MEMORANDUM OPINION

ROGER TITUS, District Judge

Prince George's County, Maryland (the "County"), and County Police Corporals Delvon Montue, Troy Wallace, Louis Williams, and Thomas Hammill (the "Officer Defendants"), have moved to dismiss, or, in the alternative, for summary judgment in their favor in response to a Complaint filed against them by Plaintiff Wellela Hirpassa. Because there are no genuine issues of material fact on the relevant questions and the defendants are entitled to judgment as a matter of law, the Court will, by separate order, grant the motion for summary judgment.

On July 27, 2009, Plaintiff Wellela Hirpassa, proceeding pro se, filed a Complaint [Paper No. 2] against the County and the Officer Defendants in the Circuit Court for Prince George's County, Maryland. Generally, the Complaint alleged that the Officer Defendants employed excessive force when they shot and killed Plaintiff's son, Brook T. Genet, on August 5, 2008. Plaintiff sought monetary damages from the Officer Defendants and the County.

The County and the Officer Defendants removed the action from the County Circuit Court to this Court on October 7, 2009 ( see Notice of Removal [Paper No. 1]), shortly after Plaintiff filed her Amended Complaint [Paper No. 7], to include a federal claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The Officer Defendants answered the Amended Complaint on October 16, 2009. ( See Officer Defs.' Answer to Pl.'s First Am. Compl. [Paper No. 13].) Plaintiff then sought leave to amend her Complaint a second time, which was granted, and the Second Amended Complaint [Paper No. 18] was filed December 8, 2009. The Second Amended Complaint added defendants Asmorom Berhe and Adrien Lyle Robinson (the "Civilian Defendants").

The County and the Officer Defendants moved to dismiss the Second Amended Complaint, or, in the alternative, for summary judgment in their favor on February 12, 2010 (the "Motion" [Paper No. 22]). In response, Plaintiff sought leave to amend her complaint a third time, which was granted ( see Order Granting Mot. for Leave to File Third Am. Compl. [Paper No. 27]), with the proviso that the pending Motion would be treated as a motion to dismiss the Third Amended Complaint, or, in the alternative, for summary judgment. The Third Amended Complaint [Paper No. 28] was then filed on March 19, 2010. Plaintiff opposed the Motion on the same day ( see Pl.'s Opp'n [Paper No. 29]), and the County and the Officer Defendants replied in support of their Motion shortly thereafter ( see Defs.' Reply [Paper No. 30]). Subsequently, Plaintiff sought leave to file a surreply. ( See Mot. for Leave to File Surreply [Paper No. 32].) Plaintiff's motion to file her surreply is granted in the order accompanying this opinion.

BACKGROUND FACTS

I. The Civilian Defendants Seek Out Mr. Genet

In the late afternoon of Monday, August 4, 2008, Asmorom Berhe sought to recover a rental car he had lent to Brook Genet. ( See Defs.' Mot. Ex. 4 ("Berhe Interview").) Mr. Berhe had rented the Dodge Avenger for Mr. Genet the previous Friday so Mr. Genet could provide transportation to his daughter over the weekend. ( Id. at ¶¶ A3, A6; accord Defs.' Mot. Ex. 3 lines 44-49, 64-65 ("Robinson Interview").) The car was due for return to Enterprise Rent-A-Car in Takoma Park, Maryland, that Monday morning. ( See Berhe Interview ¶¶ A4, A6; Robinson Interview lines 49-50.) Instead of returning the car, Mr. Genet paid for an extension of the rental period, but left the rental in Mr. Berhe's name because Mr. Genet did not have a driver's license. ( See Berhe Interview ¶¶ A5-A7; Robinson Interview lines 53-55, 65-71.) Mr. Berhe did not approve of this extension, and he tried to contact Mr. Genet by phone to demand the keys back for some time, before reporting the car stolen to the County Police. ( See Berhe Interview ¶¶ A8-A10, A14.) Later in the afternoon Mr. Berhe summoned Adrien Lyle Robinson to come with him to Mr. Genet's apartment at 3417 Toledo Terrace, Hyattsville, Maryland, to demand the return of the car. ( See Berhe Interview ¶ A11; Robinson Interview lines 39-45.)

When they arrived at Mr. Genet's apartment at around 7:00 p.m., he refused to answer the door, and shouted at them to go away. ( See Berhe Interview ¶ A12; Robinson Interview lines 93-100.) Mr. Berhe called the County Police, who arrived around 7:30 p.m. and advised Mr. Berhe they could not help without obtaining a warrant for Mr. Genet, which Mr. Berhe did not want them to do. ( See Berhe Interview ¶¶ A13, A15-A16; Robinson Interview lines 103-24.) Messrs. Berhe and Robinson found the car, but neither they nor the Police could do anything with it, short of Mr. Berhe paying to have it towed. ( See Berhe Interview ¶ A17; Robinson Interview lines 124-52.) After the Police left, Mr. Berhe, out of frustration, returned to Mr. Genet's apartment, with Mr. Robinson a short distance behind, to renew his demand for the keys from Mr. Genet. ( See Berhe Interview ¶¶ A17-A20; Robinson Interview lines 153-58.)

At the apartment, Messrs. Berhe and Robinson saw through the apartment window that Mr. Genet was carrying a gun, which he waved at Mr. Berhe while yelling at him to go away. ( See Berhe Interview ¶¶ A21-A29; Robinson Interview lines 162-64, 186-92.) After Mr. Berhe and Mr. Genet shouted at one another for some time, according to Mr. Berhe, Mr. Genet fired once towards Mr. Berhe, missing him. ( See Berhe Interview ¶¶ A30-A35.) According to Mr. Robinson, Mr. Genet fired once, missing Mr. Berhe but inciting a renewed shouting match, which ended in Mr. Genet firing again, missing Mr. Berhe once more. ( See Robinson Interview lines 206-57.) Mr. Robinson saw the muzzle flash and smelled gunpowder after the shot was fired. ( Id. at lines 220-40, 273-74.) Mr. Berhe then gave up the argument, leaving to go to his brother's home while Mr. Robinson told neighbors to stay inside their apartments and called County Police to report the shots fired by Mr. Genet. ( See Berhe Interview ¶ A36; Robinson Interview lines 257-80.) According to the County Police, they received more than one call about the gunshots in the area. ( See Defs.' Mot. Ex. 2 at 1 ("Investigation Summary").)

II. The Police Operation Begins

County Police soon arrived and spoke with Mr. Robinson, who directed them to Mr. Genet's apartment. ( See Robinson Interview lines 280-93.) The record before the Court does not pinpoint the time at which Police were called, nor exactly how their operation unfolded over the course of the night. At some point early on, a sergeant deemed the situation a "barricade." ( See Investigation Summary 1.) Around 10:30 p.m. witnesses stated that the area was already under the control of the Police, and some people were asked to stay in their homes. ( See Pl.'s Opp'n Ex. 2 lines 26-34 ("Acosta Interview"); Pl.'s Opp'n Ex. 3 lines 30-33 ("Blide Interview"); (Pl.'s Opp'n Ex. 4 lines 142-64 ("Styles Interview").) Also around that time, members of the County Police's Special Operations Division were paged to respond to the area. ( See Defs.' Mot. Ex. 8 lines 57-65 ("Montue Interview"); Defs.' Mot. Ex. 11 lines 67-71 ("Hammill Interview").)

The Special Operations Division of the County Police includes a "Tactical Unit" consisting of squads of officers that function as a "SWAT Team." ( See Hammill Interview lines 49-53.) All four of the Officer Defendants are members of the Special Operations Division Tactical Unit. ( See Investigation Summary 2-3; accord Montue Interview lines 72-74; Hammill Interview lines 40-43; Defs.' Mot. Ex. 9 lines 44-46 ("Wallace Interview"); Defs.' Mot. Ex. 10 lines 39-41 ("Williams Interview").) Each of the four officers played different roles in the evening's operation, discussed infra, Background Facts Part III. The Police set up a "staging area" in the parking lot of the Prince George's County Plaza shopping mall, including a Police Emergency Services Team truck, as well as fire and emergency medical teams. ( See Williams Interview lines 85-104; Hammill Interview lines 139-46; Defs.' Mot. Ex. 12 lines 35-46 ("Keiffer Interview").)

The Special Operations Division deployed by surrounding 3417 Toledo Terrace, particularly in front where Mr. Genet's apartment opened onto a courtyard. ( See Montue Interview lines 117-22, 152-74, 254-58; Wallace Interview lines 127-76; Williams Interview lines 110-35; Hammill Interview lines 278-84.) About eight officers approached the building in a "Bearcat" armored vehicle, including Defendant Hammill. ( See Hammill Interview lines 278-99; Defs.' Mot. Ex. 5 lines 42-47 ("Abuelhawa Interview"); Defs.' Mot. Ex. 6 lines 135-54 ("D'Ambrosi Interview").) Another two officers approached the building in a "V-100" armored personnel carrier, which had a "boom" affixed to the front to serve as a battering ram. ( See D'Ambrosi Interview lines 26-36; Defs.' Mot. Ex. 7 lines 33-42 ("Sprague Interview").)

A small group of officers including Defendants Montue, Wallace and Williams held a position on the front-left corner of the building. ( See Montue Interview lines 152-82, 213-58; Wallace Interview lines 158-76; Williams Interview lines 123-35.) Opposite them, on the front-right corner of the building, were officers and Police negotiators with a public address system, who tried to engage Mr. Genet in communication during the standoff. ( See Abuelhawa Interview lines 81-99; Hammill Interview lines 347-52, 415-28; Blide Interview lines 48-117.) Over the course of the night Mr. Genet did not respond to Police, doing little but pacing through the apartment, sometimes withdrawing into the bathroom for long periods of time and often displaying his gun, a Browning CZ83 9mm handgun, for Police to see. ( See Abuelhawa Interview lines 47-79, 101-43; Hammill Interview lines 305-45; Investigation Summary 4.)

III. The Officer Defendants

After receiving a page to respond to the scene on Toledo Terrace, Cpl. Montue drove to the staging area at Prince George's Plaza and was briefed by Sgt. D'Ambrosi. ( See Montue Interview lines 113-115.) After receiving direction from Sgt. D'Ambrosi and another officer, Cpl. Montue dressed and equipped himself with his "tactical gear" including an armored vest and helmet, a Heckler Koch MP5 machine gun and a Beretta 9 mm handgun, both with lights attached. ( See Montue Interview lines 89-111, 184-211, 487-554; Investigation Summary 2.) Cpl. Montue was assigned to hold a position on side "2" of 3417 Toledo Terrace — so labeled because it was the first side clockwise from side "1," the front of the building. ( See Montue Interview lines 152-74.) Montue was accompanied by Cpl. Pryor, and the two stood guard on the "1, 2 corner" of the building from between 11:00 p.m. and midnight until the time of the shooting. ( See Montue Interview lines 176-182, 221-24, 254-58, 322-71.) From there they could see a Police cruiser that had been left in front of the building, and the Bearcat vehicle that pulled up to the front of the building. ( See Montue Interview lines 226-52; Wallace Interview lines 178-86; Williams Interview lines 177-86.)

Cpls. Wallace and Williams were on duty when paged to the scene on Toledo Terrace. ( See Wallace Interview lines 93-103; Williams Interview lines 61-63.) Cpl. Williams was leaving another assignment, and stopped at the Special Operations Division headquarters to pick up equipment. ( See Williams Interview lines 77-83.) At the staging area, Sgt. Scott instructed Cpls. Wallace and Williams to begin by knocking on doors in the rear of 3417 Toledo Terrace, on the "3" side of the building, in order to evacuate any residents in apartments abutting Apartment D, in which Mr. Genet was barricaded. ( See Wallace Interview lines 127-56; Williams Interview lines 110-23.) Next, Sgt. Scott instructed them to join Cpls. Montue and Pryor on the "2" side of the building to stand guard. ( See Wallace Interview lines 158-76; Williams Interview lines 123-35.) They arrived there between midnight and 1:00 a.m., and remained until the time of the shooting. ( See Wallace Interview lines 137-45, 173-76, 193-97; Williams Interview lines 170-75, 188-204, 246-56.)

The four officers on the "2" side of the building assigned themselves different roles in the event that Mr. Genet left his apartment and came towards them, armed or not. ( See Wallace Interview lines 203-11; Williams Interview lines 206-19.) Because Cpl. Montue held a machine gun, he stood first in line and would use lethal force if necessary. ( See Wallace Interview lines 207-09; Williams Interview lines 217-35.) Cpl. Pryor, armed with an electric stun gun, stood second in line and was to use "less lethal" force if appropriate. ( See Williams Interview lines 211-15; Investigation Summary 4.) Cpls. Wallace and Williams, armed with Beretta 92FS 9mm handguns, stood third and fourth in line, respectively, and were to use lethal force if necessary, but otherwise were "hands on;" because they could more easily stow their weapons, they would run and tackle Mr. Genet if he ran towards them unarmed. ( See Wallace Interview lines 207-08; Williams Interview lines 215-17; Investigation Summary 2-3.)

Cpl. Hammill was not in the same Squad as the other Officer Defendants. Rather, after being paged to the staging area, Cpl. Hammill joined his Squad assembling as the "entry team," under the direction of Sgt. Charles Magee. ( See Hammill Interview lines 278-84.) Cpl. Hammill was armed with a Heckler Koch UMP45 submachine gun. ( See Hammill Interview lines 157-214; Investigation Summary 3.) Cpl. Hammill rode towards the apartment in the Bearcat with about seven other officers. ( See Hammill Interview lines 286-303.) Once there, they sheltered in the Bearcat for some time, including when Mr. Genet fired his gun at the Bearcat, presumably trying to put out its spotlight. ( See Hammill Interview lines 352-76; Abuelhawa Interview lines 115-21; Williams Interview lines 264-67.)

IV. The Standoff Ends

After several hours of Mr. Genet not responding to negotiators, phone calls and siren blasts, police decided between 3:00 and 4:00 a.m. to use the V-100 to break down the apartment door, and then the large window to the left of the door. ( See D'Ambrosi Interview lines 33-36; Sprague Interview lines 38-52; Abuelhawa Interview lines 163-73; Hammill Interview lines 392-409, 430-74; Blide Interview lines 119-86.) Sgt. D'Ambrosi and Cpl. Sprague, in the V-100, were unable to move mattresses that Mr. Genet had placed behind the window, or to break down the bathroom door, behind which Mr. Genet was hiding. ( See D'Ambrosi Interview 40-44; Sprague Interview 52-61.) As much as an hour later, Mr. Genet emerged, appearing to survey the damage, and then stood just inside the shattered window. ( See D'Ambrosi Interview lines 46-52; Sprague Interview 59-67; Hammill Interview lines 476-542.) When Mr. Genet came into view, Cpl. Hammill and the others exited the Bearcat — Cpl. Hammill taking a position on the left side of the Bearcat with PFC Meushah, covering the apartment window, while Cpls. Abuelhawa and Finneran took positions on the right side of the Bearcat, covering the apartment door. ( See Hammill Interview lines 496-508; Abuelhawa Interview lines 175-201, 208-18.)

Without warning, Mr. Genet jumped from the window, holding a gun. ( See D'Ambrosi Interview lines 52-54; Sprague Interview lines 67-69, 75-86; Blide Interview lines 192-219.) Seeing the gun, Cpl. Sprague radioed all officers that Mr. Genet was "7A" — code for armed with a gun. ( See D'Ambrosi Interview lines 54-56; Sprague Interview lines 86-90; Wallace Interview lines 212-17; Williams Interview lines 250-62.) As soon as Cpl. Hammill saw Mr. Genet hit the ground running with a gun, Cpl. Hammill pulled his trigger. ( See Hammill Interview lines 542-43.) Cpl. Hammill's gun jammed, and he could not immediately fix it. ( Id. at lines 543-47.) By the time Cpl. Hammill had his handgun out, Mr. Genet was rounding the corner of the building and Cpl. Hammill did not want to fire in the direction of other officers. ( Id. at lines 547-50.)

Mr. Genet, running to his right towards the "2" side of the building, rounded the corner and came into the view of the other Officer Defendants. ( See D'Ambrosi Interview lines 56-61; Sprague Interview lines 69-73; Montue Interview lines 429-43; Wallace Interview lines 216-23; Williams Interview lines 293-95, 313-20.) Cpls. Montue, Wallace and Williams saw Mr. Genet holding the gun and pointing it at them as he ran, at which time all three fired on Mr. Genet. ( See Montue Interview lines 445-69; Wallace Interview lines 229-59, 290-305; Williams Interview lines 320-81.) Cpl. Montue, with his automatic weapon, fired 27 shots by pulling the trigger for less than two seconds. ( See Montue Interview lines 471-523.) Cpls. Wallace and Williams, using handguns, fired two and one shots, respectively. ( See Wallace Interview line 237; Williams Interview lines 383-403.) Mr. Genet immediately fell to the ground, dropping his gun, and the Squad from the Bearcat approached, with Sgt. Magee moving to stabilize Mr. Genet's head. ( See Montue Interview lines 556-66; Wallace Interview lines 307-19; Williams Interview lines 405-18; Keiffer Interview lines 61-69.)

Paramedics approached next, taking over care of Mr. Genet and transporting him to the Washington Hospital Center. ( See Keiffer Interview lines 69-93.) Mr. Genet was pronounced dead at the Hospital around 6:03 a.m., August 5, 2008. ( See Investigation Summary 2.) An autopsy performed by the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner of the District of Columbia later that day ruled Mr. Genet's death a homicide, as a result of seven gunshot wounds. ( See Defs.' Mot. Ex. 14 at 1-2 ("Autopsy Report").)

STANDARD OF REVIEW

"If, on a motion under Rule 12(b)(6) or 12(c), matters outside the pleadings are presented to and not excluded by the court, the motion must be treated as one for summary judgment under Rule 56." Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(d). Because both parties offer evidence to supplement the Complaint and their briefs on the Motion, the Court will consider the Motion as one for summary judgment. In evaluating a summary judgment motion, the court must assess whether there are any genuine issues of material fact and whether the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986); Francis v. Booz, Allen Hamilton, Inc., 452 F.3d 299, 302 (4th Cir. 2006); Fed.R.Civ.P. 56. "A party opposing a properly supported motion for summary judgment `may not rest upon the mere allegations or denials of [her] pleadings,' but rather must `set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.'" Bouchat v. Balt. Ravens Football Club, Inc., 346 F.3d 514, 522 (4th Cir. 2003) (quoting Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(e)). When ruling on a motion for summary judgment, "[t]he evidence of the nonmovant is to be believed, and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in [her] favor." Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255 (1986).

ANALYSIS

Plaintiff alleges three claims against the County and the Officer Defendants: civil rights violations under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Counts I and IV), negligence (Count II), and wrongful death (Count III). Plaintiff alleges one claim against the Civilian Defendants: malicious prosecution (Count V). All but Count III are labeled as "survival action[s]." None of these claims is cognizable for the reasons stated herein.

I. Civil Rights Claims (Counts I and IV)

In amending her Complaint for the third time, Plaintiff changed the cause of action in Count I to "Civil Rights Violation" from "Assault, Battery and Excessive Force." This and other changes have clouded the claim Plaintiff is trying to make. It now appears Counts I and IV are both civil rights claims, though only Count IV invokes 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Taken together, the Counts allege that:

(1) the County violated Mr. Genet's civil rights by failing to properly train the Officer Defendants on reasonableness of force and/or "assessment of whether a criminal suspect poses a legitimate threat to safety" (Third Am. Compl. ¶ 22);

(2) the County violated Mr. Genet's civil rights by failing to "create, invoke, and/or utilize procedures . . . to definitively assess whether a suspect . . . was armed and/or posed a threat to police officers or to the public at large, before using deadly force or assault vehicles against that suspect" (Third Am. Compl. ¶ 23);

(3) the County and the Officer Defendants violated Mr. Genet's civil rights by using excessive force to apprehend him, "which included the August 5, 2008 use of a tank to destroy the entrance of his home and the use of deadly force when Mr. Genet tried to flee" (Third Am. Compl. ¶ 24);

(4) the County and the Officer Defendants violated Mr. Genet's civil rights by shooting him multiple times and killing him (Third Am. Compl. ¶ 10);

(5) the County and the Officer Defendants violated Mr. Genet's civil rights by willfully, maliciously, excessively, oppressively, intentionally and unlawfully taking Mr. Genet's life through unnecessary, unjustifiable and excessive force in violation of normal police procedures (Third Am. Compl. ¶ 11); and

(6) the County and the Officer Defendants violated Mr. Genet's civil rights by subjecting him to "severe pain and suffering prior to his death" (Third Am. Compl. ¶ 12.).

Section 1983 "is not itself a source of substantive rights, but merely provides a method for vindicating federal rights elsewhere conferred." Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 393-94 (1989) (internal quotation marks omitted). In Count IV, Plaintiff effectively cites the Fourth Amendment's prohibition against unreasonable seizures of the person as a basis for a § 1983 claim. (Third Am. Compl. ¶¶ 22-24.) In Count I, however, Plaintiff ineffectively cites a supposed "right to life guaranteed by the First Amendment of the Bill of Rights to the U.S. Constitution." ( Id. at ¶ 10; see also id. at ¶ 11 (claiming Defendant's actions constituted a "deprivation of [the] right to life of the decedent"); Pl.'s Opp'n 1.) Under the relaxed standards to which pro se litigants are held, the Court will construe all of Plaintiff's civil rights claims as invoking the Fourth Amendment, because " all claims that law enforcement officers have used excessive force — deadly or not — in the course of an arrest, investigatory stop, or other `seizure' of a free citizen should be analyzed under the Fourth Amendment and its `reasonableness' standard." Graham, 490 U.S. at 395.

a. The Officer Defendants

The Officer Defendants argue that their actions did not violate Mr. Genet's Fourth Amendment rights because their actions were "objectively reasonable in light of the facts and circumstances confronting them, without regard to their underlying intent or motivation." Graham, 490 U.S. at 397. ( See Defs.' Mot. 9-14.) In the alternative, the Officer Defendants argue, they are entitled to qualified immunity. ( See id.) "Determining the reasonableness of the challenged actions `requires a careful balancing of the nature and quality of the intrusion on the individual's Fourth Amendment interests against the countervailing governmental interests at stake.'" Carr v. Deeds, 453 F.3d 593, 600 (4th Cir. 2006) (quoting Graham, 490 U.S. at 396). Factors to consider in balancing these interests include "whether the suspect poses an immediate threat to the safety of the officers or others, and whether he is actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by flight." Id. Finally, the consideration must be made from the perspective of the Officer Defendants at the time, because police officers in such situations are called upon to make "split-second judgments" under "circumstances that are tense, uncertain, and rapidly evolving." Waterman v. Batton, 393 F.3d 471, 476-77 (4th Cir. 2005).

"A police officer may use deadly force when the officer has sound reason to believe that a suspect poses a threat of serious physical harm to the officer or others." Elliott v. Leavitt, 99 F.3d 640, 642 (4th Cir. 1996) (citing Tennessee v. Garner, 471 U.S. 1, 11 (1985)). Here, the Officer Defendants' sound reason to believe that Mr. Genet posed a threat of serious physical harm was based on several events. Preliminarily, all the officers observed that Mr. Genet was armed with a handgun, a Browning CZ83 9mm, both while inside his apartment and while running from the apartment. ( See Abuelhawa Interview lines 101-26; D'Ambrosi Interview lines 52-61, 187-93; Sprague Interview lines 67-69, 75-89; Montue Interview lines 445-69; Wallace Interview lines 196-201, 231-49; Williams Interview lines 250-343; Hammill Interview lines 352-76, 511-38, 568-84, 696-704; Investigation Summary 4.) Also, Mr. Genet fired on the "Bearcat" armored vehicle with at least eight officers inside. ( See Hammill Interview lines 352-76; Abuelhawa Interview lines 115-21; Williams Interview lines 264-67.)

Cpl. Hammill attempted to fire on Mr. Genet when he jumped out of the apartment holding the gun — though Cpl. Hammill's gun jammed. ( See Hammill Interview lines 542-44.) Cpls. Montue, Wallace and Williams fired on Mr. Genet when he rounded the corner of the apartment building, raising the gun towards the officers. ( See Montue Interview lines 452-54 ("[Mr. Genet's] eyes met mine and they opened up wide and he pointed at me and then at that point in time I fired my weapon."); Wallace Interview lines 232-36 ("[Mr. Genet] was coming up at the time with the gun. Ah, once I saw that he was — he had the gun in his hand and he's starting to come up motioning towards us with the gun pointing it at us, then that's when I ah, discharged my weapon."); Williams Interview lines 319-20, 359-62 ("From my vantage point I see [Mr. Genet] raise his weapon up . . . seeing him raise the weapon, I'm thinking he's going to shoot either Corporal Montue, Corporal Pryor, [or] myself. . . ."); Hammill Interview lines 517-74 ("When [Mr. Genet] sees [the officers at the corner] he's turning his body to look but his gun is in his hand so he's turning his body with the gun in his hand towards the uh, officers around the corner of that building.").) When he was shot, Mr. Genet was within a few yards of the officers at the corner. ( See Montue Interview lines 563-66 (three feet); Wallace interview lines 303-05 (ten feet); Williams Interview lines 323-27 (three to seven yards).) The officers had nowhere to shield themselves, and Mr. Genet could have harmed them. ( See Montue Interview lines 638-41; Wallace Interview lines 251-59; Williams Interview lines 329-33, 357-62.)

Plaintiff presents some evidence, ostensibly to suggest Mr. Genet did not have a gun in his hand when he fled his apartment. ( See Pl.'s Opp'n 3.) A patrol officer maintaining the perimeter behind the Special Operations Division officers stated, "I saw the suspect coming right at me and I got behind a tree so I wouldn't get in anybody's way." (Acosta Interview lines 39-45.) The officer stated, "I can't tell you if he had a weapon or not . . . [i]t was too dark" (Acosta Interview lines 87, 93.) A civilian witness in a nearby building said he "didn't see anything in [Mr. Genet's] hands," reiterating, "I don't know whether he had a weapon in his hand, I don't know if his hands was empty or whatever." (Blide Interview lines 255, 272-73.) Another civilian witness, Mr. Berhe's girlfriend, who was evacuated to another apartment complex 250 feet away, said that she "didn't see [Mr. Genet] with a weapon in his hand." (Styles Interview lines 106-19.) These statements, rife with equivocation, do not go far enough to create a genuine issue of material fact as to the reasonableness of the Officer Defendants' actions.

"The Fourth Amendment does not require police officers to wait until a suspect shoots to confirm that a serious threat of harm exists." Elliott, 99 F.3d at 643. The Officer Defendants were confronted by an armed suspect who had shot at County Police earlier in the evening. They had sound reason to believe Mr. Genet posed a threat of serious physical harm to them. "No citizen can fairly expect to draw a gun on police without risking tragic consequences. And no court can expect any human being to remain passive in the face of an active threat on his or her life." Elliott, 99 F.3d at 644. Because there is no genuine question that the Officer Defendants' actions were "objectively reasonable in light of the facts and circumstances confronting them," Graham, 490 U.S. at 397, summary judgment in their favor on Counts I and IV is appropriate.

b. The County

The County argues that it cannot be held liable for alleged violations of Mr. Genet's Fourth Amendment rights because Plaintiff cannot identify a County "policy or custom" that institutionalizes or authorizes such a violation. In drafting Section 1983:

Congress did not intend municipalities to be held liable unless action pursuant to official municipal policy of some nature caused a constitutional tort. In particular, we conclude that a municipality cannot be held liable solely because it employs a tortfeasor — or, in other words, a municipality cannot be held liable under § 1983 on a respondeat superior theory.

II. Negligence (Count II)

a. The Officer Defendants

The Officer Defendants argue that because they acted without malice, they are entitled to immunity under Maryland law. (Defs.' Mot. 19-21.) Police officers in Maryland are "public officials" who act in a discretionary capacity. See Bradshaw v. Prince George's County, 396 A.2d 255, 260-61 (Md. 1979); see also Williams v. Mayor City Council of Balt., 753 A.2d 41, 61 (Md. 2000). When acting in the scope of their official duties, in the absence of malice, they are immune from tort liability. See Md. Code Ann., Cts. Jud. Proc. § 5-507(b)(1); Williams, 753 A.2d at 61; DiPino v. Davis, 729 A.2d 354, 370 (Md. 1999); Bradshaw, 396 A.2d at 260-61; accord Gray-Hopkins v. Prince George's County, 309 F.3d 224, 233 (4th Cir. 2002). The Officer Defendants were undisputedly serving in an official capacity. ( See Third Am. Compl. ¶ 7 (corresponding to First Am. Compl. ¶ 4); Officer Defs.' Answer to Pl.'s First Am. Compl. [Paper No. 13] ¶ 4 (admitting the Officer Defendants "were acting within the scope of their employment as police officers, and were the agents, servants and employees of Prince George's County, Maryland at the time of the incident that forms the basis of Plaintiff's Amended Complaint").) Accordingly, the Officer Defendants enjoy immunity unless they acted with malice.

Plaintiff does not use the word "malice," though she does allege that the Officer Defendants acted "willfully, wantonly and with gross indifference and reckless disregard to the consequences of their actions and the rights and safety of the decedent." (Third Am. Compl. ¶ 14.) Under the relaxed pleading standards afforded to pro se litigants, the Court will construe this allegation as an implication of the "malice" needed to overcome Maryland public official immunity. Plaintiff's evidence of the alleged willful, wanton, reckless and grossly indifferent conduct of the Officer Defendants is found in the same facts relevant to the civil rights claims.

While the facts discussed supra, Analysis Part I, confirm that the Officer Defendants acted reasonably in the face of a threat of serious bodily harm, the Fourth Amendment inquiry of "objective reasonableness" does not embrace subjective concepts such as malice. Graham, 490 U.S. at 399; see also Shoemaker v. Smith, 725 A.2d 549, 558 (Md. 1999) (declaring that showing malice is "[u]nlike the judicially-fashioned purely objective tests for immunity under § 1983"). To show malice, a plaintiff must "point to specific evidence that raises an inference that the defendant's actions were improperly motivated," and that Defendant "`intentionally performed an act without legal justification or excuse, but with an evil or rancorous motive influenced by hate.'" Thacker v. City of Hyattsville, 762 A.2d 172, 189-90 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 2000) (quoting Shoemaker, 725 A.2d at 560). There is no allegation or evidence that the Officer Defendants acted in hate, or with an evil or rancorous motive, and accordingly there is no genuine issue of material fact to contradict the Officer Defendant's public official immunity under Maryland law. Therefore, summary judgment in favor of the Officer Defendants on Count II is appropriate.

b. The County

The County is immune from liability for its tortious conduct when it acts in a governmental capacity. See DiPino, 729 A.2d at 370; accord Gray-Hopkins, 309 F.3d at 234. Enforcing the criminal law is "quintessentially governmental in nature." DiPino, 729 A.2d at 370. Accordingly, there is no genuine question that the County is entitled to governmental immunity, and summary judgment in its favor on Count II is appropriate.

III. Wrongful Death (Count III)

The Officer Defendants and the County argue that because there is no genuine question on their lack of negligence, Plaintiff cannot sustain an action for wrongful death. (Defs.' Mot. 21-22.) As discussed supra, Analysis Part II, the Officer Defendants and the County are immune from liability for their negligence. For the same reasons, they are immune from liability for the claim of wrongful death. See McCoy v. Hatmaker, 763 A.2d 1233, 1247-48 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 2000) (granting summary judgment on wrongful death claim pursuant to several defenses, including Maryland public official immunity based on a lack of malice). With no genuine issue of material fact on the County and the Officer Defendants' entitlement to immunity to the wrongful death claim, summary judgment in their favor on Count III is appropriate.

IV. The Civilian Defendants

"[I]t is well established that a court has broad inherent power sua sponte to dismiss an action, or part of an action, which is frivolous." Jones v. Commissioner, 100 A.F.T.R.2d (RIA) 2007-6554, 6555 (D. Md. Aug. 23, 2007) (citing Fitzgerald v. First E. Seventh St. Tenants Corp., 221 F.3d 362, 363-64 (2d Cir. 2000) (district courts have authority to dismiss frivolous claims sua sponte, notwithstanding payment of the filing fee); Crowley Cutlery Co. v. United States, 849 F.2d 273, 277 (7th Cir. 1988) (district courts have authority to dismiss frivolous claims sua sponte); Brown v. District Unemployment Compensation Board, 411 F. Supp. 1001 (D.D.C. 1975) (district courts have inherent power to control the judicial process and dismiss frivolous claims sua sponte)). As detailed herein, Plaintiff's claims against the Civilian Defendants are frivolous, and will be dismissed sua sponte in the order accompanying this opinion.

Count V of the Third Amended Complaint names the Civilian Defendants only. ( See Third Am. Compl. ¶¶ 25-27.) Count V alleges "Malicious Use of Prosecution" against the Civilian defendants for "falsely reporting that Brook had shot at them. . . . in an attempt to have the police officers arrest, wound, or kill Brook Genet." (Third Am. Compl. ¶ 26.) To make a malicious prosecution claim in Maryland, Plaintiff must show: "(1) that a criminal proceeding was instituted or continued by the defendant against the plaintiff, (2) that the proceeding terminated in favor of the plaintiff, (3) the absence of probable cause for the proceeding, and (4) malice, meaning that a primary purpose in instituting the proceeding was other than that of bringing the plaintiff to justice." DiPino v. Davis, 729 A.2d 354, 373 (Md. 1999).

Read liberally, as pro se litigant's allegations must be, Count V may also be construed as a claim for abuse of process. To make an abuse of process claim in Maryland, Plaintiff must show: "[(1)] that the defendant wilfully [sic] used process after it has issued in a manner not contemplated by law, [(2)] that the defendant acted to satisfy an ulterior motive; and [(3)] that damages resulted from the defendant's perverted use of process." One Thousand Fleet Ltd. v. Guerriero, 694 A.2d 952, 956 (Md. 1997).

Fatal to either construction of Plaintiff's complaint is that the Civilian Defendants never instituted criminal proceedings, or legal process of any kind, against Mr. Genet. See generally Third Am. Comp. ¶¶ 6, 26 (alleging only that the Civilian Defendants called County Police). In fact, when an officer advised Mr. Berhe that the only way County Police could help recover the rental car was to apply for a warrant from a Maryland District Court Commissioner, Mr. Berhe requested that the officer not do so — forestalling any initiation of legal process against Mr. Genet. ( See Berhe Interview ¶¶ A13, A15-A16; Robinson Interview lines 103-24.) Because there are no facts that would allow Plaintiff to state a claim against the Civilian Defendants for malicious prosecution or abuse of process under Maryland law, her claims are frivolous, and will be dismissed sua sponte.

CONCLUSION