, the Court will evaluate the sufficiency of plaintiff's claims against Palmisano, Sr. and Verret only with respect to those allegedly false or misleading statements that plaintiff has properly attributed to them.

B. Falsity

Palmisano, Sr. and Verret next argue that plaintiff has failed to adequately allege the falsity of any of their statements concerning either OCA's reported patient receivables or OCA's internal controls.

1. Patient Receivables

The Court easily concludes that plaintiff has adequately alleged that OCA's reported patient receivables for the first three quarters of 2004 were materially false at the time they were reported. First, as noted above, plaintiff has alleged that Palmisano, Sr. and Verret each signed OCA's quarterly reports for the first three quarters of 2004, so the statements contained in those reports are attributable to them. See CAC ¶¶ 25, 35, 42; Southland Sec. Corp., 365 F.3d at 365. In its June 7, 2005 press release, OCA specifically admitted that "the amount of patient receivables reported at each of March 31, June 30 and September 30, 2004 was overstated by material amounts," and that "due to these overstatements, these previously issued quarterly financial statements will need to be restated and should no longer be relied upon." CAC ¶ 49. These allegations are plainly sufficient to establish the falsity of OCA's reported patient receivables for the purposes of these motions. See In re Atlas Air Worldwide Holdings, Inc. Sec. Litig., 324 F. Supp. 2d 474, 486 (S.D.N.Y. 2004) ("Although a restatement is not an admission of wrongdoing, the mere fact that financial results were restated is sufficient basis for pleading that those statements were false when made.").

2. Internal Controls

Palmisano, Sr. and Verret also argue that plaintiff has not alleged the falsity of their statements concerning OCA's internal controls with the requisite particularity. To adequately plead the falsity of a statement under Rule 9(b) and the PSLRA, a plaintiff must allege facts sufficient to provide an adequate basis for believing that the defendants' statements were false when made. See ABC Arbitrage, 291 F.3d at 351-54; Ray v. Palmisano, No. Civ.A. 01-0949, 2002 WL 3141573, at *3 (E.D. La. Oct. 24, 2002). For purposes of the instant motion, the Court focuses on two types of allegedly false statements about OCA's internal financial reporting controls that plaintiff has set forth in the CAC. First, plaintiff alleges that defendants' statements in OCA's SEC filings that the company was working to address its internal control problems, including by increasing automation in calculating patient revenue and receivables, improving communication between operations and accounting, and improving documentation of controls and procedures, were materially false or misleading because internal control problems were not being properly addressed and were in fact getting worse. Second, plaintiff alleges that the Sarbanes-Oxley certifications signed by Palmisano, Sr. and Verret falsely stated that they had disclosed all material weaknesses and significant deficiencies in OCA's internal financial reporting controls to the company's auditor and to its audit committee. The Court now considers each type of allegedly false statement.

a. Statements to the SEC about OCA's Internal Controls

Plaintiff alleges that defendants falsely stated that OCA was taking steps to address its internal control problems in the following SEC filings: March 31, 2004 Form 10-Q; June 30, 2004 Form 10-Q; July 26, 2004 Form 8-K; and Sept. 30, 2004 Form 10-Q. While Palmisano, Sr. and Verret were telling investors throughout the putative class period in these SEC filings that OCA was fixing its internal control problems, plaintiff alleges that the reality of what was taking place inside the company materially contradicted defendants' public assertions. Plaintiff argues that the CAC's allegations based on interviews with three confidential witnesses, all former employees in OCA's accounting department, establish that OCA was not, in fact, working to enhance or improve its internal controls during the class period. Specifically, plaintiff notes that each of the three confidential witnesses stated that he or she did not observe any steps by OCA management to improve internal controls, even though OCA's accounting department consisted of fewer than 20 people. CAC ¶ 31(a)(i) ("CW1 noted that CW1 did not observe steps by OCA management to improve internal controls and specifically did not observe increased automation in determining patient receivables."); id. ¶ 34(a) ("CW2 did not observe enhancements to internal controls such as automating systems, documenting internal control procedures and/or improvements relating to segregation of duties."); id. (CW2 stated that "no readily apparent steps were taken by OCA during the Class Period to truly improve internal controls"); id. ¶ 34(b) ("CW3 . . . did not observe enhancements to internal control procedures and/or increased meetings between Operations and Accounting to improve communications."). Plaintiff also argues that OCA's post-class period admissions that the company did not have effective internal financial reporting controls in place at December 31, 2004 establishes that defendants' class period statements about improving internal controls were false at the time they were made. In connection with this allegation, plaintiff asserts that many of the internal control problems that OCA acknowledged after the putative class period were nearly identical to problems identified in the E Y letter in early 2004. See id. ¶ 69.

Palmisano, Sr. and Verret attack both of these sets of allegations. They argue that plaintiff's allegations based on confidential witnesses are insufficient to show that OCA was not making enhancements to its internal controls during the class period because the confidential witnesses were all low-level employees who would not necessarily have knowledge of changes to the company's internal controls. They also argue that plaintiff's allegations show that two of the three confidential witnesses were not hired until June 2004 and would have no basis for knowing about any steps taken to improve internal controls before they were hired. In addition, Palmisano, Sr. and Verret argue that plaintiff's attempt to establish the falsity of defendants' class period statements based on OCA's later disclosures that its internal controls were inadequate is nothing more than an impermissible attempt to plead "fraud by hindsight."

As an initial matter, although Palmisano, Sr. and Verret frame their argument about plaintiff's confidential witnesses as one about whether plaintiff has pleaded his allegations based on confidential sources sufficient particularity, the Court finds that their arguments actually address the somewhat distinct issue of whether plaintiff's confidential witness allegations even support a belief that any of defendants' statements were false.

In ABC Arbitrage, the Fifth Circuit held that the PSLRA's pleading requirements do not require plaintiffs to name their confidential sources, "provided they are described in the complaint with sufficient particularity to support the probability that a person in the position occupied by the source would possess the information alleged." ABC Arbitrage, 291 F.3d at 352. Plaintiff has provided general descriptions of the employment duties of each of the confidential witnesses, the department in which they worked, and the dates that they were employed by OCA. In this case, the background information that plaintiff has provided is sufficient to support the conclusion that a person in the position of the confidential witnesses would possess the information that they allege, which is based primarily on personal observation.

The more substantial issue is whether the allegations of the confidential witnesses support a reasonable belief that defendants' public statements that OCA was taking steps to address its internal control deficiencies were false or misleading. The Court finds that they do. OCA's accounting department consisted of fewer than 20 employees during the class period. CAC ¶¶ 31(a)(i), 34(a)-34(b). Plaintiff has presented testimony, which must be taken as true for purposes of this motion, from three of these employees — more than fifteen percent of the company's accounting employees during the class period — that they did not observe any ongoing enhancements to OCA's internal controls during the class period. By contrast, CW2 witnessed a "lackadaisical" approach by management to financial reporting. Id. ¶ 34(a). Furthermore, each confidential witness observed that internal control problems initially identified in the 2004 E Y letter persisted throughout the class period. Id. ¶ 31(a)(i) ("CW1 routinely found that although payments were received from the complaining payments, such payments were being recorded in `miscellaneous' accounts and not being recorded as a reduction of the respective patients' outstanding receivables."); id. ¶ 34(a) ("CW2 did not observe enhancements to internal controls such as automating systems, documenting internal control procedures and/or improvements relating to segregation of duties."); id. ¶ 34(b) ("CW3 noted that OCA took monies paid directly to OCA by patients for outstanding balances and routinely failed to reduce outstanding patient receivables by such amounts."). For example, defendants stated in their SEC filings that the company was taking steps to improve segregation of duties with respect to financial accounting. See id. ¶¶ 32, 36, 43. In reality, plaintiff alleges, OCA did little, if anything, to abate the problem of uncontrolled access to financial data identified in the 2004 E Y letter. Plaintiff asserts that CW2

observed that during at least 2004 all members of the accounting department, including CFO Verret, and even non-accounting department employees such as Chief Operating Officer, Palmisano, Jr., not only had access to accounting records and journals, including the Company's General Ledger, but also had the ability to make entries in such vital Company documents without supervision or controls.

Given the size of OCA's accounting department, as well as the positions of plaintiff's witnesses within it, their testimony can establish that, despite Verret's and Palmisano, Sr.'s public statements to the contrary, meaningful efforts were not being made, or at the very least being implemented, during the class period to improve OCA's internal controls. At the motion to dismiss stage, these alleged facts, in light of their specificity and source, are sufficient to show that OCA's control problems clearly existed and defendants' statements about improving OCA's internal controls were clearly false.

Further, OCA's June 7, 2005 disclosure that the company's internal controls were ineffective at December 31, 2004 also supports the falsity of defendants' earlier statements. Plaintiff argues essentially that OCA's public statements during the class period that it was working to improve its internal controls in certain areas must have been false because the June 7, 2005 disclosure identified a number of internal control deficiencies in those same areas that had persisted for five years. Plaintiff provides a chart in his complaint that compares the internal control failures found by E Y in early 2004 with the internal control failures conceded in the June 7, 2005 Form 8-K. Id. ¶ 69. The degree to which the problems identified in early 2004, before the class period, mirror those that still existed in June 2005, at the end of the class period, is undoubtedly evidence that defendants' repeated assurances of improving OCA's internal control processes were misleading when made. For example, in both April 2004 and June 2005, OCA was found to have not maintained effective controls over revenue and receivables, to have problems with its review and approval process of its accounting entries, to have not maintained adequate segregation of duties in its reporting processes. Id. In fact, plaintiff alleges that the depth and magnitude of OCA's internal control problems were worse in June 2005 than in April 2004. Id. To this end, defendants' contention that because they never told investors during the class period that OCA's internal controls were effective, defendants' interim public statements that OCA was working to address those weaknesses were not false rings hollow. Plaintiff has alleged sufficient facts to raise the strong inference that defendants' were not working to meaningfully enhance their internal control processes during the class period. In fact, the control problems were of such a nature that they could logically lead to a misstatement of assets by defendants.

The Fifth Circuit recently held that when a securities fraud defendant's statements would lead a reasonable investor to form an impression that was in contradiction to the reality, those statements can be considered false under the PSLRA's heightened pleading standard. See Plotkin v. IP Axess Inc., 407 F.3d 690, 697-98 (5th Cir. 2005). Here, defendants' repeated assertions throughout the class period that OCA was taking steps to enhance its internal controls, and in fact was enhancing its internal controls, can be characterized as misleading investors into believing that the shortcomings OCA disclosed at the start of the class period were being fixed, when in actuality the opposite was true. At the very least, plaintiff's allegations raise a sufficient inference that defendants' statements were misleading in that they caused reasonable investors to believe that OCA's internal control problems were less severe than they actually were.

b. Sarbanes-Oxley Certifications

Plaintiff has also sufficiently alleged that the Sarbanes-Oxley certifications that Palmisano, Sr. and Verret signed in connection with OCA's quarterly reports for the first three quarters of 2004 were false or misleading. The certifications that Palmisano, Sr. and Verret signed included a representation that they had designed OCA's disclosure controls to ensure that they were made aware of material information and that they had evaluated the effectiveness of these disclosure controls. In all three Form 10-Qs the company issued during the class period, defendants represented that these disclosure controls were "effective." See CAC ¶ 28 (May 20, 2004 Form 10-Q); see also id. ¶ 37 (August 9, 2004 Form 10-Q); id. ¶ 44 (December 23, 2004 Form 10-Q). For the same reasons that the Court finds defendants' statements about OCA's internal controls false or misleading, discussed supra, the Court finds their representations as to the effectiveness of the company's disclosure controls false or misleading. While defendants may have qualified their representations as to OCA's disclosure controls in their May and December Form 10-Qs, those qualifications were based on false or misleading statements about OCA's internal controls, discussed supra.

Additionally, the certifications that Palmisano, Sr. and Verret signed included a representation that they had disclosed to OCA's independent auditors and its audit committee "[a]ll significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information." Id. ¶ 28 (May 20, 2004 Form 10-Q); see also id. ¶ 37 (August 9, 2004 Form 10-Q); id. ¶ 44 (December 23, 2004 Form 10-Q). As discussed supra, plaintiff has adequately alleged that OCA failed to disclose material weaknesses in its internal controls over access to financial data during the class period. Further, the November 15, 2005 Form 8-K supports the inference that, contrary to what they stated in their Sarbanes-Oxley certifications, Palmisano, Sr. and Verret did not, in fact, inform PWC of these material weaknesses during the class period. Rather, PWC stated that it could not and did not rely on any financial records it was provided by OCA during the class period. The Court therefore finds that plaintiff has adequately alleged that statement in defendants' Sarbanes-Oxley certifications were false or misleading when made.

C. Scienter

Palmisano, Sr. and Verret also argue that the CAC does not allege facts sufficient to support a strong inference of scienter with respect to any of their allegedly false statements.

As discussed supra, the PSLRA requires a securities fraud plaintiff to plead with particularity specific facts giving rise to a strong inference of scienter, i.e., that the defendant either knew that his public statements were false or was severely reckless as to their falsity. 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(b)(2); Nathenson, 267 F.3d at 408. A plaintiff can establish the required strong inference of scienter through either direct or circumstantial evidence. See Goldstein v. MCI WorldCom, 340 F.3d 238, 246 (5th Cir. 2003). But general or conclusory allegations that a defendant "must have known" that his statements were false based on his position within a company cannot support an inference of scienter. See Goldstein, 340 F.3d at 251 ("[T]he plaintiffs' general allegation that Ebbers was a `hands-on' CEO and therefore must have been aware of the accounts receivable situation simply lacks the requisite specificity."); Abrams v. Baker Hughes Inc., 292 F.3d 424, 432 (5th Cir. 2002) ("A pleading of scienter may not rest on the inference that defendants must have been aware of the misstatement based on their positions with the company."). Courts should consider a plaintiff's scienter allegations collectively, rather than individually, to determine whether they establish a strong inference of scienter. See Goldstein, 340 F.3d at 246 ("[W]e consider all the facts and circumstances alleged to determine whether they, in toto, raise a requisite strong inference of scienter."); Abrams, 292 F.3d at 431 ("The appropriate analysis . . . is to consider whether all facts and circumstances `taken together' are sufficient to support the necessary strong inference of scienter. . . .").

Plaintiff alleges few facts that would show directly that either Palmisano, Sr. or Verret knew about the falsity of any of their statements during the putative class period. However, the Court finds that allegations of the following circumstances, when considered together, are sufficient to raise a strong inference of scienter as to Palmisano, Sr. and Verret: (1) the importance of OCA's patient receivables asset; (2) the severity of OCA's internal control problems; (3) the relationship of the internal control problems to the overstatements of the patient receivables asset; and (4) the Sarbanes-Oxley certifications executed by Palmisano, Sr. and Verret.

1. Importance of OCA's patient receivables asset

Plaintiff alleges that, because OCA materially overstated its patient receivables, the company's single largest asset, the company's reported financial statements during 2004 were knowingly false or were made with severe recklessness. Plaintiff further alleges that these overstatements support an inference of scienter as to Palmisano, Sr. and Verret, who signed the Company's financial results during the class period. The Court finds scienter adequately pleaded.

As plaintiff alleges, throughout the class period, patient receivables represented OCA's single largest asset. CAC ¶¶ 25, 35, 42. Specifically, for the first quarter of 2004, patient receivables constituted $122.9 million of OCA's total reported assets of $200.9 million; for the second quarter of 2004, patient receivables constituted $128.7 million of total reported assets of $204.7 million; and for the third quarter of 2004, patient receivables constituted $124.3 million of total reported assets of $198.9 million. Id. Obviously, patient receivables was OCA's most significant asset in 2004, as at any given time during that period it alone represented roughly 60 percent of the company's entire asset pool. The Fifth Circuit has held that material misstatements as to a company's most significant asset can give rise to a strong inference that those misstatements were made with knowledge of their falsity or severe recklessness in not knowing that they were false. See Plotkin, 407 F.3d at 699-700 ("It is reasonable to assume, given the importance of these deals to the company, that Ipaxess would have familiarized itself with the financial condition of Lynxus/AGNI . . ."); see also In re Netsolve, Inc. Sec. Litig., 185 F. Supp. 2d 684, 697 (N.D. Tex. 2001) ("The plaintiffs have alleged AT T was NetSolve's primary customer — indeed, was the lifeblood of the company — and that sales to AT T were declining during the class period. If true, this information would have been `so obvious that the defendant[s] must have been aware of it.'") (internal citation omitted).

Plaintiff has alleged additional facts that bolster the inference that defendants knew that their reported patient receivables figures were false when made. Plaintiff presents testimony from both CW1 and CW3 that throughout the class period each received phone calls from OCA-affiliated practices and/or patients complaining that patient payments were not being credited against their balances, and therefore the amounts due remained outstanding. CAC ¶¶ 31(a), 34(b). CW1 learned that these patient payments were being recorded in "miscellaneous accounts" and not as a reduction of the patients' outstanding receivables. Id. ¶ 31(a). Both CW1 and CW3 subsequently disclosed the problem to their supervisors, but were never provided an explanation for the problem even as the problem persisted throughout the class period. Id. ¶¶ 31(a), 34(b). Additionally, CW1 stated that, based on discussions with colleagues, other accounting department employees were similarly finding that patient payments were not being credited against their outstanding patient receivable balance. Id. ¶¶ 31(a). As discussed above, OCA was a small company. During the class period, the entire accounting department consisted of fewer than twenty employees. Furthermore, Palmisano, Sr. and Verret were the top officers at OCA and were directly responsible for disclosing the company's financial performance to the public throughout the class period. Palmisano, Sr., who is a certified public accountant, helped develop the company's accounting systems. Id. ¶ 11. Given this evidence, the Court finds that it would have been virtually impossible for defendants to not have known of the ongoing problems with, and, ultimately, the falsity of, the company's patient receivables figures. In Netsolve, the district court found that scienter had been adequately alleged against the individual defendants who were the top officers/directors at a small company and had made material misstatements regarding the company's largest asset because the truth "would have been `so obvious that the defendant[s] must have been aware of it.'" 185 F. Supp. 2d at 697 (internal citation omitted). Here, the Court finds that plaintiff has alleged enough facts to give rise to a strong inference that Palmisano, Sr. and Verret must have been aware that their misstatements of OCA's patient receivables figures were false or misleading when made.

2. Severity of OCA's Internal Control Problems

Plaintiff next asserts that the very severity of OCA's internal controls problems creates an inference that Palmisano, Sr. and Verret acted with scienter. See In re Elec. Data Sys. Corp. Sec. ERISA Litig., 298 F. Supp. 2d 544, 557 (E.D. Tex. 2004) (stating that the "sheer magnitude and importance" of particular project supported an inference that CEO and CFO knew of its true status); In re Triton Energy Ltd. Sec. Litig., No. 5:98-CV-256, 2001 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 5920, at *31-32 (E.D. Tex. Mar. 30, 2001) (finding that the importance of properly accounting for small number of assets to the company's success supported an inference of scienter). The Electronic Data Systems and Triton Energy courts did not, however, find a strong inference of scienter based solely on the relative magnitude of the problems at the company; in each of those cases, the plaintiffs also alleged specific facts to link the defendants to the undisclosed problems at issue to create an inference that they were aware that the problems existed. For example, in Electronic Data Systems, the court considered scienter allegations based on the importance of the project in question, but the court took pains to emphasize that it was not simply imputing knowledge to the defendants based on their positions with the company: "[T]his is not a case where Plaintiffs try to impute knowledge of problems . . . to [defendants] simply because of their corporate positions. First, and perhaps most importantly, Plaintiffs have pointed to specific meetings, reports, and practices whereby [the defendants] were made actually aware of the NMCI Contract's status." Elec. Data Sys., 298 F. Supp. 2d at 557 (emphasis added). Similarly, in Triton Energy, the court emphasized that the plaintiffs had alleged that the company had a small number of assets, that the individual defendants knew that accurate disclosure about those assets was essential to investors, and that they had previous experience with the very type of disclosures that were at issue in the case. Triton Energy, 2001 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 5920, at *31-32. The court found that these allegations together could support the requisite inference that the defendants knew about misrepresentations in the disclosures. Id.

In this case, plaintiff has alleged specific facts that, when viewed together, raise an inference of fraudulent intent by Palmisano, Sr. and Verret when making their false or misleading statements about the company's internal control problems discussed in the previous section. Put a slightly different way, the facts alleged in the complaint, if true, indicate a depth of involvement in the company's accounting processes on the part of both Palmisano, Sr. and Verret that makes it appear implausible that they would not have been aware of the real state of OCA's internal control mechanisms. As mentioned above, Palmisano, Sr., who is a certified public accountant, helped develop the company's accounting systems. Id. ¶ 11. He was aided in that endeavor by his son, Palmisano, Jr., who served in various capacities during his tenure at OCA, including as CFO prior to the class period. Id. ¶¶ 11, 12. While it is unclear from the complaint when or why Palmisano, Jr. was no longer serving as CFO at the start of the class period, it appears from OCA's July 26, 2004 Form 8-K, in which it detailed some of the problems raised in E Y's early 2004 letter, that the company's previous CFO had contributed to the material weaknesses in OCA's internal controls identified before the start of the class period by E Y. Id. ¶ 32 ("OCA has also hired additional accounting staff and taken steps to improve communication between its operations and financial accounting areas, including appointment of a chief financial officer with experience in OCA's operations area."). According to CW2, however, Palmisano, Jr. did not cease his involvement in the company's accounting affairs after his tenure as CFO. CW2 alleges that, during the class period, Palmisano, Jr. had access to accounting records and journals and had the ability to make entries in vital company documents without supervision or controls. Id. ¶ 34(a). Palmisano, Jr. also allegedly sent daily financial reports to CW2 for review during the class period, which is evidence that he was aware of the company's problematic financial reporting processes. Id. ¶ 34(b). Palmisano, Jr. reported directly to his father throughout the class period. Id. ¶ 12. In sum, the Palmisanos' fingerprints were all over OCA's accounting systems since at least 2000, creating a strong inference that Palmisano, Sr. knew that the company was not meaningfully enhancing its internal control processes during the class period. As to Verret, who is also a certified public accountant, CW2 observed that, during the class period, like Palmisano, Jr., he had access to accounting records and journals and had the ability to make entries in vital company documents without supervision or controls. Id. ¶ 34(a). The Court credits the testimony of CW2, who reported directly to Verret, as yielding a reasonable inference that Verret possessed material facts regarding the true state of OCA's failing internal control processes. The Court, therefore, finds that plaintiff has adequately pleaded scienter as to Verret as well. See Plotkin, 407 F.3d at 700 (holding that a reasonable inference that a defendant knew that or was severely reckless in not knowing that his statements were false or misleading is sufficient to allege scienter at the motion to dismiss stage). Accordingly, the Court does not dismiss plaintiff's section 10(b) claim against Palmisano, Sr. and Verret on this ground.

3. Relationship of the Internal Control Problems to the Overstatements of the Patient Receivables Asset

While the Court addresses the statements about the patient receivables and internal control problems in separate sections above, it also finds that the statements go hand in hand and, when viewed together, support a further inference of scienter as to Palmisano, Sr. and Verret. The patient receivables asset and the internal control problems were essentially intertwined, as OCA could not have inflated its patient receivables asset during the class period without a failure of its internal controls. As discussed earlier, CW1 and CW3 both stated that their supervisors in the accounting department knew of the problems being reported by client practices and/or patients as to outstanding balances. Yet throughout the class period, this problem was never fixed. The effect of this type of accounting irregularity was to inflate OCA's patient receivables, its most important asset. Similarly, while defendants repeatedly stated during the class period that the company was improving its segregation of duties with respect to financial accounting, the company made no material improvements in this regard. Rather, officers such as Verret and Palmisano, Jr. as well as members of the accounting department retained the ability to make entries in vital company documents without supervision or controls during the class period, according to CW2. Plaintiff alleges lack of internal controls such as these also enabled OCA to inflate its patient receivables asset.

In sum, the major internal control problems alleged in plaintiff's complaint consistently involved revenues and receivables, which is the asset that OCA inflated in its SEC filings. Given the small size of OCA's accounting department and the depth to which the Palmisanos and Verret were allegedly involved in the company's accounting practices, the Court finds that the interrelated nature of the internal control problems and the overstatements of the patient receivables asset contributes to an inference of scienter as to the false statements made by Palmisano, Sr. and Verret during the class period. It is virtually impossible to believe that either defendant did not know that his statements were false when made in light of the connection between internal control problems and the overstatements of the patient receivables asset, combined with the overall importance of OCA's patient receivables asset to its stock price.

4. Sarbanes-Oxley Certifications

Plaintiff argues that the certifications that Palmisano, Sr. and Verret each executed in connection with OCA's quarterly reports for the first three quarters of 2004 pursuant to section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act support an inference of scienter because, by signing the certifications, Palmisano, Sr. and Verret certified that (i) they designed or oversaw the design of OCA's disclosure controls, i.e., controls designed to ensure that material information about the company is made known to them; (ii) they had evaluated the effectiveness of those disclosure controls; (iii) those disclosure controls were effective; (iv) they had disclosed all material changes in OCA's internal financial reporting controls during the prior quarter; and (v) they had disclosed all material weaknesses and significant deficiencies in OCA's internal financial reporting controls to OCA's auditor.

There is very little case law considering whether a corporate officer's Sarbanes-Oxley certification supports an inference that the officer knew or was severely reckless about false statements contained in a company's financial statements. Plaintiff points the Court to one case in which a court has expressly found that a certification executed by a corporate officer pursuant to section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act supports an inference of scienter against the certifying defendant. See In re Lattice Semiconductor Corp. Sec. Litig., No. CV04-1233-AA, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 262, at *46-51 (D. Or. Jan. 3, 2006). In Lattice Semiconductor, the court concluded that a corporate officer's Sarbanes-Oxley certification can support at least some inference of scienter because it necessarily supports one of the alternative inferences that (a) the defendant was aware of the misconduct alleged (because, as the defendant certified, the company had effective disclosure controls), or (b) that the defendant knowingly misrepresented that the company's disclosure controls were adequate and effective. See id. at *50. Several commentators have similarly suggested that a corporate officer's Sarbanes-Oxley certification could be used as circumstantial evidence to show that a defendant acted with scienter. See Harold S. Bloomenthal, Sarbanes-Oxley Act in Perspective § 10.1 (stating that Sarbanes-Oxley certification requirements "should aid plaintiffs in meeting the enhanced pleading requirements by alleging knowledge (or reckless disregard) of the alleged misrepresentations by the individual defendants"); Steven J. Choi, The Evidence on Securities Class Actions, 57 Vand. L.Rev. 1465, 1471 n. 23 (2004) (noting that Sarbanes-Oxley certifications may help securities plaintiffs satisfy PSLRA's pleading standard for scienter); Kourtney T. Cowart, Comment, The Sarbanes-Oxley Act: How a Current Model in the Law of Unintended Consequences May Affect Securities Litigation, 42 Duq. L.Rev. 293, 311 (2004) (stating that certifications "could be used as evidence from which defendant's knowledge of the misrepresentations or reckless disregard of them could be inferred").

Under SEC regulations, an officer certifying a company's quarterly or annual report must state not only that, to his knowledge, the statements contained in the report are accurate (a representation that is already implicit when an officer signs the report itself), but also that (i) the company has disclosure controls to ensure that the certifying officer is made aware of material information about the company; and (ii) the certifying officer has publicly disclosed his evaluation of the effectiveness of those disclosure controls. See 17 C.F.R. § 240.13a-14(b)(4). Thus, commentators argue that when a corporate officer certifies a company's financial reports, the company's later revelation that the reports contained material false statements can support an inference that the officer either knew or was reckless about the false statements, by virtue of the company's disclosure controls, or that he knew or was reckless in not knowing that the company's disclosure controls were inadequate. Either of these inferences can help a plaintiff establish scienter. See, e.g., Bloomenthal, supra, at § 10.1 (requirements that officers certify the company's disclosure controls "will make it much more difficult for the certifying officers as defendants in private actions to claim they did not know the representations were false").

The Court does not hold that a Sarbanes-Oxley certification, without more, would support a strong inference of scienter under the PSLRA. However, under the particular facts of this case, the Court does find that the Sarbanes-Oxley certifications executed by Palmisano, Sr. and Verret, when combined with the allegations of scienter contained in the previous sections, support an inference of scienter as to the defendants' statements about OCA's disclosure controls because the certifications show that both defendants stated that they designed and evaluated OCA's control procedures to ensure that they worked to provide them with material information about the company and then certified that the controls were effective, while at the same time failing to disclose serious, unremedied internal control problems. The Court does not find persuasive defendants' contention that, in two of the three quarters, they expressly qualified their endorsement of OCA's disclosure controls by stating that they were effective, subject to OCA's internal control weaknesses. See OCA, Inc., Quarterly Report (Form 10-Q), at 43 (Dec. 23, 2004) (stating that OCA's disclosure controls were effective, "subject to the matters discussed in the following subsections," which included disclosures concerning internal control weaknesses); OCA, Inc., Quarterly Report (Form 10-Q), at 33 (May 20, 2004) (stating that OCA's disclosure controls were effective, "subject to certain enhancements to our internal controls, as described below"). Doubletalk stating that controls were "effective" subject to a discussion of internal weaknesses that was itself knowingly or recklessly false or misleading bespeaks more of conscious evasion of the truth than candor. Moreover, defendants' evaluation of OCA's disclosure controls for the second quarter of 2004 did not contain such express qualifying language. See OCA, Inc., Quarterly Report (Form 10-Q), at 37 (Aug. 9, 2004). The certifications about the effectiveness of OCA's disclosure controls therefore support an inference of scienter on the part of Palmisano, Sr. and Verret, when combined with the other allegations against defendants, as to the company's internal control failures.

For the same reasons, plaintiff has adequately pleaded scienter as to the defendants' statements in their 2004 Sarbanes-Oxley certifications that they had disclosed to OCA's independent auditors and its audit committee "[a]ll significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information." CAC ¶ 28 (May 20, 2004 Form 10-Q); see also id. ¶ 37 (August 9, 2004 Form 10-Q); id. ¶ 44 (December 23, 2004 Form 10-Q). In addition to the reasons stated earlier, the Court notes that, albeit after the class period, PWC determined in its November 1, 2005 letter to OCA that the company had not timely and appropriately responded to serious accounting irregularities that had risen to the level of potential illegal acts, which suggests a prior lack of cooperation with OCA's auditors, including a pattern of intentional inaction in the face of such problems. In fact, just before the start of the class period, OCA fired its previous auditor E Y after it had identified several material weaknesses in the company's internal controls. Subsequently, the auditor during the class period, PWC, resigned after it was unable to investigate potential illegalities because OCA failed to take appropriate remedial actions in response to serious accounting irregularities. Significantly, PWC stated that OCA had potentially provided altered records to company auditors beginning back in 2000. Therefore, OCA's history of dealing with its auditors contributes to the inference that defendants knew that their statements in the certifications that they had disclosed "[a]ll significant deficiencies and material weaknesses" in the company's internal controls to its auditors were false or misleading when made.

C. Plaintiff's Section 20(a) Claim

Control person liability under section 20(a) requires an underlying violation of the Exchange Act. See R2 Inv. LDC v. Phillips, 401 F.3d 638, 641 (5th Cir. 2005). As discussed above, plaintiff has adequately stated a claim against Palmisano, Sr. and Verret under section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5. Section 20(a) also requires that the defendants had actual control or influence over OCA's allegedly fraudulent accounting and reporting policies. See, e.g., In re Netsolve, Inc. Sec. Litig., 185 F. Supp. 2d at 699. The Court concludes that plaintiff has alleged sufficient facts to this end, for many of the same reasons discussed earlier in this opinion. Palmisano, Sr. and Verret were the top officers at OCA during the class period, serving as CEO and CFO, respectively. These defendants put their names on the company's SEC filings and the Sarbanes-Oxley certifications. Palmisano, Sr., along with his son, helped develop the company's accounting systems, and Verret, as CFO, had actual control or influence over its accounting and reporting policies, a fact that defendants seemingly concede in their papers. Def's Mem. in Support of Mot. to Dismiss, at 30. Furthermore, plaintiff has alleged that these defendants "had direct and supervisory involvement in the day-to-day operations of the Company. . . ." CAC ¶ 83. Thus, the Court has no difficulty finding that plaintiff has adequately alleged that Palmisano, Sr. and Verret were "controlling persons" under section 20(a) of the Exchange Act.

VI. CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, the Court GRANTS the motion to dismiss as to Palmisano, Jr. and DENIES the motion to dismiss as to Palmisano, Sr. and Verret.