CASTLE, Senior Circuit Judge.

This civil suit against a United States Senator and his legislative aide for damages arising from one of the Senator's monthly "Golden Fleece" awards involves the interplay of the immunities provided by the Speech or Debate Clause and the first amendment. The issues on appeal are (1) whether the alleged activities of the congressional defendants were within the legitimate legislative sphere and thus absolutely immune from suit and (2) to the extent those activities are not absolutely protected by the Speech or Debate Clause, whether the statements complained of are protected by the qualified privilege of the first amendment. The district court found that the combination of the absolute and qualified immunities completely shielded the defendants and granted their motion for summary judgment. We affirm.

I.

The facts as alleged by plaintiff are fully stated in the opinion below. Hutchinson v. Proxmire, 431 F. Supp. 1311 (W.D.Wis. 1977), and will be briefly summarized here. Defendant William Proxmire is a United States Senator from Wisconsin who serves on the Senate Committee on Appropriations. In March, 1975, Senator Proxmire announced in a speech on the Senate floor that he was establishing his "Golden Fleece of the Month Award" the aim of which was to point out examples of wasteful government spending. Senator Proxmire's legislative aide, Morton Schwartz, was assigned to identify and investigate possible "Fleece" candidates.

After a review of agency documents and discussions with the various agencies' officials, the defendants decided they would give a Golden Fleece award to the National Science Foundation (NSF), the Office of Naval Research (ONR), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for spending $500,000 to fund research by plaintiff Dr. Ronald Hutchinson into the causes of animal and human aggression. Defendants delivered a press release to the Senate Service Department on April 15, 1975 for release April 18 which, in essence, was the text of a speech scheduled to be given before the Senate by Senator Proxmire on April 18. In his speech, Senator Proxmire characterized the research as merely studying why "rats, monkeys and humans bite and clench their jaws." Also, on or about April 15, 1975, Schwartz telephoned Dr. Hutchinson to inform him of the upcoming award and to verify the information contained in the speech. In rebuttal, Dr. Hutchinson then issued his own press release also dated April 18, 1975. In May, 1975, Senator Proxmire sent approximately 100,000 newsletters to his constituents and others summarizing the Golden Fleece Award. Later in 1975, in addition to other interviews, Senator Proxmire appeared on a Milwaukee radio show and the Mike Douglas television show to discuss the Golden Fleece Awards including the one given to NSF, ONR, and NASA. Following the April 18, 1975 announcement of the award, plaintiff alleges defendant Schwartz made several followup phone calls to NSF, ONR, and the National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA), and possibly other agencies, encouraging them to terminate the funding of Dr. Hutchinson's research.

Dr. Hutchinson filed this action seeking $8,000,000 in damages for injury to his reputation, for physical illness, mental distress, invasion of privacy, and loss of existing and prospective economic advantage. Defendants, claiming immunity from suit, moved for summary judgment and filed numerous supporting documents. Plaintiff opposed the motion with equally voluminous documentation. The district court, in a scholarly opinion, granted Senator Proxmire's motion for summary judgment and later dismissed the suit against Schwartz. This appeal followed.

II.

Several recent cases have interpreted the scope of the absolute immunity provided legislators and their aides under the Speech or Debate Clause in suits stemming from investigations. While actual speech in either House is unquestionably protected, the Clause also protects other acts by representatives when those acts are found to be within the "legitimate legislative sphere." Eastland v. United States Servicemen's Fund, 421 U.S. 491, 503, 95 S.Ct. 1813, 44 L.Ed.2d 324 (1975); Gravel v. United States, 408 U.S. 606, 92 S.Ct. 2614, 33 L.Ed.2d 583 (1972). The act of investigation is an "appropriate auxiliary to the legislative function" and legislators have been found to be within the legislative sphere when the subject of the investigation was one on which Congress could legislate and when the information sought from material witnesses furthered that subject. McGrain v. Daugherty, 273 U.S. 135, 174, 177, 47 S.Ct. 319, 328, 71 L.Ed. 580 (1927); Watkins v. United States, 354 U.S. 178, 187, 77 S.Ct. 1173, 1 L.Ed.2d 1273 (1957). However, even where the investigation is within the legislative sphere, absolute immunity does not attach to the improper dissemination of actionable information outside Congress, Doe v. McMillan, 412 U.S. 306, 316, 93 S.Ct. 2018, 36 L.Ed.2d 912 (1973); Gravel v. United States, supra, 408 U.S. at 625, 92 S.Ct. 2614, nor to illegal or unconstitutional acts committed during the investigation. United States v. Brewster, 408 U.S. 501, 526, 92 S.Ct. 2531, 33 L.Ed.2d 507 (1972); Dombrowski v. Eastland, 387 U.S. 82, 87 S.Ct. 1425, 18 L.Ed.2d 577 (1967). Equipped with these basic principles, we will now determine if absolute legislative immunity bars suit upon the acts complained of by the plaintiff. For the purposes of analysis, we divide the allegations in this case into four separate acts: (1) the follow-up phone calls to administrative agencies; (2) the press release of the speech; (3) the newsletters; and (4) the television, radio, and other interviews.

1. Follow-up Phone Calls to Agencies

Plaintiff agrees that the investigative actions by defendants in gathering information on public spending from administrative agencies is not actionable under the Speech or Debate Clause since the investigation was within the legislative sphere. McGrain v. Daugherty, supra. However, Dr. Hutchinson argues that when the defendants made the phone calls to the agencies encouraging them to terminate the research grants, they exceeded the legitimate information gathering protected by legislative immunity. The phone calls, plaintiff alleges, were made for the purpose of influencing the agencies and not for the gathering of information. In response, defendants maintain that the follow-up contact with the agencies was part of the legislature's oversight function and thus should be accorded Speech or Debate protection.

The thrust of legislative immunity is the protection of the "deliberative and communicative processes" of representatives. Gravel v. United States, supra, 408 U.S. at 625, 92 S.Ct. 2614. It can be argued that each of the nonlegislative functions of Congress, i. e., investigative, oversight, informing, assist representatives in their legislative deliberations and communications. However, the Supreme Court has specifically stated that contact with administrative agencies is normally too far removed from the legislative sphere to be absolutely protected:

Members of Congress are constantly in touch with the Executive Branch of the Government and with administrative agencies — they may cajole, and exhort with respect to the administration of a federal statute — but such conduct, though generally done, is not protected legislative activity. United States v. Johnson [ 383 U.S. 169, 86 S.Ct. 749, 15 L.Ed.2d 681 (1966)] decided at least this much.

Gravel v. United States, supra, at 625, 92 S.Ct. at 2627. See also McSurely v. McClellan, supra, note 8, 180 U.S.App.D.C. at 109-110, 553 F.2d at 1285-86. Thus, while there may be cases where the postinvestigation contact with administrative agencies is so integral to the investigation or other protected activities that application of absolute immunity would be compelled, the phone calls to NSF, NASA, and NIDA in this case cannot be accorded Speech or Debate protection.

2. Press Release, Newsletters, Television and Radio Comments

To determine whether the remaining allegations of plaintiff are actionable under the Speech or Debate Clause, we must explore the limits of permissible public dissemination of information by a representative. The Supreme Court has rejected the argument that the "informing function" of Congress requires absolute immunity for all public distribution of information. Doe v. McMillan, supra, 412 U.S. at 316, 93 S.Ct. 2018. Doe held that the Speech or Debate Clause protected representatives and their legislative aides from suit for voting to authorize the public distribution of an actionable committee report. However, the Court further held that absolute immunity was not automatically available to the Public Printer and Superintendent of Documents who actually distributed the report and remanded the case for a determination of whether the "legitimate legislative needs" of Congress had been exceeded. Thus, while the Supreme Court has recognized that the informing function of Congress is sufficiently important to warrant Speech or Debate immunity for some public dissemination of information, Id. at 317, 328, 93 S.Ct. 2018 (Douglas, J., concurring), 333, 93 S.Ct. 2018 (Blackmun, J., concurring and dissenting), 341, 93 S.Ct. 2018 (Rehnquist, J., concurring and dissenting), the distribution outside Congress must serve legitimate legislative needs to afford the actual distributor absolute immunity. The key factor in determining the amount of distribution that is within legislative needs is the extent of the dissemination. Id. at 324, 93 S.Ct. 2018.

Following the particularized inquiry, into the legislatively necessary extent of public distribution outlined in Doe, we agree with the district court that the press release in this case was protected by absolute immunity. It is uncontested that the release, which is virtually identical to the speech by Senator Proxmire, was routinely distributed to the Senator's general media list which was placed on file in the Senate Service Department (Shuman Affidavit ¶¶ 8-11). The release merely served to call attention to the speech which was in the public record. Given the enormous amount of material addressed by Congress each day, strategic press releases may serve to alert a representative's colleagues about a matter of particular importance as well as to inform the appropriate federal agencies and the public who can then comment on proper legislative action. We find the limited facilitation of press coverage of congressional action in this case to be protected by the Speech or Debate Clause. Cf. Consumer's Union of United States, Inc. v. Periodical Correspondents' Association, 169 U.S.App.D.C. 370, 379-380, 515 F.2d 1341, 1350-51 (1975), cert. denied, 423 U.S. 1051, 96 S.Ct. 780, 46 L.Ed.2d 640 (1976) (management of congressional press galleries, though entrusted to private association, is protected by the Speech or Debate Clause).

We also find that the Speech or Debate Clause protects any otherwise actionable material contained in newsletters mailed to Senator Proxmire's constituents. As noted above, the informing function of Congress was given limited Speech or Debate protection by the Supreme Court in Doe v. McMillan, supra. If the informing function, even though limited, is to be accorded any absolute immunity, it must be in a case such as this. Senator Proxmire's newsletter informed his constituents of his actions in connection with overseeing public funds which were part of his general duties as a Senator and his particular responsibilities as a member of the Senate Committee on Appropriations. Denying a representative protection for newsletters to his constituents in circumstances such as this would effectively isolate the legislator from the people who elected him. Id. 412 U.S. at 333, 93 S.Ct. 2018 (Blackmun, J., concurring and dissenting). The subject matter and language of the newsletters make this case factually distinct from Doe. Id. at 328-29, 93 S.Ct. 2018 (Douglas, J., concurring).

However, any defamatory remarks made by Senator Proxmire in television, radio, and other interviews are not protected by absolute immunity. We view this form of public dissemination of information, absent special circumstances, to be too far removed from serving legitimate legislative needs to be within the limited reach of the protected informing function. Such methods of reaching the public are generally not necessary to carry out a representative's informing function and are more frequently used for political purposes. United States v. Brewster, supra, 408 U.S. at 512, 92 S.Ct. 2531. While there might be a case where distributing actionable information through television and radio interviews would be viewed as serving legislative needs, the type of distribution alleged here does not suggest that situation.

Finding that television and radio interviews and the follow-up telephone conversations with administrative agencies urging the cut-off of funds are not absolutely immune under the Speech or Debate Clause, we must now determine whether the statements made in those communications are protected by the qualified privilege of the first amendment right to free speech.

III.

Regarding the statements which were unprotected by an absolute Speech or Debate immunity, the court below, after careful analysis, found (1) that Dr. Hutchinson was both a public official and public figure and there was no showing of "actual malice" under the doctrine of New York Times v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 84 S.Ct. 710, 11 L.Ed.2d 686 (1964) and (2) that even if Dr. Hutchinson was a private person, the statements did not constitute defamation under the applicable local law. 431 F. Supp. 1325-33. After having independently examined the record, Fadell v. Minneapolis Star and Tribune Co. Inc., 557 F.2d 107, 108 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 966, 98 S.Ct. 508, 54 L.Ed.2d 452 (1977), we agree with the district court that summary judgment was proper based upon first amendment grounds. Consequently, we need not decide whether the statements were actionable defamation under local law.

We agree with the district court that Dr. Hutchinson is a public figure and consequently must show that any false, defamatory statements were made with "actual malice," i. e., actual knowledge that the statements were false or reckless disregard of their truth or falsity. New York Times v. Sullivan, supra, 376 U.S. at 279-80, 84 S.Ct. 710. See Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts, 388 U.S. 130, 87 S.Ct. 1975, 18 L.Ed.2d 1094 (1967). Public figures are those who (1) have the appropriate status which either exists by their position alone or is achieved by their voluntarily thrusting themselves into the "`vortex' of an important public controversy" and (2) have "sufficient access to the means of counterargument to be able `to expose through discussion the falsehood and fallacies' of the defamatory statements." Id. at 155, 87 S.Ct. at 1991. While governmental employees and contractors by their positions alone do not generally have such "persuasive power and influence that they are deemed public figures for all purposes," Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., 418 U.S. 323, 345, 94 S.Ct. 2997, 3009, 41 L.Ed.2d 789 (1974), the nature and extent of an individual's participation in the particular matter may make him a public figure for that issue. Id. at 352, 94 S.Ct. 2997.

Here, there is no question that Dr. Hutchinson had actively solicited federal grants to pursue his research and had secured a substantial amount of public funds by his applications. (Defendants' Exhibits 82b, 83.) The plaintiff had also published numerous articles regarding his work (Plaintiff's Exhibits 64-96), and stories regarding his research had appeared several times in local papers. (Defendants' Exhibits 47-51.) In addition to his public status as to his research, it is evident from the record that plaintiff had sufficient access to the media to rebut any defamatory falsehood. Dr. Hutchinson's answering press release was quoted in detail in the same stories which initially reported the Golden Fleece Award. (Plaintiff's Exhibits 32-39.) Thus, Dr. Hutchinson had the appropriate status and access to the means of rebuttal to be considered a public figure with regard to the propriety of his research. See Adey v. United Action for Animals, Inc., 361 F. Supp. 457, 460 (S.D.N.Y. 1973), aff'd, 493 F.2d 1397 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 419 U.S. 842, 95 S.Ct. 74, 42 L.Ed.2d 70 (1974) (NASA research scientist is public figure).

Having found the plaintiff to be a public person and therefore subject to the New York Times standard, the district court granted summary judgment after finding that there was no issue of material fact as to whether the defendants had actual malice. 431 F. Supp. 1329-30. In order to show actual malice, plaintiff must prove by clear and convincing evidence that defendants had actual knowledge of the falsity of their statements or that defendants acted with a "high degree of awareness of . . . probable falsity." St. Amant v. Thompson, 390 U.S. 727, 730-31, 88 S.Ct. 1323, 1325, 20 L.Ed.2d 262 (1968), Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., supra, 418 U.S. at 342, 94 S.Ct. 2997. We agree with the district court that, upon this record, there is no question that defendants did not have knowledge of the actual or probable "falsity" of their statements.

Dr. Hutchinson's main argument in this regard is that while failure to fully investigate generally does not establish reckless disregard for the truth, St. Amant v. Thompson, supra, defendants were on notice of the possible falsehoods since they possessed agency reports supporting the type of research and its cost. (ONR letter, Plaintiff's Exhibit 9 to Shuman Deposition.) In contrast, defendants' exhibits include correspondence from agencies which criticize plaintiff's research technique and project costs. (Defendants' Exhibit 90.) At best, this could be read to show there was a dispute as to the value of the research. This dispute by itself, however, is not sufficient to raise a question of material fact as to whether defendants had knowledge that their statement of opinion regarding the value of the research was actually or probably "false." In addition, it is unchallenged that defendants spent many hours investigating and verifying their information. (Schwartz Affidavit ¶¶ 10-20.) Defendants even telephoned Dr. Hutchinson before the press release was issued to inform him of its content. (Hutchinson Deposition pp. 389-90.) Defendants can also point to their extensive researching of Dr. Hutchinson's applications for federal grants and contracts as support for their opinions regarding plaintiff's "grantsmanship." (Defendants' Exhibits 82b, 83.) Under these circumstances, plaintiff has not presented facts which could demonstrate that defendants acted with a "high degree of awareness of . . . probable falsity." St. Amant v. Thompson, supra, 390 U.S. at 730-31, 88 S.Ct. at 1325. Therefore, we find that there is no genuine issue as to whether the defendants had actual malice in the constitutional sense and that summary action by the district court was proper. See Grzelak v. Calumet Publishing Co. Inc., supra note 4 at 583.

Finally, plaintiff argues that even though the first amendment may shield the defendants from liability for defamation, the district court erred in not allowing a trial upon the other wrongs alleged in the complaint, i. e., interference with contractual relations, intentional infliction of emotional anguish, and invasion of privacy. We view these additional allegations of harm as merely the results of the statements made by the defendants. If the alleged defamatory falsehoods themselves are privileged, it would defeat the privilege to allow recovery for the specified damages which they caused.

For the reasons stated above, the judgments of the district court are

AFFIRMED.

APPENDIX A

April 18, 1975 Press Release

SENATOR WILLIAM PROXMIRE

FOR RELEASE AFTER 6:30 A. M. FRIDAY, APRIL 18, 1975

APPENDIX B

May, 1975 Newsletter

ROMANTIC LOVE STUDIED

A BITE OUT OF YOUR POCKETBOOK

TESTS ON ANIMALS