STEPHENS, J.

Gregory Charles Link, Washington Appellate Project, 1511 3rd Ave. Ste. 610, Seattle, WA, 98101-1683, for Petitioner.

Amy R. Meckling, King County Pros. Attorney's Office, 516 3rd Ave. Ste. W554, Seattle, WA, 98104-2390, for Respondent.

Jeffrey Erwin Ellis, Law Office of Alsept & Ellis, 621 Sw. Morrison St. Ste. 1025, Portland, OR, 97205-3813, for Amicus Curiae on behalf of Freedom Project of Washington.

Randall Avery Sutton, Kitsap County Pros. Attorney's Office, 614 Division St., Port Orchard, WA, 98366-4614, for Amicus Curiae on behalf of Washington Association of Prosecuting Attorneys.

STEPHENS, J.

¶1 James Hinton was sentenced to a 37-year standard range adult sentence for a murder and an attempted murder he committed at age 17. His judgment and sentence became final in 2001. In his current personal restraint petition (PRP), Hinton argues that he was less culpable than an adult when he committed those crimes, so his standard range adult sentence is a disproportionate punishment that violates the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Hinton seeks collateral relief in the form of a resentencing hearing so he can prove that his lesser culpability entitles him to a lesser sentence. ¶2 The State argues that resentencing is unwarranted because Hinton has an adequate alternative remedy: RCW 9.94A.730. That statute provides that juvenile offenders sentenced to lengthy adult sentences are eligible to petition the Indeterminate Sentence Review Board (ISRB) for release on parole after serving 20 years of their sentence. If a juvenile offender is not released at that first hearing, they are entitled to further parole hearings at least every five years until they are released or they serve the term of their original sentence. And at every parole hearing, these juvenile offenders are entitled to a presumption of release. In this way, RCW 9.94A.730 effectively converts the determinate adult sentences imposed on juvenile offenders like Hinton into indeterminate sentences with release presumed after 20 years. The State therefore argues that RCW 9.94A.730 is an adequate remedy that precludes Hinton's PRP under RAP 16.4(d).

¶3 We agree and hold that RCW 9.94A.730 is an adequate remedy that precludes Hinton's PRP because it eliminates the constitutional error that Hinton identifies in his original sentence. We therefore affirm the Court of Appeals and deny Hinton's petition.

FACTS

¶4 James Hinton had a difficult childhood. He did not know his father, and his mother struggled with mental illness to the extent that his grandmother became his primary caregiver. Hinton suffered a serious head injury in a car accident when he was 15, which left him in a temporary coma and caused recurring seizures. Hinton dropped out of high school in his freshman year and began to abuse drugs and alcohol. Over the next few years, Hinton was adjudicated guilty of several juvenile offenses, including assault, intimidation with a weapon, and residential burglary.

¶5 When he was 17, Hinton killed one person and seriously injured another in a shooting. Hinton was tried as an adult because of the serious violent nature of these crimes, and he was convicted of second degree murder and second degree attempted murder. Because Hinton was tried as an adult, he was sentenced to standard range adult sentences under the Sentencing Reform Act of 1981 (SRA), ch. 9.94A RCW. Hinton's murder conviction carried a standard range of 154-254 months and his attempted murder conviction carried a standard range of 92.25-165 months. Because Hinton committed these crimes with a firearm, each conviction also carried a 60-month firearm enhancement. The SRA provided that these sentences and enhancements were to run consecutively.

¶6 Balancing Hinton's youth and background against his criminal history and the nature of these offenses, the State asked the sentencing court to impose sentences in the middle of the standard SRA ranges. Hinton countered that, given the 120 months he would serve for the firearm enhancements alone, sentences at the low end of the standard SRA ranges would be more appropriate. But Hinton did not argue that the trial court should impose a lesser sentence because the mitigating qualities of youth made him less culpable than an adult.

¶7 The sentencing court generally followed the State's sentencing recommendations, imposing midrange sentences of 204 months for Hinton's murder conviction and 120 months for his attempted murder conviction. With the mandatory firearm enhancements, Hinton's total sentence was 444 months (37 years). Hinton received 18 months' credit for time served pending his trial and sentencing.

¶8 In 2016, Hinton filed a CrR 7.8 motion for relief from judgment. The trial court transferred the motion to the Court of Appeals to be considered as a PRP. The Court of Appeals denied Hinton's petition, concluding that Hinton did not make the required showing of actual and substantial prejudice.

¶9 Hinton petitioned this court for discretionary review in early 2020. We stayed consideration of Hinton's petition pending our decisions in several other juvenile justice cases, ultimately lifting the stay and accepting Hinton's petition for review in early 2022. We also accepted amicus briefs from Freedom Project Washington and the Washington Association of Prosecuting Attorneys.

ANALYSIS

¶10 Hinton argues that the 37-year adult sentence imposed by his original sentencing court violates the Eighth Amendment. Specifically, Hinton claims that his sentencing court committed constitutional error by failing to comply with a new constitutional rule that this court announced in State v. Houston-Sconiers and applied retroactively in In re Personal Restraint of Ali and In re Personal Restraint of Domingo-Cornelio . Hinton argues that he is entitled to collateral relief in the form of resentencing because that is "the only remedy which can redress the constitutional harm [he] has suffered" due to "the trial court's dual failure to meaningfully consider youth and to appreciate its complete discretion." Second Suppl. Br. of Pet'r at 21.

¶11 Hinton's argument is unpersuasive for two reasons. First, Hinton misapprehends our decisions in Ali and Domingo-Cornelio . Those cases recognize that Houston-Sconiers 's substantive rule—and only its substantive rule—applies retroactively on collateral review. Yet Hinton focuses much of his argument on his sentencing court's failure to adhere to Houston-Sconiers 's procedural rule, which provides no basis for relief because procedural rules do not apply retroactively.

¶12 Second, even if the sentencing court violated Houston-Sconiers 's substantive rule, Hinton is not entitled to relief via PRP because he has an adequate alternative remedy. RCW 9.94A.730 has effectively converted Hinton's 37-year adult sentence into a juvenile indeterminate sentence with a minimum term of 20 years and a presumption of release at every parole hearing. RCW 9.94A.730 therefore precludes Hinton's PRP because it remedies the constitutional error he identifies in his original 37-year adult sentence. RAP 16.4(d). Accordingly, we affirm the Court of Appeals and deny Hinton's petition.

I. Relief via PRP Is Not Available Where the Petitioner Has an Adequate Alternative Remedy for the Error They Identify

¶13 Hinton raises a collateral challenge to his sentence through a PRP. Granting a PRP is an extraordinary form of relief, so we require the petitioner to "meet a high standard before this court will disturb an otherwise settled judgment." In re Pers. Restraint of Coats , 173 Wash.2d 123, 132, 267 P.3d 324 (2011) (citing In re Pers. Restraint of Cook , 114 Wash.2d 802, 810-12, 792 P.2d 506 (1990) ). "Among other things, PRP who have had prior opportunity for judicial review must show that they were actually and substantially prejudiced by constitutional error or that their trials suffered from a fundamental defect of a nonconstitutional nature that inherently resulted in a complete miscarriage of justice." Id. (citing In re Pers. Restraint of Elmore , 162 Wash.2d 236, 251, 172 P.3d 335 (2007) ; In re Pers. Restraint of Isadore, 151 Wash.2d 294, 299, 88 P.3d 390 (2004) ; Cook, 114 Wash.2d at 810-12, 792 P.2d 506 ). " ‘These threshold requirements are justified by the court's interest in finality, economy, and integrity of the trial process and by the fact that the petitioner has already had an opportunity for judicial review.’ " In re Pers. Restraint of Meippen , 193 Wash.2d 310, 315, 440 P.3d 978 (2019) (quoting Isadore , 151 Wash.2d at 298, 88 P.3d 390 ).

¶14 Another limitation on the availability of collateral relief is that "appellate court[s] will only grant relief by a PRP if other remedies which may be available to the petitioner are inadequate under the circumstances." RAP 16.4(d). The State argues that RCW 9.94A.730 provides an adequate alternative remedy, so this court cannot grant Hinton relief through his PRP. To determine whether an alternative remedy is adequate within the meaning of RAP 16.4(d), we ask whether that remedy can mitigate or eliminate the error identified by the petitioner. See Ali , 196 Wash.2d at 245-46, 474 P.3d 507.

¶15 Here, Hinton asserts a constitutional error. He claims that the 37-year adult sentence imposed by his original sentencing court violates the Eighth Amendment because that court did not comply with the constitutional rule announced in Houston-Sconiers and applied retroactively in Ali and Domingo-Cornelio . To establish whether RCW 9.94A.730 provides Hinton with an adequate remedy, we must first identify the constitutional rule from Houston-Sconiers that applies retroactively to Hinton's sentence.

II. Houston-Sconiers Announced Substantive and Procedural Rules To Protect Juvenile Offenders from Harsh Adult Sentences That Would Be Disproportionate Punishments in Violation of the Eighth Amendment

¶16 The Eighth Amendment prohibits the federal and state governments from imposing cruel and unusual punishments. U.S. CONST. amend. VIII ; Robinson v. California , 370 U.S. 660, 667, 82 S. Ct. 1417, 8 L. Ed. 2d 758 (1962) (incorporating the Eighth Amendment against the states). Throughout most of the Eighth Amendment's history, the United States Supreme Court interpreted it to prohibit only barbaric, inhumane punishments. See, e.g. , Coker v. Georgia , 433 U.S. 584, 592, 97 S. Ct. 2861, 53 L. Ed. 2d 982 (1977). But over time, the Court occasionally suggested that the Eighth Amendment also prohibits punishments that are grossly disproportionate to the crime committed. Id. (citing Furman v. Georgia , 408 U.S. 238, 92 S. Ct. 2726, 33 L. Ed. 2d 346 (1972) ; Robinson , 370 U.S. 660, 82 S.Ct. 1417, 8 L.Ed.2d 758 ; Trop v. Dulles , 356 U.S. 86, 78 S. Ct. 590, 2 L. Ed. 2d 630 (1958) (plurality opinion); Weems v. United States , 217 U.S. 349, 30 S. Ct. 544, 54 L. Ed. 793 (1910) ). By the 1970s, "the Court firmly embraced the holdings and dicta from" those cited cases and recognized "that the Eighth Amendment bars not only those punishments that are ‘barbaric’ but also those that are ‘excessive’ in relation to the crime committed." Id. Today, it is well established that "the Eighth Amendment contains a ‘narrow proportionality principle,’ that ‘does not require strict proportionality between crime and sentence’ but rather ‘forbids only extreme sentences that are "grossly disproportionate" to the crime.’ " Graham v. Florida , 560 U.S. 48, 59-60, 130 S. Ct. 2011, 176 L. Ed. 2d 825 (2010) (quoting Harmelin v. Michigan, 501 U.S. 957, 997, 1000-01, 111 S. Ct. 2680, 115 L. Ed. 2d 836 (1991) (controlling opinion of Kennedy, J., concurring in part and concurring in judgment)).

¶17 In Graham , the United States Supreme Court noted that its "cases addressing the proportionality of sentences fall within two general classifications." 560 U.S. at 59, 130 S.Ct. 2011. "In the first classification the Court considers all of the circumstances of the case to determine whether the sentence is unconstitutionally excessive." Id. "The controlling opinion in Harmelin explained its approach for determining whether a sentence for a term of years is grossly disproportionate for a particular defendant's crime":

A court must begin by comparing the gravity of the offense and the severity of the sentence. "[I]n the rare case in which [this] threshold comparison ... leads to an inference of gross disproportionality" the court should then compare the defendant's sentence with the sentences received by other offenders in the same jurisdiction and with the sentences imposed for the same crime in other jurisdictions. If this comparative analysis "validate[s] an initial judgment that [the] sentence is grossly disproportionate," the sentence is cruel and unusual.

Id. at 60 (alterations in original) (citation omitted) (quoting Harmelin , 501 U.S. at 1005, 111 S.Ct. 2680 (controlling opinion of Kennedy, J., concurring in part and concurring in judgment)). "The second classification of cases has used categorical rules to define Eighth Amendment standards," deciding that particular punishments are beyond the power of the state to impose on particular categories of defendants. Id.

¶18 A few years after Graham , the United States Supreme Court determined that "the confluence of these two lines of precedent leads to the conclusion that mandatory life-without-parole sentences for juveniles violate the Eighth Amendment." Miller v. Alabama , 567 U.S. 460, 470, 132 S. Ct. 2455, 183 L. Ed. 2d 407 (2012). Drawing from the first line of precedent, the Miller Court explained that the Eighth Amendment "demand[s] individualized sentencing when imposing the death penalty" and analogous sentences, so "that capital defendants have an opportunity to advance, and the judge or jury a chance to assess, any mitigating factors, so that the death penalty [and analogous sentences are] reserved only for the most culpable defendants committing the most serious offenses." Id. at 475-76, 132 S. Ct. 2455. Relying on the second line of precedent, the Miller Court recognized that juvenile offenders generally "have diminished culpability and greater prospects for reform," making most juvenile offenders " ‘less deserving of the most severe punishments.’ " Id. at 471, 132 S. Ct. 2455 (quoting Graham , 560 U.S. at 68, 130 S.Ct. 2011 ). Combining these principles, the Miller Court concluded that "[b]y removing youth from the balance—by subjecting a juvenile to the same life-without-parole sentence applicable to an adult—these [mandatory sentencing] laws prohibit a sentencing authority from assessing whether the law's harshest term of imprisonment proportionately punishes a juvenile offender." Id. at 474, 132 S. Ct. 2455. This conclusion encapsulates the core constitutional problem posed by sentencing juvenile offenders to sentences designed for adults: few juvenile offenders are as culpable as adult offenders, so the harshest sentences designed for adults will often be grossly disproportionate punishments for juveniles.

¶19 Our decision in Houston-Sconiers follows from this United States Supreme Court precedent. There, we extended Miller 's reasoning to apply to adult sentences other than life without parole when imposed on juvenile offenders. Houston-Sconiers , 188 Wash.2d at 21, 391 P.3d 409. As Miller had held in the context of mandatory life without parole, Houston-Sconiers held "that sentencing courts must have complete discretion to consider mitigating circumstances associated with the youth of any juvenile defendant ... and must have discretion to impose any sentence below the otherwise applicable SRA range and/or sentence enhancements." Id. Houston-Sconiers reiterated the core constitutional problem identified in Miller : " ‘a sentencing rule permissible for adults may not be so for children,’ [so] certain sentences that are routinely imposed on adults [may be] disproportionately too harsh when applied to youth." Id. at 19, 391 P.3d 409 n.4 (citation omitted) (quoting Miller , 567 U.S. at 481, 132 S.Ct. 2455 ).

A. Houston-Sconiers Announced a Substantive Constitutional Rule and a Procedural Constitutional Rule

¶20 In Ali and Domingo-Cornelio , this court explained that " Houston-Sconiers announced a substantive constitutional rule." Domingo-Cornelio , 196 Wash.2d at 266, 474 P.3d 524 (citing Ali , 196 Wash.2d at 237, 474 P.3d 507 ). " ‘Substantive rules ... set forth categorical constitutional guarantees that place certain criminal laws and punishments altogether beyond the State's power to impose’ and include ‘rules prohibiting a certain category of punishment for a class of defendants because of their status or offense.’ " Ali , 196 Wash.2d at 237, 474 P.3d 507 (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Montgomery v. Louisiana , 577 U.S. 190, 201, 198, 136 S. Ct. 718, 193 L. Ed. 2d 599 (2016) ). " Houston-Sconiers established a category of punishments that are prohibited: adult standard SRA ranges and enhancements that would be disproportionate punishment for juveniles who possess diminished culpability." Id. Therefore, Houston-Sconiers established the substantive rule that courts may not impose "certain adult sentences ... on juveniles who possess such diminished culpability that the adult standard SRA ranges and enhancements would be disproportionate punishment." Id. at 239, 474 P.3d 507.

¶21 Houston-Sconiers "also established a mechanism necessary to effectuate that substantive rule: sentencing courts must consider the mitigating qualities of youth and have discretion to impose sentences below what the SRA mandates." Id. at 237, 136 S. Ct. 718. That mechanism is a procedural rule, " ‘designed to enhance the accuracy of a conviction or sentence by regulating the manner of determining the defendant's culpability.’ " Id. (emphasis and internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Montgomery , 577 U.S. at 201, 136 S.Ct. 718 ). "The discretion and consideration that Houston-Sconiers requires are necessary to effectuate the substantive rule that certain punishments routinely imposed on adults are unconstitutional as applied to youth." Id. at 238, 474 P.3d 507.

B. Houston-Sconiers 's Substantive Rule Applies Retroactively on Collateral Review, but Its Procedural Rule Does Not

¶22 As this court in Ali recognized, "Washington courts follow the test laid out in Teague v. Lane , 489 U.S. 288, 109 S. Ct. 1060, 103 L. Ed. 2d 334 (1989), to determine whether a rule applies retroactively." 196 Wash.2d at 236, 474 P.3d 507 (citing In re Pers. Restraint of Colbert , 186 Wash.2d 614, 623-26, 380 P.3d 504 (2016) ). Under Teague , a new rule applies retroactively on collateral review only if it is a new substantive rule of constitutional law. Edwards v. Vannoy , 593 U.S. ––––, 141 S. Ct. 1547, 1560, 209 L. Ed. 2d 651 (2021). "New procedural rules do not apply retroactively on ... collateral review." Id. Even when a new substantive rule is accompanied by a new procedural rule that "gives effect to [that] substantive holding," only the new substantive rule is given retroactive effect. Montgomery 577 U.S. at 210, 136 S.Ct. 718 ; see also id. at 212, 136 S. Ct. 718 ("A State may remedy a Miller violation by permitting juvenile homicide offenders to be considered for parole, rather than by resentencing them" in accordance with Miller 's procedural rules.).

¶23 Our reasoning in Ali and Domingo-Cornelio mirrors the United States Supreme Court's reasoning in Montgomery , which gave retroactive effect to Miller 's substantive rule. " Miller and Montgomery compel the conclusion that Houston-Sconiers is a new substantive constitutional rule" because the "same constitutional principles form the foundation of Houston-Sconiers ." Ali , 196 Wash.2d at 238-39, 474 P.3d 507.

¶24 Like Montgomery , Ali rejected the argument that a substantive rule should be conflated with its attendant procedural requirements. Compare Montgomery , 577 U.S. at 210, 136 S.Ct. 718 ("[P]rocedural requirements do not, of course, transform substantive rules into procedural ones."), with Ali , 196 Wash.2d at 240, 474 P.3d 507 ("Like in Miller , Houston-Sconiers announced a procedural component as a mechanism to protect the substantive rule," but "[t]his does not transform Houston-Sconiers 's substantive rule into a procedural rule."). Recognizing that only Miller 's substantive rule could be retroactive, Montgomery did not give retroactive effect to Miller 's procedural rule, which would have required all juveniles sentenced to mandatory life without parole to be resentenced. Montgomery , 577 U.S. at 212, 136 S.Ct. 718. Instead, Montgomery explained that other adequate remedies may exist: "[a] State may remedy a Miller violation by permitting juvenile homicide offenders to be considered for parole, rather than by resentencing them." Id. (citing WYO. STAT. ANN. § 6-10-301(c) (2013) (making juvenile homicide offenders eligible for parole after 25 years)). Just as Montgomery gave only Miller 's substantive rule retroactive effect, Ali and Domingo-Cornelio gave only Houston-Sconiers 's substantive rule retroactive effect. Therefore, the rule announced by Houston-Sconiers that applies retroactively to Hinton's case is the substantive rule that courts may not impose "certain adult sentences ... on juveniles who possess such diminished culpability that the adult standard SRA ranges and enhancements would be disproportionate punishment." Ali , 196 Wash.2d at at 239, 474 P.3d 507.

¶25 Hinton claims that he "possess[ed] such diminished culpability that the [37-year] adult standard SRA ranges and enhancements" imposed on him as a juvenile "would be disproportionate punishment." Id. He seeks resentencing in order to present that argument to a sentencing court for the first time. However, the State argues that resentencing is not warranted because RCW 9.94A.730 has already solved any constitutional problem that might exist with Hinton's original sentence by "convert[ing] his 37-year fixed [adult standard range] sentence to a 20[-] to 37-year indeterminate sentence" created for juvenile offenders in Hinton's position. Suppl. Br. re Ali & Domingo-Cornelio at 3, 474 P.3d 524. It therefore argues that Hinton has an adequate remedy that precludes relief through a PRP. We agree with the State.

III. RCW 9.94A.730 Provides an Adequate Remedy for the Violation of Houston-Sconiers 's Substantive Rule That Hinton Alleges Here

¶26 Soon after the United States Supreme Court announced its decision in Miller , Washington's legislature enacted " Miller -fix" statutes directing that all juvenile offenders who had been convicted of aggravated first degree murder and sentenced to mandatory life without parole be resentenced in light of the "mitigating factors that account for the diminished culpability of youth as provided in Miller ." RCW 10.95.035, .030(3)(b). These Miller -fix statutes direct that such juvenile offenders be resentenced to indeterminate sentences with "a minimum term of total confinement of no less than twenty-five years." RCW 10.95.030(3)(a)(ii). After serving their new minimum term, a juvenile offender receives a parole hearing before the ISRB. RCW 10.95.030(3)(f). At that hearing, the juvenile offender is entitled to a presumption of release. Id. If the juvenile offender is not paroled at their first hearing, they are entitled to another parole hearing after five years or less. Id.

¶27 In the same bill that created these Miller -fix statutes, the legislature also enacted RCW 9.94A.730. LAWS OF 2014, ch. 130, § 10. This statute does not apply to juvenile offenders serving the mandatory life without parole sentences at issue in Miller . Instead, it applies to "any person convicted of one or more crimes committed prior to the person's eighteenth birthday" who have received adult sentences totaling more than "twenty years of total confinement." RCW 9.94A.730(1). By enacting RCW 9.94A.730, Washington's legislature effectively anticipated this court's holding in Houston-Sconiers by recognizing that juvenile offenders who received harsh adult sentences other than life without parole should also be provided relief from those potentially unconstitutional sentences.

¶28 Like the Miller -fix statutes, RCW 9.94A.730 provides indeterminate sentences for the juvenile offenders to whom it applies. Compare RCW 10.95.030(3)(a)-(i), with RCW 9.94A.730(1) - (7). Juvenile offenders subject to RCW 9.94A.730 are entitled to a parole hearing with a presumption of release before the ISRB, just as juvenile offenders are under the Miller -fix statutes. RCW 9.94A.730(3) ; RCW 10.95.030(3)(f). Similarly, "[a]n offender whose petition for release is denied may file a new petition for release five years from the date of denial or at an earlier date as may be set by the [ISRB]." RCW 9.94A.730(6).

¶29 The difference between the Miller -fix statutes and RCW 9.94A.730 lies in how each sets the minimum and maximum terms for the indeterminate sentences to be served by juvenile offenders. The Miller -fix statutes provide that a juvenile offender originally sentenced to mandatory life without parole be resentenced to a minimum term of 25 years or more and a maximum term of life. RCW 10.95.030(3)(ii). In contrast, RCW 9.94A.730(1) automatically sets a juvenile offender's minimum term at 20 years by providing for their first parole hearing after they have served 20 years of their sentence. And rather than setting the juvenile offender's maximum term at life, RCW 9.94A.730(5) sets their maximum term at the length of their original sentence. So unlike the Miller -fix statutes, RCW 9.94A.730's remedy applies automatically to all qualifying juvenile offenders originally sentenced to lengthy determinate adult sentences without the need for a resentencing hearing.

¶30 Hinton claims that his sentencing court violated Houston-Sconiers 's substantive rule, which "established a category of punishments that are prohibited: adult standard SRA ranges and enhancements that would be disproportionate punishment for juveniles who possess diminished culpability." Ali , 196 Wash.2d at 237, 474 P.3d 507 . Hinton is correct that his original 37-year standard range adult sentence falls within the category of punishments that Houston-Sconiers prohibited for juvenile offenders who possess diminished culpability. But Hinton does not persuasively explain why RCW 9.94A.730 is an inadequate remedy when that statute provides him with relief in the form of an indeterminate sentence with a minimum term of 20 years and a presumption of release.

¶31 Hinton relies on this court's decision in Ali . There, we held that RCW 9.94A.730 was not an adequate remedy where the juvenile offender at issue had been originally given a 26-year adult sentence in violation of Houston-Sconiers . Ali , 196 Wash.2d at 246, 474 P.3d 507. We reasoned that requiring a juvenile offender to serve the majority of an unconstitutional sentence before receiving a parole hearing does not adequately remedy a violation of Houston-Sconiers 's substantive rule. Id. However, that reasoning was premised on this court's limited understanding of the remedy provided by RCW 9.94A.730. As explained in In re Personal Restraint of Carrasco , Ali made no broad pronouncement suggesting that .730 is inadequate to remedy all Houston-Sconiers violations, and instead "confirmed that .730 will provide an adequate remedy for a Houston-Sconiers violation in cases ... where the petitioner is serving an exceptionally lengthy sentence." In re Pers. Restraint of Carrasco , No. 100073-1, slip op. at 12.

¶32 In Ali and Domingo-Cornelio , the court was not presented with the argument, and therefore did not consider, that RCW 9.94A.730 created an indeterminate sentencing scheme for juvenile offenders originally sentenced to lengthy adult sentences. Instead, all involved believed the remedy in RCW 9.94A.730 was limited to the opportunity for parole after 20 years. See Ali , 196 Wash.2d at 245, 474 P.3d 507 (" RCW 9.94A.730 permits a person convicted of crimes committed when they were under 18 years old to petition for early release after serving 20 years in confinement.").

¶33 But now, the State has brought to our attention the full effect of the remedy the legislature has provided in RCW 9.94A.730. Beyond providing an opportunity for parole, RCW 9.94A.730 has effectively reformed the sentences of juvenile offenders like Hinton by providing them with indeterminate sentences with a minimum term of 20 years and a presumption of release at each parole hearing. In so doing, RCW 9.94A.730 has created a new sentence that the legislature has designed expressly and exclusively for juvenile offenders, rather than for adults. This understanding of RCW 9.94A.730 was not presented in Ali , and we are persuaded that it addresses the constitutional problem that Hinton has identified.

¶34 We hold that RCW 9.94A.730 provides Hinton with an adequate remedy for his sentencing court's alleged violation of Houston-Sconiers 's substantive rule. That substantive rule applies to "adult standard SRA ranges and enhancements [that] would be disproportionate punishment" for juvenile offenders with lesser culpability than adult offenders. Id . at 239, 474 P.3d 507. By replacing qualifying juvenile offenders' adult standard range sentences with indeterminate sentences specifically designed for juveniles, RCW 9.94A.730 remedies any constitutional violation, making relief via PRP inappropriate.

CONCLUSION

¶35 This court may grant a PRP only when the petitioner has no other adequate remedy for the constitutional error they identify. RAP 16.4(d). By effectively converting Hinton's original standard range adult sentence into an indeterminate sentence for juvenile offenders, RCW 9.94A.730 remedies the constitutional error Hinton alleges. Because Houston-Sconiers 's substantive rule prohibits "adult standard SRA ranges and enhancements that would be disproportionate punishment for juveniles who possess diminished culpability," Ali , 196 Wn.2d at 237, 474 P.3d 507, the fact that Hinton is no longer serving an adult standard range sentence demonstrates that RCW 9.94A.730 is an adequate remedy for a violation of that rule. Accordingly, we deny Hinton's PRP.

WE CONCUR:

Johnson, J.

Madsen, J.

Owens, J.

Maxa, J.P.T.

WHITENER, J. (dissenting)

¶36 James Hinton, at the age of 17, was sentenced to 37 years, an adult standard range sentence under the Sentencing Reform Act of 1981 (SRA), ch. 9.94A RCW, for murder and attempted murder. Hinton contends that he is entitled to resentencing because the sentencing court did not meaningfully consider his youth as a mitigating factor and failed to understand that it had discretion to depart from the SRA's mandatory sentencing guidelines because of his juvenile status (the dual mandate of State v. Houston-Sconiers ).

¶37 In In re Personal Restraint of Ali and In re Personal Restraint of Domingo-Cornelio , this court held that Houston-Sconiers is a significant change in the law that applies retroactively. In doing so, we held that the dual mandates, the discretion to depart from the SRA and the directive that trial courts must consider the youth of the defendant at sentencing, "are necessary to effectuate the substantive rule that certain punishments routinely imposed on adults are unconstitutional as applied to youth." Ali , 196 Wash.2d at 238, 474 P.3d 507. We then applied the dual mandates retroactively to determine whether Ali and Domingo-Cornelio had constitutionally adequate sentencing hearings, and we held that because the trial court judges did not comply with the dual mandates, and there were no other adequate remedies, that Ali and Domingo-Cornelio needed to be resentenced. See id . at 244-46, 474 P.3d 507 ; Domingo-Cornelio , 196 Wash.2d at 267-69, 474 P.3d 524. In other words, to effectuate the substantive rule of Houston-Sconiers , this court announced two procedural rules characterized as the dual mandates.

¶38 Today the majority incorrectly holds that the decisions in Ali and Domingo-Cornelio "recognize that Houston-Sconiers 's substantive rule—and only its substantive rule—applies retroactively on collateral review." Majority at 159. In addition, the majority concludes that RCW 9.94A.730, a forward looking remedy that requires a defendant serve 20 years before becoming eligible for parole, is an adequate remedy for the sentencing court's failure to consider youth at the time of sentencing and to appreciate the discretion to depart from the SRA. I disagree.

¶39 I would reaffirm that the dual mandates in Houston-Sconiers are retroactive. I would consider Hinton's personal restraint petition (PRP) in its entirety and find that Houston-Sconiers is material to Hinton's case. For the reasons discussed below, and consistent with my dissent in In re Personal Restraint of Carrasco , No. 100073-1 (Wash. Mar. 9, 2023) (Whitener, J., dissenting), I would adopt a per se prejudice standard for the limited purpose of considering PRPs, like Hinton's, which are based on the retroactive application of Houston-Sconiers and remand Hinton's case for resentencing. Further, I would hold that RCW 9.94A.730, which allows for parole after serving 20 years if certain forward looking conditions are met, is not an adequate remedy for the failure to consider youth and appreciate discretion at sentencing. Accordingly, I respectfully dissent.

ANALYSIS

I. Houston-Sconiers announced a substantive rule and the procedural mechanism to enforce that rule, both of which are retroactive under Ali and Domingo-Cornelio

¶40 The majority concludes that the only rule from Houston-Sconiers that is retroactive on collateral review "is the substantive rule that courts may not impose ‘certain adult sentences ... on juveniles who possess such diminished culpability that the adult standard SRA ranges and enhancements would be disproportionate punishment.’ " Majority at 162 (alteration in original) (quoting Ali , 196 Wash.2d at 239, 474 P.3d 507 ). Consistent with my dissent in Carrasco , I disagree. See Carrasco , No. 100073-1, slip op. at 5-10 (Whitener, J., dissenting).

¶41 We framed both Ali and Domingo-Cornelio as analyzing whether the dual mandates of Houston-Sconiers are retroactive. We ultimately concluded that they are, and then we analyzed prejudice as whether the dual mandates had been satisfied at the trial court. Finding they had not, we remanded for resentencing because the trial courts had not complied with the dual mandates. The majority now overrules those cases without any explanation as to how these two cases are incorrect and harmful as required under stare decisis.

¶42 First, our state statutory exception to the time bar treats new procedural rules the same as it treats new substantive rules. RCW 10.73.100(6) (The time bar does not apply when "[t]here has been a significant change in the law, whether substantive or procedural , which is material to the conviction, sentence ...." (emphasis added)). Thus, the majority's distinction lacks statutory language to support it.

¶43 Second, this court has already held that the dual mandates are "necessary to effectuate " the substantive rule that Houston-Sconiers announced and therefore those procedural dual mandates do apply retroactively. Ali , 196 Wash.2d at 238, 474 P.3d 507 (emphasis added). The Ali court explained that the dual mandates are the crucial mechanisms that trial courts must use in securing this constitutional right:

Without the context of a defendant's youthfulness and the discretion to impose something less than what the SRA mandates, sentencing courts cannot protect juveniles' Eighth Amendment right to be free from unconstitutionally disproportionate punishment. The discretion and consideration that Houston-Sconiers requires are necessary to effectuate the substantive rule that certain punishments routinely imposed on adults are unconstitutional as applied to youth.

Id. ; U.S. CONST. amend. VIII. Our court stressed this point further in Ali 's sister case, Domingo-Cornelio . 196 Wash.2d at 266, 474 P.3d 524 (the dual mandates are "the mechanism necessary to effectuate th[e] substantive rule").

¶44 Third, when we analyzed the violations at issue in Ali and Domingo-Cornelio , the analysis does not concern whether a categorically prohibited disproportionate adult standard SRA range sentence was imposed on the juvenile offender with diminished culpability. Instead, we analyzed whether the trial court judge complied with the dual mandates of Houston-Sconiers because there is no way to know if the sentence is unconstitutionally disproportionate unless the court followed the dual mandates.

¶45 In Ali, we reasoned,

Ali's sentencing comported with only one of the two constitutional requirements we announced in Houston-Sconiers . The sentencing judge considered the mitigating factors of Ali's youth and arguments for an exceptional sentence, but because she did not have the discretion to impose any sentence below the standard SRA range and mandatory enhancements, she sentenced according to the SRA's mandates for adult sentencing. Based on the record, it appears that more likely than not, the judge would have imposed a lower sentence had she understood that the Eighth Amendment requires absolute discretion to impose any sentence below the standard range based on youthful diminished culpability. Since Houston-Sconiers applies retroactively, Ali was actually and substantially prejudiced by the sentencing court's (understandable) error.

196 Wash.2d at 244-45, 474 P.3d 507.

¶46 Further, in Domingo-Cornelio , we concluded that "a petitioner establishes actual and substantial prejudice when a sentencing court fails to consider mitigating factors relating to the youthfulness of a juvenile tried as an adult and/or does not appreciate its discretion to impose any exceptional sentence in light of that consideration." 196 Wash.2d at 268, 474 P.3d 524. We went on to analyze whether the trial court judge had complied with the dual mandates, ultimately concluding that "[m]ore likely than not, Domingo-Cornelio would have received a lesser sentence had the court complied with the dual mandates of Houston-Sconiers ." Id . at 268-69, 474 P.3d 524. We remanded for resentencing because of this failure to follow the dual mandates. Id. at 269, 474 P.3d 524.

¶47 The dual mandates are retroactive on collateral attack, otherwise, there would be no reason for this court to mention the dual mandates in reference to the trial court's actions, much less decide the case on those grounds.

¶48 These are two recent, binding decisions that the majority now ignores in its attempt to limit the application of Houston-Sconiers. In fact, the majority takes a similar approach to that of the dissent in Ali. 196 Wash.2d at 247, 474 P.3d 507 (Johnson, J., dissenting) ("I disagree with the majority's conclusion that our cases establish a substantive rule of constitutional interpretation requiring retroactive application—though I agree our cases can be read to establish a procedural factor requiring sentencing judges to consider general qualities of youth in considering the discretionary sentencing decision."). But our court is bound to follow a majority opinion unless that opinion has been shown to be incorrect and harmful—an analysis the majority fails to perform. State v. Otton , 185 Wash.2d 673, 678, 374 P.3d 1108 (2016) ("In order to effectuate the purposes of stare decisis, this court will reject its prior holdings only upon ‘a clear showing that an established rule is incorrect and harmful.’ " (quoting In re Rights to Waters of Stranger Creek , 77 Wash.2d 649, 653, 466 P.2d 508 (1970) )).

¶49 Further, the majority in In re Personal Restraint of Williams agrees that the dual mandates are retroactive, holding that "any application of Houston-Sconiers ' procedural elements to an indeterminate sentence must be tied to the substantive rule prohibiting adult standard SRA ranges and enhancements that would be disproportionate punishment for juveniles who possess diminished capacity." In re Pers. Restraint of Williams , 200 Wash.2d 622, 631, 520 P.3d 933 (2022). Accordingly, Williams recognizes the retroactivity of the dual mandates so long as the issue is whether the sentence imposed was disproportionate punishment for juveniles who possess diminished capacity, as is the issue here.

¶50 Ali and Domingo-Cornelio are still controlling precedent and both of those decisions held that the dual mandates apply retroactively. Thus, the majority's distinction between "substantive" retroactivity and "procedural" nonretroactivity also lacks case law to support it. ¶51 Because I would reaffirm the holding that the dual mandates of Houston-Sconiers are retroactive, I consider Hinton's PRP in its entirety.

II. Hinton's petition is not time barred because Houston-Sconiers is a significant change in the law that applies retroactively and is material to Hinton's case

¶52 Because Hinton's PRP was filed approximately 18 years after his conviction became final, he must establish that his petition is not subject to the one-year time bar for collateral challenges under RCW 10.73.090. As discussed above, "[u]nder RCW 10.73.100(6), the one year time limit to file a PRP does not apply when a petition is based on a significant change in the law, which is material to the conviction or sentence, and sufficient reasons exist to require retroactive application of the changed legal standard." Ali , 196 Wash.2d at 233, 474 P.3d 507. Hinton asserts that his PRP may be considered under RCW 10.73.100(6) because our opinion in Houston-Sconiers is a significant change in the law that applies retroactively and is material to his case. I agree.

¶53 As held in Ali and Domingo-Cornelio , and discussed in the previous part, the dual mandates in Houston-Sconiers are a significant change in the law that applies retroactively. Therefore, at issue is whether Houston-Sconiers is material to Hinton's sentence. I would hold that it is material.

¶54 The majority does not analyze materiality and instead concludes Hinton's PRP must be denied because Hinton has "an adequate remedy that precludes Hinton's personal restraint petition because it eliminates the constitutional error that Hinton identifies in his original sentence." Majority at 158. The majority's reasoning relies on its determination that RCW 9.94A.730 effectively converts Hinton's 37-year determinate sentence into an indeterminate sentence with a 20-year minimum and, therefore, any Eighth Amendment violation is remedied. Majority at 158, 163–64. However, whether RCW 9.94A.730 converts previously imposed determinate sentences into indeterminate sentences with a mandatory minimum term of 20 years does not preclude the applicability of the Eighth Amendment analysis in Houston-Sconiers .

¶55 To ensure a juvenile offender's Eighth Amendment rights are not violated, we have held that it is critical for sentencing courts "to exercise ... discretion at the time of sentencing itself, regardless of what opportunities for discretionary release may occur down the line." Houston-Sconiers , 188 Wash.2d at 20, 391 P.3d 409. Our reasoning was based on Miller 's holding that criminal procedure laws—namely, sentencing—must consider a defendant's youthfulness before imposing the harshest punishment permissible for juvenile offenders. Id . at 9, 20, 391 P.3d 409 ; see Miller v. Alabama , 567 U.S. 460, 473-74, 479, 132 S. Ct. 2455, 183 L. Ed. 2d 407 (2012) (age of defendant is relevant to Eighth Amendment protections, and courts must consider youth and have discretion to depart from mandatory punishments before imposing "harshest prison sentence"). Certainly, Miller categorically prohibited only mandatory life without parole (LWOP) sentences for juvenile offenders. 567 U.S. at 479, 132 S.Ct. 2455. However, we have recognized that Miller 's fundamental reasoning is applicable in circumstances that do not involve only the most severe punishments that can be imposed on juvenile offenders. Houston-Sconiers , 188 Wash.2d at 20, 391 P.3d 409. Nor could it be. The Eighth Amendment bans imposition of a sentence that is grossly disproportionate to the offender's crime such that it constitutes cruel and unusual punishment. U.S. CONST. amend. VIII ; see Solem v. Helm , 463 U.S. 277, 284, 103 S. Ct. 3001, 77 L. Ed. 2d 637 (1983) ("The Eighth Amendment ... prohibits not only barbaric punishments, but also sentences that are disproportionate to the crime committed."). "What constitutes a cruel and unusual punishment has not been exactly decided," and the Supreme Court has left open the possibility that a sentence for a term of years—as opposed to a life sentence or the death penalty—may be grossly disproportionate depending on the circumstances of the case. Weems v. United States , 217 U.S. 349, 368, 30 S. Ct. 544, 54 L. Ed. 793 (1910) ; see Graham v. Florida , 560 U.S. 48, 60, 130 S. Ct. 2011, 176 L. Ed. 2d 825 (2010) ; Solem , 463 U.S. at 287-90, 103 S.Ct. 3001 (discussing circumstances where term of imprisonment, even relatively short or intermediate in length, could be grossly disproportionate to crime).

¶56 The effect of RCW 9.94A.730 is inarguably relevant to our consideration of whether Hinton's PRP should be dismissed pursuant to RAP 16.4(d), discussed further in Part IV, infra . It does not, however, bring Hinton's case outside the scope of Houston-Sconiers or Miller , both of which compel us to recognize that juvenile offenders deserve special protections at the time they are sentenced in adult court. The fact remains that Hinton committed his crimes as a juvenile and he was sentenced according to mandatory terms prescribed by the SRA. Domingo-Cornelio , 196 Wash.2d at 265, 474 P.3d 524 ("The change in the law [in Houston-Sconiers ] is material to adult standard range sentences imposed for crimes the defendant committed as a child."); accord Ali , 196 Wash.2d at 234-35, 474 P.3d 507. The fact also remains that the sentencing court could have sentenced Hinton to less than 20 years had it complied with the dual mandate of Houston-Sconiers and determined that his youth was sufficiently mitigating to warrant an exceptional downward sentence. Had the sentencing court done so, Hinton would not have been subject to the authority of the Indeterminate Sentence Review Board (ISRB) under RCW 9.94A.730.

¶57 We cannot say precisely whether Hinton's punishment would have been different if the sentencing court had the benefit of Houston-Sconiers at the time of sentencing. It is this uncertainty that brings Hinton's case squarely within the purview of Houston-Sconiers . See Domingo-Cornelio , 196 Wash.2d at 268, 474 P.3d 524 ("Unless the court meaningfully considers youth and knows it has absolute discretion to impose a lower sentence, we cannot be certain that an adult standard range was imposed appropriately on a juvenile under Houston-Sconiers ."). Accordingly, I would hold that Hinton has shown that his PRP satisfies the exception to the one-year time bar under RCW 10.73.100(6), and we may therefore consider the merits of his PRP in its entirety.

III. Hinton has established prejudice

A. The sentencing court failed to comply with the dual mandate of Houston-Sconiers

¶58 The State does not dispute in Hinton's case that the sentencing court failed to meaningfully consider youth as a mitigating factor or understand its absolute discretion to depart from the standard range sentence or the mandatory consecutive sentencing schemes. See RCW 9.94A.535 (exceptional sentences include sentences that depart from standard ranges and also "whether sentences are to be served consecutively or concurrently"). Although not in dispute, the shortcomings of Hinton's sentencing hearing merit brief discussion because they bear directly on whether Hinton can establish prejudice.

¶59 The dual mandate of Houston-Sconiers was designed to ensure that juvenile offenders sentenced in adult criminal court are not subject to cruel and unusual punishment, first, by requiring sentencing courts to meaningfully consider the mitigating characteristics of the juvenile offender's youth and, second, by granting sentencing courts absolute discretion to depart from otherwise applicable SRA sentencing schemes. Houston-Sconiers , 188 Wash.2d at 9, 19-20, 391 P.3d 409. ¶60 On the record before us, it is clear Hinton's youth was acknowledged at sentencing. See, e.g. , Hr'g Proc. (HP) (Feb. 18, 2000) at 38 (State noted nature of Hinton's crimes "aggravates the mitigation that might be available due to his young age or to his background"), 56 (sentencing court noted Hinton had not had chance to "grow up" and his bad choices and judgment were "partly the result of [his] youth"). However, a cursory acknowledgement of youth is not equivalent to a substantive consideration of the mitigating qualities of youth. See State v. Ramos , 187 Wash.2d 420, 443, 387 P.3d 650 (2017) (consideration of youth requires more than merely "recit[ing] the differences between juveniles and adults and mak[ing] conclusory statements that the offender has not shown an exceptional downward sentence is justified"). Instead, sentencing courts must consider the defendant's age and the " ‘hallmark features’ " of their youth, "such as the juvenile's ‘immaturity, impetuosity, ... failure to appreciate risks and consequences[,] ... the nature of the juvenile's surrounding environment and family circumstances, the extent of the juvenile's participation in the crime, and "the way familial and peer pressures may have affected [them]." ’ " Houston-Sconiers , 188 Wash.2d at 23, 391 P.3d 409 (quoting Miller , 567 U.S. at 477, 132 S.Ct. 2455 ).

¶61 Sentencing courts should also consider whether any " ‘incompetencies associated with youth’ " might have affected proceedings. Ramos , 187 Wash.2d at 444, 387 P.3d 650 (citing juvenile's incapacity to assist attorneys or cooperate with law enforcement as potential youthful incompetencies) (quoting Miller , 567 U.S. at 477, 132 S.Ct. 2455 ). In the specific context of LWOP sentences, we have held that meaningful consideration entails "receiv[ing] and consider[ing] relevant mitigation evidence bearing on the circumstances of the offense and the culpability of the offender, including both expert and lay testimony as appropriate." Id. at 443. Although the sentencing court is not required to make written findings of fact and conclusions of law regarding its consideration of youth, "they are always preferable to ensure that the relevant considerations have been made and to facilitate appellate review." Id . at 444 ; see Houston-Sconiers , 188 Wash.2d at 23, 391 P.3d 409 (no requirement of written findings).

¶62 The record of Hinton's sentencing reveals no appreciable consideration of the factors set forth above. The State simply stated that even if Hinton's age offered any possible mitigation, it would be nullified by other aggravating factors. HP (Feb. 18, 2000) at 38 (arguing nature of Hinton's crimes "aggravates the mitigation that might be available due to his young age or to his background"). The sentencing court's statements that Hinton had not had the chance to "grow up" and his "youth" was partly to blame for his "terribly bad choices and bad judgment" were little more than a passing nod to the fact that Hinton had not yet reached the legal age of majority. Id . at 56 ("I do have to accept that you are the person that you are and that the terribly bad choices and bad judgment that you've shown ... are partly the result of your youth.").

¶63 For the limited purpose of protecting juveniles' Eighth Amendment rights in adult criminal court, sentencing courts are bound to neither standard adult sentence ranges nor mandatory sentencing schemes under the SRA. Houston-Sconiers , 188 Wash.2d at 9, 21, 23, 391 P.3d 409. However, several of the sentencing court's comments reveal that it did not believe it had any discretion to depart from the SRA guidelines. First, the sentencing court informed Hinton that "the Legislature has made very clear that you are going to be incarcerated for an extensive period of time." HP (Feb. 18, 2000) at 55. The court also stated that "[g]iven the nature of the sentences and the proof at trial and the conviction that the jury came back with, the punishment is very clear in this case," and "there ... is no question that each of these sentences will run consecutively; [and] that each of them has ... a ‘deadly-weapon enhancement’ which also runs consecutively." Id. These statements reflect the sentencing court's now-incorrect understanding that it had no power to depart from the SRA's mandatory terms. ¶64 We cannot conclude that the sentence imposed here comports with the Eighth Amendment, where the record shows scant, if any, meaningful presentation or discussion of youth as a mitigating factor. Domingo-Cornelio , 196 Wash.2d at 268, 474 P.3d 524. This is especially true when the sentencing hearing, as here, predated Houston-Sconiers by several decades, before state and federal courts had more fully weighed in on substantive and procedural rules necessary to protect juveniles' Eighth Amendment rights, before arguments like Hinton's were legally viable, and before sentencing courts had any reason to believe they could disregard mandatory punishments set by the legislature. See id . at 267-68, 474 P.3d 524.

B. Hinton has shown actual and substantial prejudice

¶65 Under the existing prejudice standard applicable on collateral review, to obtain a resentencing hearing Hinton must show by a preponderance of the evidence that he was actually and substantially prejudiced by the sentencing court's failure to comply with the dual mandate of Houston-Sconiers . In re Pers. Restraint of Meippen , 193 Wash.2d 310, 316, 440 P.3d 978 (2019). This requires "show[ing] some practical effect caused by [the] claimed error," that is, that Hinton more likely than not would have received a shorter sentence but for the error. State v. Buckman , 190 Wash.2d 51, 61, 68, 409 P.3d 193 (2018) ("constitutional error generally does not, on its own, constitute prejudice"; there must be some "defect of substance"); Domingo-Cornelio , 196 Wash.2d at 268, 474 P.3d 524 ; see also Meippen , 193 Wash.2d at 316-17, 440 P.3d 978. As discussed further in Part IV, infra , Hinton must also establish "there are no other adequate remedies available under the circumstances." Ali , 196 Wash.2d at 242, 474 P.3d 507.

¶66 A petitioner, like Hinton, who relies on the retroactive application of a decision to show "actual and substantial prejudice is not limited to circumstances where defense counsel makes an argument that is not legally available and the sentencing judge explicitly states that they would deviate from the SRA on that basis if they could." Domingo-Cornelio , 196 Wash.2d at 267, 474 P.3d 524. Rather, in the absence of any substantive discussion of youth, we must infer from the record a willingness on the part of the sentencing court to impose an exceptional sentence based on those few assertions made at Hinton's sentencing discussed in Section III.A, supra . Though a few of our cases are instructive, none are precisely on point because of the facts specific to Hinton's sentencing.

¶67 In Ali , we determined the petitioner had been actually and substantially prejudiced based on the sentencing court's decision to impose the lowest possible sentence within the standard sentence ranges and its assertion that it did so "primarily because of Ali's age." 196 Wash.2d at 244, 474 P.3d 507. In Domingo-Cornelio , like the case before us, there was no indication the sentencing court engaged in any meaningful consideration of the petitioner's youth or that it understood its absolute discretion. 196 Wash.2d at 268, 474 P.3d 524 (noting defense counsel did not request exceptional sentence or argue youth as mitigating factor). We determined the petitioner had established actual and substantial prejudice because the sentencing court also "imposed the lowest standard range sentence" despite the State's recommendation of a high-end sentence. Id. (concluding this sentence "is evidence that the judge was willing to consider mitigating factors that justify a lower sentence").

¶68 In contrast, in Meippen , we determined there was no actual and substantial prejudice because the sentencing court imposed a high-end sentence despite Meippen's recommendation for a low-end sentence based on his youth. 193 Wash.2d at 313, 316, 440 P.3d 978 (defense counsel argued Meippen did not "appreciate the nature and consequences of his actions" or " ‘the seriousness of the situation he involved himself in’ " because of his age). The sentencing court rejected Meippen's arguments regarding youth as a mitigating factor and imposed a high-end sentence because it found Meippen's " ‘behavior [was] cold, calculated, and it showed complete indifference towards another human being.’ " Id . at 313, 440 P.3d 978. Given this finding, we determined that "[n]othing in our record suggests that the trial court would have exercised its discretion to depart from the SRA sentence enhancement guidelines." Id. at 317, 440 P.3d 978.

¶69 Unlike Ali and Domingo-Cornelio, Hinton did not receive a low-end sentence. Nor did he receive a high-end sentence like Meippen. The State urges, though, that Meippen is controlling because Hinton's sentencing court gave no indication that it would have exercised discretion to lower his sentence. The State's position is untenable because Hinton's sentencing court, unlike, for example, a resentencing wherein evidence of youth was presented but rejected, did not consider—and therefore could not reject—any appreciable argument or other evidence regarding Hinton's youth as a mitigating factor. See Domingo-Cornelio , 196 Wash.2d at 268, 474 P.3d 524 ("silence does not constitute reasoning"); cf. Meippen , 193 Wash.2d at 313, 316-17, 440 P.3d 978. The sentencing court simply acknowledged in a conclusory fashion that Hinton's youth had partly contributed to his life choices. Unlike Meippen, Hinton received midrange sentences even though he had committed very serious violent offenses and had a history of juvenile offenses that included other violent offenses. The sentencing court largely followed the State's recommended sentences but imposed a slightly lower sentence on the attempted murder charge. The court also expressed concern that Hinton had not had a chance to mature and that there was "[n]othing but tragedy" in his case, HP (Feb. 3, 2000) at 32, but effectively proclaimed that its hands were tied because "the Legislature has made very clear that [Hinton was] going to be incarcerated for an extensive period of time." HP (Feb. 18, 2000) at 55. These facts demonstrate that the court would have been willing to depart from the SRA sentencing scheme to account for Hinton's tragic past had it believed it had the power to do so. Had the court also meaningfully considered Hinton's youthful characteristics—for example, by receiving any evidence or argument that Hinton possessed (or lacked) some of those " ‘hallmark features’ " of youth, Houston-Sconiers , 188 Wash.2d at 23, 391 P.3d 409 (quoting Miller , 567 U.S. at 477, 132 S.Ct. 2455 )—and understood its authority to disregard the mandatory terms of the SRA, it appears more likely than not that it would have imposed a shorter sentence. Accordingly, I would grant Hinton's PRP and remand for a resentencing hearing consistent with Houston-Sconiers .

C. This court should adopt a per se prejudice standard for the limited purpose of reviewing collateral challenges based on the retroactive application of Houston-Sconiers where the petitioner was sentenced in adult criminal court for offenses committed as a juvenile

¶70 The heightened standard of actual and substantial prejudice used in PRPs aligns with the long-recognized principle that collateral challenges are "not to operate as a substitute for a direct appeal." In re Pers. Restraint of St. Pierre , 118 Wash.2d 321, 328-29, 823 P.2d 492 (1992) (heightened standard justified because collateral attack generally "undermines the principles of finality of litigation, degrades the prominence of trial, and sometimes deprives society of the right to punish admitted offenders"); see State v. Delbosque , 195 Wash.2d 106, 129, 456 P.3d 806 (2020) ("a PRP does not, and is not meant to, afford the same protections as an appeal").

¶71 One foundational assumption underlying this long-recognized principle is " ‘that the petitioner has already had an opportunity for judicial review.’ " Meippen , 193 Wash.2d at 315, 440 P.3d 978 (quoting In re Pers. Restraint of Isadore , 151 Wash.2d 294, 298, 88 P.3d 390 (2004) ). Hinton had no such opportunity. He did not have the benefit of Houston-Sconiers at the time of his sentencing, the arguments he raises now were not legally tenable at the time, nor did the sentencing court have any reason at the time to believe it could depart from mandatory punishments in the SRA. Given our particular concern with protecting juvenile offenders' Eighth Amendment rights, and our recognition that special protections like the dual mandate of Houston-Sconiers must be given retroactive effect (essentially to rectify constitutional violations in the past), it is illogical to require petitioners to meet a higher standard of prejudice simply because they were sentenced before courts had more meaningfully weighed in on the issue of juvenile rights. I would, therefore, consistent with my dissent in Carrasco , No. 100073-1, slip op. at 17-23, support a narrow exception to the actual and substantial prejudice standard in cases where defendants were sentenced in adult criminal court for offenses they committed as juveniles, and propose adopting a per se prejudice standard for the limited purpose of reviewing collateral challenges based on the retroactive application of Houston-Sconiers .

¶72 It remains true that not every failure to comply fully with the dual mandate of Houston-Sconiers will necessarily result in disproportionate punishment. For instance, in Meippen , 193 Wash.2d at 313, 317, 440 P.3d 978, the sentencing court expressly rejected evidence of the defendant's youth as a mitigating factor in light of the defendant's perceived cold and calculating conduct and indifference to human life. However, unlike with Meippen, the potential mitigating characteristics of Hinton's youth were not presented and rejected, they were not meaningfully considered at all. On the record before us we have no evidence that Hinton's sentence complied with the Eighth Amendment or that it would (or would not) have been shorter had the court satisfied the dual mandate of Houston-Sconiers . The record simply provides no assurances that Hinton's sentencing complied with this constitutional right and that his punishment was, therefore, a reliable result. Domingo-Cornelio , 196 Wash.2d at 268, 474 P.3d 524. Such uncertainty undermines our faith in the fundamental fairness of sentencing proceedings like Hinton's. See Houston-Sconiers , 188 Wash.2d at 9, 21, 23, 391 P.3d 409 (because juveniles are particularly vulnerable and often have diminished culpability, juvenile offenders sentenced as adults must enjoy protections of the dual mandate without exception); accord Ali , 196 Wash.2d at 242, 474 P.3d 507 ("The Eighth Amendment requires both consideration of youthfulness and absolute discretion in order to avoid imposing unconstitutionally disproportionate sentences on juveniles.").

¶73 A per se prejudice rule does not unreasonably undercut the principles we have cited as justifying the heightened actual and substantial prejudice standard. See St. Pierre , 118 Wash.2d at 329, 823 P.2d 492 (collateral attack "undermines the principles of finality of litigation, degrades the prominence of trial, and sometimes deprives society of the right to punish admitted offenders"); Meippen , 193 Wn.2d at 315, 440 P.3d 978 (citing " ‘the court's interest in finality, economy, and integrity of the trial process and by the fact that the petitioner has already had an opportunity for judicial review’ " (quoting Isadore , 151 Wash.2d at 298, 88 P.3d 390 )). First, petitioners like Hinton would not be able to reverse their convictions, they could only potentially alter the severity of their sentence so that it complies with their constitutional right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment. Thus, society would not be deprived of its right to punish offenders in line with the Eighth Amendment. See St. Pierre , 118 Wash.2d at 329, 823 P.2d 492. Second, we cannot justify a heightened standard of prejudice based on the premise that Hinton, and petitioners like him, have already had a chance to meaningfully challenge the constitutionality of their sentences based on their youth because as mentioned, petitioners like Hinton have not " ‘already had an opportunity for judicial review.’ " Meippen , 193 Wash.2d at 315, 440 P.3d 978 (quoting Isadore , 151 Wash.2d at 298, 88 P.3d 390 ). This limited group of petitioners was sentenced when the basis for their claim of error—a violation of the dual mandate of Houston-Sconiers —was not at all cognizable within the time allotted for direct review. Third, all resentencing necessarily reopens litigation to a limited extent and consumes additional court resources. However, an unconstitutional sentence cannot be allowed to stand simply because the parties and court have an interest in judicial economy and finality. See Ali , 196 Wash.2d at 233-34, 474 P.3d 507 ( Houston-Sconiers was significant change in law that requires retroactive application).

¶74 I would, therefore, adopt a per se prejudice rule for the narrow purpose of considering PRPs based on the retroactive application of Houston-Sconiers in cases where the petitioner committed their offense as a juvenile and was sentenced in adult criminal court. Should such a petitioner establish that their sentencing court satisfied neither prong of the dual mandate of Houston-Sconiers , they should be given a resentencing hearing because, in such cases, we would have no basis for determining whether their sentence complied with the Eighth Amendment. Cf. Meippen , 193 Wash.2d at 313, 316-17, 440 P.3d 978. Hinton has met this burden, and remand for resentencing is proper.

IV. Hinton's petition should not be denied under RAP 16.4(d) because RCW 9.94A.730 is not an adequate remedy for a Houston-Sconiers violation

¶75 Now that Hinton has served over 20 years of his sentence, he is eligible to petition the ISRB for early release pursuant to RCW 9.94A.730. The State argues, and the majority concludes, that this is an adequate remedy and, thus, Hinton's PRP must be dismissed. RAP 16.4(d) (collateral relief proper only "if other remedies which may be available to petitioner are inadequate under the circumstances"). However, "[t]he possibility of another remedy in the future cannot displace [a defendant]'s right to appeal his sentence on the basis that it was unlawfully imposed in the first instance." Ramos , 187 Wash.2d at 436, 387 P.3d 650. I would hold that RCW 9.94A.730 is an inadequate remedy in all cases where a violation of the dual mandate of Houston-Sconiers has occurred.

¶76 RCW 9.94A.730 was enacted in response to the Supreme Court's decision in Miller and was designed to ensure that any juvenile sentenced to a term of life would have the opportunity to petition for parole after serving 20 years of their sentence. See State v. Haag , 198 Wash.2d 309, 331 n.7, 495 P.3d 241 (2021) (Stephens, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part). The statute has been held to be an adequate remedy in cases of a Miller violation, that is, when a sentencing court imposes a mandatory LWOP sentence on a juvenile offender without considering whether their youth warranted an exceptional downward sentence. State v. Scott , 190 Wash.2d 586, 588, 592, 416 P.3d 1182 (2018) ; see Montgomery , 577 U.S. at 212, 136 S.Ct. 718 ("A State may remedy a Miller violation by permitting juvenile homicide offenders to be considered for parole, rather than by resentencing them."). However, the PRP before us involves a Houston-Sconiers violation, that is, the sentencing court's imposition of a mandatory adult sentencing scheme under the SRA (which includes, but is not limited to LWOP) without considering youth or understanding the court's discretion to depart from the SRA's mandatory terms. We have determined that

[ RCW 9.94A.730 ] does not necessarily provide a remedy to a Houston-Sconiers violation. RCW 9.94A.730 permits a person convicted of crimes committed when they were under 18 years old to petition for early release after serving 20 years in confinement. ... The [ISRB's] assessment at this stage is not whether the person possessed adult culpability at the time of the crimes but whether they pose a continued danger after 20 years of incarceration. In Houston-Sconiers , we emphasized that sentencing courts must consider the mitigating qualities of youth and have absolute discretion ‘at the time of sentencing itself , regardless of what opportunities for discretionary release may occur down the line.’

Ali , 196 Wash.2d at 245, 474 P.3d 507 (quoting Houston-Sconiers , 188 Wash.2d at 20, 391 P.3d 409 ). Whereas the denial of parole eligibility is at the heart of a Miller violation—and therefore RCW 9.94A.730 rectifies the error by making parole a possibility—the heart of a Houston-Sconiers violation is the court's failure to give due consideration to the juvenile offender's culpability at the time of their offense and to understand its absolute discretion to depart from mandatory punishments at the time of sentencing. Houston-Sconiers , 188 Wash.2d at 23, 391 P.3d 409 ; see Ali , 196 Wash.2d at 232, 474 P.3d 507 (" Houston-Sconiers identified a category of sentences that are beyond courts' authority to impose: adult standard SRA ranges and enhancements that would be disproportionate punishment for juveniles with diminished culpability .").

¶77 Although petitioners like Hinton enjoy a presumption of release, that release is not guaranteed but is granted at the discretion of the ISRB and its predominantly forward looking assessment of the petitioner's risk of recidivism. See In re Pers. Restraint of Dodge , 198 Wash.2d 826, 839, 502 P.3d 349 (2022) (public safety concerns are the ISRB's "highest priority" when considering a petition for parole). The majority interprets the practical effect of RCW 9.94A.730 as creating an indeterminate sentencing scheme—with a mandatory minimum term of 20 years and a maximum term equal to the determinate sentence originally imposed by the sentencing court, but it fails to note that this scheme applies only to certain juvenile offenders . See RCW 9.94A.730(1) (defendants ineligible in first instance if convicted of aggravated first degree murder or certain sex offenses).

¶78 RCW 9.94A.730 is not an adequate remedy. Hinton's early release depends on postconviction conduct and the discretion of the ISRB. Discretionary release based predominantly on an assessment of Hinton's conduct and risk of recidivism 20+ years after his offenses does not equate to a meaningful consideration of Hinton's youth as a mitigating factor at the time of his offenses and in no way could rectify a punishment that was imposed in violation of his Eighth Amendment rights. Ali , 196 Wash.2d at 246, 474 P.3d 507.

CONCLUSION

¶79 Houston-Sconiers is material to Hinton's case where he was sentenced in adult criminal court for offenses he committed as a juvenile, and pursuant to RCW 10.73.100(6) his PRP should be considered in its entirety. I would grant Hinton's PRP and remand this case for resentencing in conformity with the dual mandates of Houston-Sconiers . I would also adopt a per se prejudice standard for the limited PRPs cases like Hinton's.

¶80 Even if we were not to adopt a per se prejudice standard, Hinton has established that the sentencing court failed to comply with either prong of the dual mandate of Houston-Sconiers , and the record before us shows that the sentencing court more likely than not would have imposed a lesser sentence had it actually considered youth as a mitigating factor and understood its discretion to depart from the mandatory terms of the SRA. In the alternative, Hinton has set forth sufficient facts to warrant a reference hearing to address the likelihood of a shorter sentence.

¶81 Because of the unique vulnerabilities of youth and the significance we have attributed to our decision in Houston-Sconiers , this court should adopt a per se prejudice standard for the limited purpose of considering collateral challenges based on the retroactive application of Houston-Sconiers in the limited context of defendants, like Hinton, who were sentenced in adult criminal court for offenses they committed as juveniles. This lower standard of prejudice would not unduly undermine our interest in judicial economy, finality of litigation, or the public's right to punish offenders in line with the Eighth Amendment. It would also give truly full retroactive effect to Houston-Sconiers.

¶82 Because RCW 9.94A.730 does not rectify the heart of a Houston-Sconiers violation and offers a remedy based instead on the ISRB's discretion and assessment of a petitioner's postconviction conduct, it is not an adequate remedy that would justify dismissal of Hinton's petition under RAP 16.4(d).

¶83 I respectfully dissent.

Yu, J.

Raquel Montoya-Lewis, did not participate

GORDON McCLOUD, J. (concurring in dissent)

¶84 I agree with the dissent. It accurately explains that State v. Houston-Sconiers , 188 Wash.2d 1, 391 P.3d 409 (2017), In re Personal Restraint of Ali , 196 Wash.2d 220, 237, 474 P.3d 507 (2020), and In re Personal Restraint of Williams , 200 Wash.2d 622, 632, 520 P.3d 933 (2022), remain controlling precedent in this state. And it accurately explains that those controlling decisions require us to apply the procedural "dual mandates" of Houston-Sconiers retroactively on collateral review in cases like this, where the "dual mandates" are so closely "tied to the substantive rule prohibiting adult standard SRA¹ ranges and enhancements that would be disproportionate punishment for juveniles who possess diminished capacity." Williams , 200 Wash.2d at 631, 520 P.3d 933. It also clearly explains how application of those controlling decisions to Hinton's case shows that Hinton has established error. Finally, like the dissent, I believe that our controlling decision in In re Personal Restraint of Domingo-Cornelio , 196 Wash.2d 255, 474 P.3d 524 (2020), requires us to find that James Hinton has also established prejudice.

¶85 I write separately for two reasons.

¶86 First, I do not completely agree with the dissent's discussion of RAP 16.4(d). Consistent with my concurrence in In re Personal Restraint of Carrasco , No. 100073-1 (Wash. Mar. 9, 2023), I read State v. Scott , 190 Wash.2d 586, 416 P.3d 1182 (2018), as holding that RCW 9.94A.730's provision for Indeterminate Sentence Review Board review of certain lengthy sentences after 20 years may provide an adequate available remedy, per RAP 16.4(d), for some criminal defendants seeking relief from very lengthy sentences. For example, RCW 9.94A.730 provides an adequate available remedy that bars a defendant serving a de facto life sentence from using the personal restraint petition (PRP) procedure to obtain Houston-Sconiers -type relief.

¶87 In this case, however, Hinton received a 37 year sentence for a crime that he committed as a juvenile. That is not a de facto life sentence. Thus, RAP 16.4(d) does not provide him with an adequate available remedy and hence that rule does not bar his PRP.

¶88 I therefore disagree with the dissent's statement, " RCW 9.94A.730 [should be considered] an inadequate remedy in all cases where a violation of the dual mandate of Houston-Sconiers has occurred." Dissent at 175. I think that conflicts with our decision in Scott , which the parties have not asked us to overrule.

¶89 Second, I do not completely agree with the dissent's discussion of prejudice. I certainly agree with the dissent's analysis of the prejudice standard we established in Domingo-Cornelio , 196 Wash.2d at 268, 474 P.3d 524. And I agree with the dissent's conclusion that Hinton has established prejudice under that standard.

¶90 But I disagree with the dissent's additional statement that we should create "a narrow exception to the actual and substantial prejudice standard in cases where defendants were sentenced in adult criminal court for offenses they committed as juveniles," and replace it with "a per se prejudice standard for the limited purpose of reviewing collateral challenges based on the retroactive application of Houston-Sconiers ." Dissent at 173. To be sure, the majority certainly tries to rewrite or discard large portions of our recent decisions in Domingo-Cornelio , Ali , and Scott . But I would not respond by jettisoning other portions.

¶91 For these reasons, I respectfully concur in the dissent.

González, C.J.