Summary
holding that "[i]n the absence of a special agreement, if the services are performed in good faith, the broker is entitled to fair and reasonable compensation"
Summary of this case from Hamilton v. HopkinsOpinion
No. 42805.
January 27, 1964.
1. Contracts — formation — assent of parties.
Assent of parties to formation of contract must be gathered from their words, acts and outward expressions.
2. Brokers — contract for services — to show an implied contract to pay for broker's services.
To establish implied contract to pay for broker's services, it must appear that they were performed under such circumstances as to give recipient some reason to think that they were not gratuitous and not performed for some other person but with expectation of compensation from recipient, and services must have been beneficial to person sought to be made liable.
3. Brokers — contract for services — sale of lands — need not be in writing.
Contract for payment of broker's services in connection with sale of land does not have to be in writing.
4. Brokers — contract for services — sufficiency of evidence.
Evidence in action for brokers' services supported finding that the defendant landowners, through one owner, had entered into oral agreement to pay five percent commission to brokers for services in connection with sale of land.
5. Brokers — sale of land — performance — compensation for services — where owner declines to sell.
Where contract between owner of property and broker specifies price and terms of sale, agent performs his duty and is entitled to commission when he procures purchaser who is ready, willing and able to buy, even though owner may then decline to sell.
6. Brokers — sale of land — performance — compensation for service — sale brought about through efforts of broker.
Where property is placed in hands of real estate agent for sale at certain price, and on specific terms, and sale is brought about through efforts of broker, he is entitled to commission even though final negotiations were conducted through owner who sells either at price stipulated in brokerage agreement, or at a lower price.
7. Brokers — procuring cause — question of fact for jury.
Whether a broker is procuring cause of sale is, in the main, question of fact for jury.
8. Brokers — sale of land — procuring cause — sufficiency of evidence.
Evidence in action for commission for sale of land sustained finding that brokers who devoted much time to sale were procuring cause of sale although final details of sale were worked out with one of the owners and the purchasers.
9. Brokers — performance — fair and reasonable compensation.
In absence of special agreement, if broker's services are performed in good faith, broker is entitled to fair and reasonable compensation, and the amount under prevailing usage, if there is such, may serve as commission.
10. Brokers — action for commission on sale of land — parties — vendor's wife who had placed valuable improvements on land, a proper party.
Vendor's wife who signed conveyance, and who had placed improvements on land with consent of other record owners, who had agreed to pay for improvements from proceeds of sale, was proper party defendant in brokers' action for commission from sale, and judgment was properly entered against her.
11. Improvements — sale of lands — person placing extensive improvements on land with consent of record owners as not losing title to improvements.
Person who placed extensive improvements on land with consent of record owners did not lose title to the improvements.
12. Homestead — signature of wife to conveyance as foreclosing her homestead rights.
Signature of wife of record owner to conveyance foreclosed any possible homestead right she might have originally had in land.
13. Principal and agent — unauthorized acts of agent — liability of agent.
If person, who purported to act for all landowners in contracting with brokers for commission for sale of land, did not have actual or apparent authority of certain owners, he remained liable for brokerage commission.
14. Brokers — sale of lands — performance — compensation for services.
Where, after brokers had found two purchasers for entire interest in land, a third purchaser was allowed to come in and acquire interest in land, brokers were entitled to commission on share of purchase price paid by such third purchaser who was not contacted by brokers regarding his acquisition of an interest in the land.
Headnotes as approved by Lee, P.J.
APPEAL from the Circuit Court of Bolivar County; E.H. GREEN, Judge.
Satterfield, Shell, Williams Buford, Jackson, for appellants.
I. The trial court erred in overruling the appellants' motion for directed verdict and their request for peremptory instruction, for the reason that there never was a contract between the plaintiffs and defendants.
A. For the reason that the terms of compensation were never agreed upon, thus, there was no meeting of the minds of the parties. Williams v. Favret, 161 F.2d 822; 5 Am. Jur., Contracts, Sec. 37 p. 530; 1 Corbin, Contracts, 118.
B. Defendants, LePoint Cassibry Smith, Warwick V. Smith and Mrs. Jeanette Hill had never given Edward B. Hill any authority to act for them in negotiating with the appellees. Philip Gruner Lumber Co. v. Algonquin Lumber Co., 123 Miss. 157, 85 So. 191; New Home Sewing Machine Co. v. Moody, 188 Miss. 207, 198 So. 550; 1 Mechem (2d ed.), Agency, Chap. 2 p. 13; Storey, Agency (8th ed. rev.), Chap. II Sec. 6 p. 5.
II. The trial court erred in overruling the motion of Mrs. Jeanette Hill for directed verdict, and in overruling the request for a peremptory instruction as to this appellant, for the reason that the uncontradicted proof showed that appellant, Mrs. Jeanette Hill, had no title to nor interest in the real property in question.
III. The trial court erred in allowing any recovery for the one-half interest purchased by W.L. (Lewis) Smith, such error appearing in overruling defendants' motion to exclude the evidence and to direct a verdict, in refusing Instruction Number Three requested by the defendants, and in overruling motion for a new trial. Alexander v. Brumfield, 124 Miss. 177, 37 So.2d 9; Delta Pine Land Co. v. Wallace, 83 Miss. 656, 36 So. 263; Howie Brothers v. Bonds, 87 Miss. 698, 40 So. 227; Shoebridge v. Will C. Hartwell Realty Insurance Co., 244 Miss. 630, 141 So.2d 558.
IV. The trial court erred in overruling the motion for a new trial with reference to the position taken by appellants that the instructions were in hopeless conflict. Jackson v. Leggett, 186 Miss. 123, 189 So. 180; Solomon v. City Compress Co., 69 Miss. 319, 10 So. 446.
V. Appellees based their suit on contract, and instructions or evidence not confined to this theory or right to recover is erroneous. The pleadings control the issues. Case v. Harrison, 192 Miss. 531, 6 So.2d 582; Jones v. Baker, 242 Miss. 833, 135 So.2d 846.
VI. The instructions must be applicable to the issues and proof. Graham v. Brummett, 182 Miss. 580, 181 So. 721; Gulf, M. O.R. Co. v. Smith, 210 Miss. 768, 50 So.2d 898; Harris v. McMullan, 212 Miss. 382, 54 So.2d 544; Hunt v. Sherrill, 195 Miss. 688, 15 So.2d 426; Johnson v. Howell, 213 Miss. 195, 56 So.2d 491; Jones v. Dixie Greyhound Lines, 211 Miss. 34, 50 So.2d 902; Kansas City, M. B.R. Co. v. Lilly, (Miss.), 8 So. 644; Motors Insurance Corp. v. Smith, 218 Miss. 268, 67 So.2d 294; Phipps v. Ingraham, 41 Miss. 256; Rawlings v. Inglebritzen, 211 Miss. 760, 52 So.2d 630; Rex Nitrogen Gas Co. v. Hill, 213 Miss. 698, 57 So.2d 173; Rivers v. Turner, 223 Miss. 673, 78 So.2d 903; Anno. 7 A.L.R. 84.
Jacobs, Griffith Hatcher, Cleveland, for appellees.
I. There was an expressed contract between the parties by the expressed words of appellee, C.W. Capps, Sr., and appellant, Edward B. Hill, as apparent agent for the other appellants. 12 Am. Jur., Contracts, Sec. 19; 17 C.J.S., Contracts, Sec. 32.
II. In the alternative, there was an implied contract between the parties based upon the conduct of the parties, thereby requiring the payment by appellants of a reasonable fee to appellees determined by the custom and usage of the trade. Kimbrough v. Smith, 201 Miss. 202, 28 So.2d 850; 8 Am. Jur., Brokers, Sec. 146; 12 C.J.S., Brokers, Secs. 61(a), 78.
III. All of the appellants in this case are legally responsible for the contract made by appellant, Edward B. Hill, who acted as agent for all and was clothed with apparent or ostensible authority to contract with appellees on behalf of the other appellants.
A. The agent, Edward B. Hill, was clothed with apparent authority to enter into the contract with appellees on behalf of the other appellants. Steen v. Andrews, 233 Miss. 694, 78 So.2d 881.
B. If Edward B. Hill had neither actual nor apparent authority, then he alone must remain liable for the judgment. Kelly v. Guess, 157 Miss. 157, 127 So. 274.
C. Since William Kenan Hill was dismissed as a matter of law by the lower court, Edward B. Hill must stand in his place and be liable for that which would otherwise attach against the said William Kenan Hill.
IV. Appellees performed their obligation under the contract by finding purchasers ready, willing and able to purchase the property, appellees being the procuring cause of the sale. Jenny v. Smith-Powell Realty Co., 125 Miss. 608, 88 So. 171; Johnson v. Sutton, 94 Miss. 544, 49 So. 970; Lavecchia v. Reed, 174 Miss. 9, 163 So. 681; Partee v. Pepple, 197 Miss. 486, 20 So.2d 73; Roell v. Offutt, 138 Miss. 599, 103 So. 239; Skermetti Realty Co. v. Devitt, 145 Miss. 815, 111 So. 302; Tonkel v. Moore, 162 Miss. 83, 137 So. 189; 8 Am. Jur., Brokers, Secs. 168, 172; 12 C.J.S., Brokers, Secs. 91(a, b, c), 93(a).
V. When the owner and purchaser have entered into a contract for sale, the broker has earned his commission even though the owner or purchaser may later default in the consummation of said contract. Alexander v. Brumfield, 124 Miss. 177, 87 So. 9; Delta Pine Land Co. v. Wallace, 83 Miss. 656, 36 So. 263; Howie Brothers v. Bonds, 87 Miss. 698, 40 So. 227; Lizana v. Brown Realty Co., 146 Miss. 758, 111 So. 867; Long v. Griffith, 113 Miss. 659, 74 So. 613; Shoebridge v. Will C. Hartwell Realty Insurance Co., 244 Miss. 630, 141 So.2d 558; Sec. 1544, Code 1942; 8 Am. Jur., Brokers, Secs. 146, 159, 179, 186; 1 C.J.S., Actions, Secs. 65, 83; 12 C.J.S., Brokers, Secs. 84, 95(a, b); 17 C.J.S., Contracts, Sec. 569; 71 C.J.S., Pleading, Secs. 594, 598.
The declaration by Charles W. Capps, Sr. and Charles W. Capps, Jr., a partnership, d.b.a. Capps Insurance and Real Estate, sued Edward B. Hill and others to recover a broker's commission in the sum of $11,450, being 5% of the sale price, under an alleged contract to that effect.
The pleadings raised, and the evidence was directed to, a determination of whether or not an alleged oral contract was entered into by and between the plaintiffs and the defendants, by and through Edward B. Hill, for and on behalf of himself and the other defendants, for the sale of approximately 916 acres of land in Bolivar County, Mississippi, as described therein, and whether or not the plaintiffs performed their requisite duties and earned the commission, in accordance with the contract. At the close of the evidence, the court sustained a requested peremptory instruction for the jury to find for the defendant William Kenan Hill, and he was discharged. The case was submitted to the jury as to the other defendants and it found a verdict for the plaintiffs against all of them for the full amount demanded. The losing defendants appealed to this Court; but no appeal was taken by the plaintiffs from the discharge of the other defendant.
C.W. Capps, Sr. and Edward B. Hill were friends of long standing. They often played gin rummy together at the Country Club in Cleveland. Capps, Sr. testified that Edward B. Hill, in a conversation at the Club on August 1, 1962, said that a brokerage agent wished to sell some land for him, and he was advised that the "Symond Place" would be sold for $235 per acre. Capps offered the opinion that the property was worth more but Hill insisted that he would take that amount. Capps asked permission to try to sell it. Hill replied that "the real estate commission has got to be negotiated." Capps said he told Hill then and there that "if we sell it, the commission will be five per cent." The conversation then drifted off to the details, $54,000 being the amount of money necessary for the down payment, together with the other matters incidental thereto. Finally, just before the conversation ended, Capps asked Hill, "Is it all right for us to go ahead and offer the place for sale?" Hill's reply was, "Hell, yes."
Edward B. Hill denied that he had made a contract or agreed to a fee for the sale. However, when he was asked on cross-examination, "But you don't know whether you mentioned that it would have to be negotiated, or he mentioned that it would have to be 5% — you don't know which came first in your conversation?", his reply was, "Well, I can't recall exactly, no, sir. But I know that I said it would have to be negotiated because I was trying to avoid getting into an argument."
Capps testified that he was in almost daily contact with Hill with reference to this sale, and that the question of commission was not raised again until the escrow money to bind the sale and purchase had been deposited in the bank. There was considerable evidence by both of the Cappses and their employees to show the constant work and attention which was entailed by them in an effort to sell this property. It developed that Mrs. Mary Catherine Gerard, an employee of plaintiffs, contacted Milton Smith, informed him that this property was for sale, and advised that the demanded purchase price was $250 per acre. Following this approach by Mrs. Gerard, Milton Smith and his brother, Clarence, contacted Capps, Sr., with the final result that the sale was consummated for $229,000. Milton and Clarence, prior to consummation, let their cousin, W.L. Smith, come into the sale for a one-half interest, as he desired it for two of his sons.
The contract of purchase and sale, dated September 19, 1962, providing for a consideration of $229,000, was executed by Dr. William Kenan Hill, Warwick V. Smith, LePoint Cassibry Smith, Jeanette P. Hill and Edward B. Hill, as grantors, and C. Milton Smith, Clarence R. Smith and W.L. Smith, as grantees.
The record contains the following facts and circumstances relative to Hill's authority and agency concerning this land:
Hill admitted that (1) He acquired the land in question in 1948, becoming the sole owner at the time; that
(2) he conveyed a one-half interest in this property to his son, William Kenan Hill, and one-fourth each to his niece, LePoint Cassibry Smith and to her husband, Warwick V. Smith. The conveyance was a gift except that the grantees were required to pay $45,000 to Sarah Ann Hill, the daughter of the grantor, but nothing had ever been paid to the daughter on this account; that
(3) from 1949 through 1958, the land was farmed by Triumph Farms, the tradename of Mrs. Jeanette Hill, wife of the grantor; and for the entire period, as above-stated, Hill alone managed and operated the property, receiving the income of all kinds and distributing it in his discretion, as he deemed fit, after payment of taxes and incidental expenses; that
(4) in 1959, Hill, by written instrument, leased the property to Vernon Springer, signed and executed the lease as agent for William Kenan Hill, a grantee in the deed from him; that
(5) for the years 1960, 1961, and 1962, the lease agreement for all of those years was signed and executed by Hill as agent for all of the named record owners. In addition to his complete managerial control, he continued to collect the income from rice and other products and distributed the same as he saw fit, the lessees at all times dealing solely with him; that
(6) this property has been generally known as the "Edward B. Hill Place." When some 200-odd acres of the original tract was previously sold, Hill conducted all of the negotiations in connection therewith; that
(7) he did not, at the time of making the alleged contract with Capps, disclose any lack of authority on his part, but assured Capps that he could deliver the title; and that
(8) in connection with the details of the sale, namely the conferences between the sellers and the purchasers, and the attorney who was preparing the papers, Hill alone acted for all of the record owners.
Besides, it appeared that notwithstanding LePoint Cassibry Smith and her husband were actually the record owners of a one-half interest in the property, nevertheless they endeavored to raise money to buy one-half of the interest which Milton and Clarence Smith proposed to purchase, apparently doubtful of their real right to claim at that time a one-half interest in the property as a result of the gift from their uncle.
In addition, LePoint Cassibry Smith and husband had knowledge that the services of the plaintiffs were being utilized in an effort to sell this property. And, in spite of the claim of Mrs. LePoint Cassibry Smith that she protested to her uncle against participation by the plaintiffs in the sale, they did not at any rate communicate to the Cappses any opposition thereto or denial of Hill's authority in the matter. This was in spite of the fact that Hill repeatedly assured the plaintiffs that he could deliver the title.
The appellants have assigned as errors and maintain on this appeal that they were entitled to have their several requested peremptory instructions given because (1) no contract was entered into between the parties; (2) Mrs. Jeanette Rankin had no title or interest in the property; and (3) the defendants, other than Edward B. Hill, had not given him any authority to act for them. Besides, they say that the court erred in permitting a recovery for the one-half interest purchased by W.L. Smith; that the instructions were in hopeless conflict; and that it was error to overrule their motion for a new trial.
DID CAPPS AND HILL, UNDER THE EVIDENCE, ENTER INTO A CONTRACT?
(Hn 1) The assent of the parties in the formation of a contract must necessarily be gathered from their words, acts and outward expressions. 17 C.J.S., Contracts, § 32, pp. 640-643. See also 12 Am. Jur., Contracts, § 19, pp. 515-517. Besides, in Kimbrough v. Smith, 201 Miss. 202, 28 So.2d 850, the opinion went into great detail in the statement of the facts and concluded that, under those circumstances, Kimbrough and Smith had entered into a contract wherein the latter had impliedly agreed to pay the former a broker's fee for the sale of land. After citing authorities, it was observed that Kimbrough expected pay; that he told Smith he was supposed to pay; that the services continued thereafter; and that the services were valuable to Smith. In syllabi 2 and 3, the rule was correctly stated as follows:
(Hn 2) "To show an implied contract to pay for broker's services, it must appear that they were performed under such circumstances as to give the recipient thereof some reason to think that they were not gratuitous and not performed for some other person but with expectation of compensation from recipient, and services must have been beneficial to person sought to be made liable.
(Hn 3) "A contract to pay reasonable commission may be implied from vendor's acceptance of voluntary services of broker rendered with an expectation of payment, provided vendor knew or had reason to believe that such services were rendered with an expectation of payment."
See also 8 Am. Jur., Brokers, § 159, pp. 1078-1080, § 146, pp. 1070-1071; 12 C.J.S., Brokers, § 61 (a), p. 139, § 78, pp. 170-171. Besides, the contract does not have to be in writing. Partee v. Pepple, 197 Miss. 486, 20 So.2d 73.
(Hn 4) The sharply disputed issue as to whether or not there was a contract, express or implied, between the parties, was properly submitted to the jury.
DID APPELLEES, UNDER THE EVIDENCE, PROCURE THE SALE?
The evidence showed that, immediately following the agreement of the parties on August 1, 1962, the appellees launched their efforts and attempts to sell this property. They advertised in the papers and interviewed interested persons. For approximately six to seven weeks, the full time of the senior partner and much of the time of the younger partner was devoted to this matter. Their employee, Mrs. Mary Catherine Gerard first contacted Milton Smith, who brought his brother, Clarence, into the picture. The Smiths, with the map furnished by appellees, because Warwick V. Smith, their friend and next door neighbor, whom they did not wish to offend, was familiar with the property, asked the appellees to permit them to let him show it to them. The Smiths then allowed their cousin, W.L. Smith, to come into the deal for a half interest, which he wished to obtain for his two sons, and they, after telling Hill that they were going to buy the place, together with Edwin B. Hill, worked out the details. Hill had given the appellees the price of the land and the terms of its sale, and they, in turn, had relayed this information, except for increasing the consideration from $235 to $250 per acre to the Smiths.
(Hn 5) In Partee v. Pepple, supra, this Court, after the study of a large number of Mississippi cases, citing them, deduced the following rule:
"1. Where the contract between the owner of the property and the agent specifies the price and terms of sale, the agent performs his duty, and is entitled to his commission, when he procures a purchaser ready, willing and able to buy, even though the owner may then decline to sell.
(Hn 6) "2. Where property is placed in the hands of a real estate agent for sale at a certain price, and on specified terms, and a sale is brought about through the efforts of the agent as the procuring cause, he is entitled to his commission on the sale, even though the final negotiations were conducted through the owner, who, in order to make the sale, accepts a price less than that stipulated to the agent, or when he sells at the price at which the agent was authorized to make the sale."
See also 8 Am. Jur., Brokers, § 168, p. 1085; 12 C.J.S., Brokers, § 91 (a), pp. 207-208, § 93 (a) pp. 215-217.
(Hn 7, 8) In the main, when a broker is the procuring cause of a sale, the question is one of fact for the jury. There is substantial authority to the effect that the broker, to be the procuring cause of a sale, must first call the purchaser's attention to the property and begin negotiations which lead to culmination. 8 Am. Jur., Brokers, § 172, pp. 1088-1089. See also 12 C.J.S., Brokers, § 91, (b c), pp. 211-212, and 93 (a), pp. 215-217.
IN REGARD TO THE AMOUNT OF COMPENSATION AWARDED BY THE JURY.
Hill, while denying that he made the contract and contending that he said the commission would have to be negotiated, in effect conceded that the Capps merited some compensation.
(Hn 9) In the absence of a special agreement, if the services are performed in good faith, the broker is entitled to fair and reasonable compensation; and the amount, under the prevailing usage or custom, if there is such, may, although not necessarily, serve as the measure. 12 C.J.S., Brokers, § 78, pp. 170-171; 8 Am. Jur., Brokers, § 146, p. 1071. Delta and Pine Land Company v. Wallace, 83 Miss. 656, 36 So. 263, Howie Brothers v. Bonds, 87 Miss. 698, 40 So. 227, Alexander v. Brumfield, 124 Miss. 177, 87 So. 9, and Shoebridge v. Hartwell Realty and Insurance Co., Inc., 244 Miss. 630, 141 So.2d 558, cited by the appellants, are not contrary to the present holding, because the Capps, in the present case, "furnished the deal."
(Hn 10-12) Insofar as the liability of Mrs. Jeanette Hill is concerned, it appeared that extensive improvements were placed on the land with the consent of the owners. Under those conditions, Mrs. Hill did not lose title to this property. But the contract of sale, in which she was also a grantor, itself recited that she began to farm the land in 1949, and that, with the consent of the owners, she had made extensive improvements to the property, consisting of an irrigation system, a rice drier, and storage facilities for rice. It was then specified in the contract that these improvements, aggregating $64,700 were to be paid from the consideration of $229,000 to be realized from the sale of the whole property. In other words, both the owners of the record title and Mrs. Hill, the owner of the improvements, to effect the sale, entered into a solemn contract in which they acknowledged the value of the improvements and specified that they constituted a fractional value of the property, to-wit, 64,700/229,000 of the value or purchase price of the property. Besides, Mrs. Hill had no part with her husband in the original conveyance. Perhaps her signature was not necessary; but at least her participation in this conveyance foreclosed any possible homestead right which she might have originally had in the property. Obviously she was a proper party to be named as a defendant. (Hn 13) On the question of liability of Edward B. Hill, it is clear that, if he did not have actual or apparent authority as agent of other defendants by reason of his representation to sell this property, then he himself was and remains liable for the judgment.
In the case of Kelly v. Guess, 157 Miss. 157, 127 So. 274, the appellee brought suit against Silas Kelly on a promissory note signed "C. H. Kelly by Silas Kelly" and obtained a judgment against him. On appeal here, Kelly contended that the appellee could not recover without first having the note reformed in a court of equity. In overruling this contention, the opinion said in part: "This question is analogous to the question of the character of the liability of one who, without authority, executes a contract in the name of an alleged principal. There has been much diversity of opinion among the courts on the question. `Three forms of remedy have been recognized by the courts as available to the other party to the contract, each being based upon a distinction in the nature of the liability: (1) an action against the agent upon the contract, as principal in the contract; (2) an action against the agent for damages for breach of his warranty of authority to execute the contract; and (3) an action for deceit where the agent has acted in bad faith in his assumption of authority.'
"In some jurisdictions the first named of these remedies has been adopted. Among the courts so holding is our own court, in Brown v. Johnson, 12 Smedes M. 398, 51 Am. Dec. 118. They hold that one who enters into a contract in the name of an alleged principal, without authority, is liable upon the contract as principal; the reason for the rule being that it must be the intention of the party to bind some one, and, as the principal was not bound, the agent should be. The authorities so holding will be found collected in Kennedy v. Stonehouse, 13 N.D. 232, 100 N.W. 258, as reported in 3 Ann. Cas. at page 217 (note, pages 219, 220). Among those referred to in the note is our own case of Brown v. Johnson, Supra. There will be found a discussion of this question in 21 R.C.L., section 96, pp. 917, 918. To the same effect is Estes v. Jones, 119 Miss. 142, 80 So. 526."
Consequently, a peremptory instruction having been granted in favor of Dr. William Kenan Hill, presumably because of insufficient authority of Edward B. Hill to represent him, Edward B. Hill under the above-cited cause, was clearly answerable for the failure of his representation.
(Hn 14) It is also contended in connection with the purchase by W.L. Smith, that no recovery could be made on this account because the appellees at no time actually contacted him.
However, the sellers had already found a purchaser for the property, namely, Milton Smith and his brother Clarence. These Smiths had signified their purpose to acquire the property. Their cousin, W.L. Smith, sought and was permitted to come into the deal for a one-half interest because of his concern for the welfare of two of his sons. In working out the details of the purchase, the deed was simply made to three parties according to the interests there designated. The sellers would thus realize the same amount of money but it would be from three instead of two parties. Obviously the position of the appellants in this respect is untenable.
The Court is unable to find any reversible error in the record. The issues were in sharp dispute by the witnesses for both sides; and consequently, such issues were for determination by the jury. The given instructions presented a sufficient statement of the applicable legal principles. The Court is unable to find any reversible error in the record and the cause must therefore be affirmed.
Affirmed.
Kyle, Ethridge, Gillespie and Brady, JJ., concur.