MINER, Circuit Judge:

Plaintiff-Appellant Monroe Hale ("Hale") appeals from a summary judgment in favor of the defendants-appellees, The State of New York Office of Children and Family Services ("OCFS") and Louis Mann ("Mann"), a Deputy Commissioner in OCFS, entered in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Brieant, J). In 1998, Hale was terminated from his position as Youth Facility Director ("Director") of the New York Secure Center in Goshen, New York ("Goshen Facility"). He subsequently brought suit alleging that he had been fired in violation of his rights under the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 ("FMLA"), 29 U.S.C. § 2601 et seq., and the First Amendment. On February 25, 1999, the district court granted the defendants' motions for summary judgment, concluding that Hale's post-FMLA leave firing did not violate the FMLA and that Hale's firing was not motivated by any protected speech on his part.

For the reasons that follow, we affirm in part, vacate in part, and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

BACKGROUND

In 1991, Hale was hired as Director of the Goshen Facility, an 85-bed residential youth facility operated by OCFS. OCFS' responsibilities include providing care, treatment, and security for offenders placed in its custody by the courts. At all times pertinent to this appeal, the Goshen Facility housed male juvenile delinquents. As Director, Hale served in a policy influencing position held at the pleasure of the Governor and was responsible for the administration and management of the Goshen Facility, including its effective implementation of safety and security measures. Hale's position also required him to establish a relationship with the community and seek to maintain "harmonious community relations."

According to Hale, conditions at the Goshen Facility were in disarray when he took over; the staff did not feel safe, and assaults on the residents and staff were common. After Hale assumed his duties, funding for the Goshen Facility decreased and the residents became more violent, thus prompting increased security concerns.

Starting in 1995, OCFS began to alter the procedures employed at the Goshen Facility. OCFS contends that it was Hale's failure to implement these procedures which led to continued breakdowns in security and Hale's eventual termination as Director. On the other hand, Hale contends that OCFS policies led to problems at the Goshen Facility and that his discharge was due to his objections to OCFS' misguided policies. In any event, all seem to agree that conditions at the Goshen Facility had become less than desirable by late 1997 — numerous security breakdowns and altercations among the residents were occurring at that time.

In January 1997, OCFS personnel conducted an unannounced search of the Goshen Facility as part of an "effort to address the management and safety issues" that were arising at the Facility. OCFS asserts that numerous problems were discovered: the presence of contraband — sharp metal and cash in resident's rooms and tools and screws in the vocational area; the room designated as the "key room" was in disarray; and residents possessed gang-related material. Moreover, OCFS personnel observed that uncooperative residents were allowed out of their rooms unaccompanied by staff, potentially leading to assaults. The search also revealed concerns about cleanliness, the job performance of one of Hale's assistants, and overall lack of supervision. Due to the results of this search, one of Deputy Commissioner Mann's assistants, Brenda Flanagan ("Flanagan"), spoke with Hale. Mann, via Flanagan, directed Hale to initiate new policies at the Goshen Facility. In particular, Mann asserted that Wing 1 should no longer be used to counsel disruptive residents, but should instead be used only for residents restricted to in-room confinement. The defendants assert that Hale failed to carry out their policies and initiatives for dealing with these problems.

On September 20, 1997, an affray broke out at the Goshen Facility, injuring staff. The fracas generated negative press coverage concerning violence at the Facility, prompting political debate about conditions there. By letter dated September 23, 1997, Robert P. Pollack, one of Mann's subordinates, informed Hale that Mann wanted Hale to conduct an investigation into the September 20, 1997 incident. Seeking to respond to Mann's request, Hale asked a staff member, Stephen Langbein, to investigate and report.

Langbein's investigation revealed that "agency policies and practices, adopted and implemented by . . . Mann, had significantly contributed to a decline in staff safety." Hale Affidavit at 19. Langbein's written report highlighted a factor that Hale had indicated to his superiors was contributing to the unsafe conditions at the Goshen Facility: OCFS' failure to deal "with some of the most volatile, aggressive youths in the state." The report was specifically critical of policy changes established by Mann with regard to the use of Wing 1 at the Goshen Facility. It recommended that OCFS permit the staff at the Goshen Facility to resume their prior use of Wing 1 for counseling disruptive residents. The report also questioned OCFS' policy with regard to youths over the age of eighteen.

In response to a previously submitted incident report, the Commission of Correction ("Commission"), by letter dated October 6, 1997, requested (1) the investigative report regarding the September 20, 1997 incident; (2) a breakdown of all incidents at the Goshen Facility between January and October of 1997; and (3) the number of residents moved to jail as a result of the incident. Langbein had submitted his report to Hale via an October 20, 1997 memorandum. By letter dated November 10, 1997, Hale submitted the report to Steve Mann ("S. Mann"), one of Mann's subordinates. Aware of the ongoing public debate over safety at the Goshen Facility, and presumably in response to the Commission's prior request, Hale appears to have also sent a copy of the report to the Commission.

By letter dated November 24, 1997, S. Mann wrote Hale that Langbein's report was unacceptable because it made "numerous editorial comments" and included "thoughts and concerns" as opposed to containing "only factual information." Hale asserts that his superiors were hostile to the "thoughts and concerns" expressed in the Langbein report, which reflected Hale's views as conveyed in prior letters to his supervisors and in discussions with Langbein, and that he forwarded the report because he wanted to let the Commission and others know "what really was happening at the facility." According to Hale, the views expressed in the report addressed matters that were common to all OCFS facilities.

Apparently upset about the content of the report that Hale sent to the Commission, S. Mann told Hale that he should have first forwarded the report to central administration. S. Mann further stated that Hale was "this close" (while holding his fingers approximately one inch apart) to not having a job. According to Hale, this was the first time that he was threatened with termination, and it occurred immediately after "Mann became incensed with [Hale's] reporting the September 20, 1997 incident to the Commission on Corrections."

In December 1997, Hale took sick leave for job-related stress. After Hale began his stress-related leave, S. Mann determined that Hale would be considered on FMLA leave as of January 1, 1998.

Concerned about what was perceived as the continuing problems of the Goshen Facility, OCFS conducted another unannounced search of the Goshen Facility on January 13 and 14, 1998. Because of his leave, Hale was absent from the Goshen Facility at the time this search occurred. It had been approximately six weeks since he had taken sick leave. According to Hale, the search did not result in any disciplinary measures against other staff members, nor were any weapons or illegal contraband found. However, the defendants contend that the search revealed that "Goshen was still `dirty' `unkempt' and `disorganized' . . ., and contraband was abundant both in common areas and the residents' rooms."

Allegedly because of his dismay over the results of this search, Mann subsequently stated to Flanagan that Hale "had to go" and by letter dated January 15, 1998 informed Hale that he was terminated as Facility Director, effective January 21, 1998. After objections by Hale's attorney and Flanagan concerning Hale's FMLA status, Mann changed the effective date of termination to March 25, 1998, the date when Hale's FMLA leave expired. Because he held a tenured status with OCFS, Hale's termination resulted in demotion, and he subsequently was reassigned to an inferior job, with a lower salary and fewer responsibilities, in New York City, far from his home.

On March 2, 1998, Hale brought suit alleging that his FMLA and First Amendment rights had been violated by his termination as Director. In its answer, OCFS invoked the doctrine of sovereign immunity with regard to the FMLA claim. At the close of discovery, OCFS and Mann moved for summary judgment, asserting that Hale's claims were without merit and that defendant Mann was entitled to qualified immunity in any event with regard to the First Amendment claim. The district court granted the defendants' motion on February 25, 1999, finding no genuine issue of material fact as to either claim. With respect to the FMLA claim, the court held that the statute does not prevent termination following the completion of FMLA leave:

The right to be employed during the FMLA leave period extends to protect an employee's benefits and salary during the leave period. This Mr. Hale received. The statute does not prevent his termination following the completion of his leave where, as here, he holds a noncompetitive policy position with no expectation of permanent employment, and defendants articulate a nonpretextual reason for his removal based on events which occurred prior to his going on leave. The statute gives no greater job security than that to which the employee would have been entitled prior to taking leave.

The court also rejected Hale's First Amendment claim, noting that the Langbein report was not prepared by Hale and that Langbein, himself an OCFS employee, had not been subjected to retaliation. The court concluded that "there [wa]s no evidence that his First Amendment rights to speak out on matters of public concern were a motivating factor in his demotion." Because the court found no evidence to support a jury finding in favor of Hale's claims, the court found it unnecessary to reach Mann's qualified immunity defense. This appeal followed.

DISCUSSION

Summary judgment is only appropriate when the moving party shows that there are no genuine issues of material fact and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986); Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). Applying a de novo review on appeal, we "must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party and draw all reasonable inferences in its favor" to determine whether the district court's grant of summary judgment was proper. Consarc Corp. v. Marine Midland Bank, N.A., 996 F.2d 568, 572 (2d Cir. 1993); see Turner v. General Motors Acceptance Corp., 180 F.3d 451, 453-54 (2d Cir. 1999); Stagl v. Delta Airlines, Inc., 52 F.3d 463, 466-67 (2d Cir. 1995).

The FMLA Claim

Before discussing Hale's contentions under the FMLA, we must address OCFS' contention that it is entitled to Eleventh Amendment immunity from suit under the FMLA. This assertion of sovereign immunity implicates jurisdictional concerns. See Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida, 517 U.S. 44, 72-73 (1996) (the Eleventh Amendment "restricts the judicial power under Article III"); Pennhurst State Sch. Hosp. v. Halderman, 465 U.S. 89, 100 (1984) (the jurisdictional bar of Eleventh Amendment applies regardless of the nature of the relief sought); cf. United States v. Sherwood, 312 U.S. 584, 586 (1941) ("[T]he terms of [the United States'] consent to be sued in any court define that court's jurisdiction to entertain the suit."). But see Parella v. Retirement Bd. of the Rhode Island Employees' Ret. Sys., 173 F.3d 46, 53-57 (1st Cir. 1999) (finding that assertion of Eleventh Amendment immunity does not implicate Article III jurisdiction); cf. Atascadero State Hosp. v. Scanlon, 473 U.S. 234, 241 (1985) (finding that Eleventh Amendment immunity may be waived), superseded in other respects by Civil Rights Remedies Equalization Amendment of 1986, 42 U.S.C. § 2000d-7. Our review of the Eleventh Amendment issue is de novo. See Muller v. Costello, 187 F.3d 298, 307 (2d Cir. 1999).

In Seminole Tribe, the Supreme Court articulated a two-part test for determining whether an act of Congress abrogates states' Eleventh Amendment immunity. The test asks (1) whether Congress has unequivocally declared an intent to abrogate states' immunities and (2) whether Congress has acted pursuant to a valid exercise of its power. See 517 U.S. at 55.

Both the FMLA and the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 ("FLSA"), 29 U.S.C. § 201 et seq., provide that an action may be maintained for violations of each respective statute "against any employer (including a public agency) in any Federal or State court of competent jurisdiction." 29 U.S.C. § 216(b); 29 U.S.C. § 2617(a)(2). Congress' use of this identical language from the FLSA in the later passed FMLA causes us to turn to our interpretation of Congress' abrogation intent in Close v. New York, 125 F.3d 31, 36 (2d Cir. 1997). In Close, we held that this language in the FLSA evidenced "a clear intent to abrogate the States' sovereign immunity by allowing suit in federal courts." Id. We are convinced that Congress' use of the same language in the FMLA similarly reveals a clear intent to abrogate Eleventh Amendment immunity and thus satisfies the first prong of the Seminole Tribe test. See McGregor v. Goord, 18 F. Supp.2d 204, 207 (N.D.N.Y. 1998).

However, the second prong is more problematic. After Seminole Tribe, the only potential source for congressional abrogation is the Fourteenth Amendment. See Close, 125 F.3d at 37-38. As we recently explained in Muller, 187 F.3d at 308,

Section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment empowers Congress to enact appropriate legislation to enforce its substantive provisions, including the Equal Protection Clause. A statute is appropriate legislation to enforce the Equal Protection clause if it is plainly adapted to that end and if it is not prohibited by but is consistent with the letter and spirit of the Constitution. Katzenbach v. Morgan, 384 U.S. 641, 651 (1966) . . . [H]owever, . . . Congress's power under § 5 must be linked to constitutional injuries and there must be a "congruence and proportionality" between the harms to be prevented and the statutory remedy. [ City of Boerne v. Flores, 521 U.S. 507, 520 (1997)]. This "proportionality" analysis has been further refined by Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board [v. College Savings Bank]: "for Congress to invoke § 5, it must identify conduct transgressing the Fourteenth Amendment's substantive provisions, and must tailor its legislative scheme to remedying or preventing such conduct." 119 S.Ct. [2199,] 2207 [(1999)].

(some internal quotation marks, alterations, and footnotes omitted).

In the opening section of the FMLA, Congress found that "due to the nature of the roles of men and women in our society, the primary responsibility for family caretaking often falls on women, and such responsibility affects the working lives of women more than it affects the working lives of men." 29 U.S.C. § 2601(a)(5). Congress further found that "there is inadequate job security for employees who have serious health conditions that prevent them from working for temporary periods," id. § 2601(a)(4), and that "employment standards that apply to one gender only have serious potential for encouraging employers to discriminate against employees and applicants for employment who are of that gender," id. § 2601(a)(6). In light of these findings, Congress passed the FMLA:

(1) to balance the demands of the workplace with the needs of families, to promote the stability and economic security of families, and to promote national interests in preserving family integrity;

(2) to entitle employees to take reasonable leave for medical reasons, for the birth or adoption of a child, and for the care of a child, spouse, or parent who has a serious health condition;

(3) to accomplish the purposes described in paragraphs (1) and (2) in a manner that accommodates the legitimate interests of employers;

(4) to accomplish the purposes described in paragraphs (1) and (2) in a manner that, consistent with the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, minimizes the potential for employment discrimination on the basis of sex by ensuring generally that leave is available for eligible medical reasons (including maternity-related disability) and for compelling family reasons, on a gender-neutral basis; and

(5) to promote the goal of equal employment opportunity for women and men, pursuant to such clause.

29 U.S.C. § 2601(b).

The FMLA generally requires covered employers to grant employees who have worked for twelve months (or 1250 hours in twelve months) up to twelve weeks' leave during any twelve month period for, inter alia, "a serious health condition that makes the employee unable to perform the functions of the position of such employee." 29 U.S.C. § 2612(a)(1)(D). It also protects an employee from discharge or demotion by an employer if that action is motivated by the employee's taking of leave pursuant to the FMLA. See 29 U.S.C. § 2614(a)(1); see e.g., Chaffin v. John H. Carter Co., 179 F.3d 316, 319 (5th Cir. 1999). These are the rights articulated in the FMLA that are at issue here.

The question before us is whether this grant of twelve weeks' leave to deal with one's own serious health condition is "congruent" and "proportional" to the goal of allowing family leave while "minimiz[ing] the potential for employment discrimination on the basis of sex." 29 U.S.C. § 2601(b)(4). We are compelled to answer in the negative. We recognize that it is for Congress to assess in the first instance what legislation is needed to secure the rights guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment and that in order "to deter violation of rights guaranteed thereunder," Congress may "prohibit a somewhat broader swath of conduct." Kimel v. Florida Bd. of Regents, 120 S.Ct. 631, 644 (2000). However, the legislation here sweeps too wide. In the final analysis, the insurmountable hurdle in this case is the entirely gender-neutral focus of the rights conferred by the FMLA provisions at issue.

In light of Congress' failure to specifically find that women are disproportionately affected by "serious health conditions," this gender-neutral grant of leave is overbroad. There is no evidence that this conferment of federally protected leave is tailored to remedy sex-based employment discrimination. Instead, it seems grossly incongruent and disproportionate to try to remedy intentional sex discrimination with a statute that, in the words of the Seventh Circuit, "creates substantive rights" and "statutory entitlements" that do not permit an employer to "defend by saying that it treated all employees identically." Diaz v. Fort Wayne Foundry Corp., 131 F.3d 711, 712 (7th Cir. 1997). By making a "substantive change" in state employees' rights, Congress has exceeded its power to "remedy or prevent unconstitutional actions." City of Boerne, 521 U.S. at 519; see also id. at 527 ("Any suggestion that Congress has a substantive, non-remedial power under the Fourteenth Amendment is not supported by our case law."). The rights conferred by the FMLA in this case are "so out of proportion to a supposed remedial or preventive object that it cannot be understood as responsive to, or designed to prevent, unconstitutional behavior." Id. at 532.

Moreover, "[s]erious health conditions are not necessarily related to family and gender discrimination." Garrett v. University of Alabama at Birmingham Bd. of Trus., 193 F.3d 1214, 1220 (11th Cir. 1999), cert. granted in part, 120 S.Ct. 1669 (2000). While the Court has "acknowledge[d] the necessity of using strong remedial and preventive measures to respond to . . . racial discrimination," these measures have often been supported by direct and tangible evidence that they were necessary to prevent the harm sought to be prevented. City of Boerne, 521 U.S. at 526; compare Oregon v. Mitchell, 400 U.S. 112, 132 (1970) ("Congress had before it a long history of the discriminatory use of literacy tests to disenfranchise voters on account of their race.") (Black, J., announcing the judgment of the Court and concurring), superseded in respect to minimum age by U.S. Const. amend. XXVI.

Thus, we find that Congress did not have the authority to abrogate the sovereign immunity of the states on claims arising under the provisions at issue here. Its attempt to do so was not congruent or proportional to the harms targeted by the Fourteenth Amendment. It is important to note, however, that we only pass on the particular provisions at issue here, medical leave to deal with one's own "serious health condition," 29 U.S.C. § 2612 (a)(1)(D), and the related retaliation section, see id. § 2614(a)(1), at least when used in conjunction with Section 2612(a)(1)(D).

Although our resolution of the Eleventh Amendment issue precludes the portion of Hale's suit under the FMLA, we briefly address the merits, or in this case lack thereof, in the alternative.

While the FMLA caselaw in this circuit is sparse, we recently addressed an FMLA claim of improper employment discharge in Sarno v. Douglas Elliman-Gibbons Ives, Inc., 183 F.3d 155 (2d Cir. 1999). In Sarno, the plaintiff employee went on FMLA leave due to a hernia condition. Following the twelve week period permitted by statute, he was unable to return to work and was terminated. He subsequently brought suit, alleging that his rights under the FMLA had been violated. We affirmed the district court's grant of summary judgment for the defendant corporation, finding that Sarno's termination at the end of that period "did not infringe his FMLA rights because it [was]

. . . undisputed that . . . he [was] unable to perform the essential functions of his . . . position." Id. at 161. We also considered and rejected Sarno's claim that his FMLA rights were infringed by the employer's failure to inform him that the FMLA entitled him to a leave of up to twelve workweeks. See id. at 161-62.

In the present case, Hale alleges that he was fired in violation of the FMLA. However, we find this claim without merit. To the extent that he argues that he was improperly fired while on FMLA leave status, we find that the facts of this case are clearly to the contrary. Instead, the evidence before the district court established that Hale's termination as Director occurred after his FMLA leave ended. His receipt of a letter indicating that his discharge was effective on January 15, 1998 is without significance, because OCFS subsequently changed the effective date of his termination.

Moreover, to the extent that Hale contends he was fired in retaliation for his FMLA leave, we also find that contention unsupported by evidence sufficient to create a genuine issue of material fact. Although the true reason for his dismissal is in dispute, see infra, Hale has presented no evidence indicating that the termination decision was related to his FMLA leave. In sum, Hale has presented no facts in support of any FMLA violation, rendering it unnecessary for us to address the proper scope of the FMLA inquiry and whether the McDonnell Douglas burden shifting test applies in FMLA retaliatory discharge cases in this circuit.

The First Amendment Claim

"[A] public employee does not relinquish First Amendment rights to comment on matters of public interest by virtue of government employment." Connick v. Myers, 461 U.S. 138, 140 (1983) (citing Pickering v. Board of Educ., 391 U.S. 563, 568 (1968)). Nevertheless, a government employer has an interest in promoting efficient public service by its employees and may regulate its employees' speech. See id. Because resolution of the conflict between these two competing interests involves a fact-specific inquiry, the Supreme Court has refused to "lay down a general standard against which all such statements may be judged." Pickering, 391 U.S. at 569. Instead, the Court has instructed us to weigh the interests of the employee "in commenting upon matters of public concern and the interest of the State, as an employer, in promoting the efficiency of the public services it performs through its employees." Id. at 568.

Preliminary to this balancing process, "a plaintiff . . . must initially demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence that: (1) his speech was constitutionally protected, (2) he suffered an adverse employment decision, and (3) a causal connection exists between his speech and the adverse employment determination against him." Morris v. Lindau, 196 F.3d 102, 110 (2d Cir. 1999). If the plaintiff meets the burden of establishing these factors, the burden shifts to the employer to establish that "it would have taken the same adverse employment action `even in the absence of the protected conduct.'" Id. (quoting Mount Healthy City Sch. Dist. Bd. of Educ. v. Doyle, 429 U.S. 274, 287 (1977)). Whether an employee's speech addresses a matter of public concern and is thus protected under the First Amendment is "one of law, not fact." Morris, 196 F.3d at 110 (citing Connick, 461 U.S. at 148 n. 7). On the other hand, if there are significant questions as to whether an employer would have discharged an employee but for his/her speech, summary judgment is precluded. See id.

In our case, the parties dispute whether Hale engaged in protected speech and whether his termination as Director was motivated by his speech. As an initial matter, defendants ask us to determine, in accordance with the decision of the district court, that Hale's forwarding of the Langbein report is not protected under the First Amendment because he did not write the report.

After reviewing the record, we find, contrary to the district court below, that a genuine issue of material fact exists with regard to whether Hale adopted the report and made it speech of his own by forwarding the Langbein report to the Commission. There is evidence in the record that Hale objected to his superiors' policies. A trier of fact could conclude that he voiced these concerns to management directly and via his submission of the Langbein report to the Commission. Although Mann assigned to Hale the task of preparing the report, and Hale delegated the task to Langbein, Hale may have adopted the Langbein report as his own. A jury could find that by forwarding the unaltered report, Hale endorsed the views expressed in it and thereby engaged in independent expression. In support of this position, there is evidence that Hale forwarded the Langbein report by a transmittal letter over his signature to Mann (and to the Commission) precisely because he wanted to influence OCFS policy.

On the other hand, a rational factfinder could also find that the evidence on this point is insufficient and that Hale was simply following orders, not engaging in independent expression. The district court impermissibly resolved this issue on summary judgment; we merely resurrect it for the factfinder to decide.

Next, we address whether the report, if adopted by Hale, addressed a matter of public concern. Although the district court answered this question in the negative, we find that determination erroneous. We conclude that as a matter of law, the report addressed a matter of public concern: the proper administration of State facilities for the incarceration of juveniles. See Morris, 196 F.3d at 110 ("As a general rule, speech on `any matter of political, social, or other concern to the community' is protected by the First Amendment.") (quoting Connick, 461 U.S. at 146); Dangler v. New York City Off Track Betting Corp., 193 F.3d 130 (2d Cir. 1999) (contacting OTB Inspector General about alleged improprieties at OTB); Lewis v. Cowen, 165 F.3d 154 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 120 S.Ct. 70 (1999) (objections to new lottery policies voiced to Connecticut Gaming Policy Board by lottery official); Blum v. Schlegel, 18 F.3d 1005, 1012 (2d Cir. 1994) ("speech advocating the legalization of marijuana, criticizing national drug control policy, and debating civil disobedience on its face implicates matters of public concern"); Bieluch v. Sullivan, 999 F.2d 666, 671 (2d Cir. 1993) (Defendant's "speech concerned tax expenditures, town budgets, school construction, and the right to petition for referenda — matters of utmost public concern."). This matter affected not just internal Goshen Facility administration, but, as shown by the Commission's consideration of the issues raised in the Langbein report, issues that were the subject of ongoing public discourse. Accordingly, if the factfinder determines that Hale adopted the report when he forwarded a copy of the report to his superiors, then the report, as a matter of law, contains protected First Amendment expression addressing a matter of public concern.

Nevertheless, we must still address whether Hale's speech was the cause of his termination. After reviewing the record, we find that there is also a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Hale's firing was motivated by Hale's unacceptable administration of the Goshen Facility or by Hale's protected speech in objecting to the policies and practices governing the operation of the Goshen Facility.

The defendants have submitted evidence that Hale did not properly implement appropriate policies at the Goshen Facility. They contend that he was terminated because of the deteriorating conditions at the Facility, as demonstrated in the January 1997 search and more particularly the January 1998 search. The defendants present other evidence indicating that their disagreements with Hale predated the submission of the Langbein report and that, after the troubling January 1998 search, Mann felt Hale needed to be terminated as Director.

On the other hand, Hale has submitted sufficient evidence to create a jury question as to the true reason for his dismissal. Most significantly, Hale has presented evidence that although his superiors may have been dissatisfied with him for an extended period, the first suggestion of terminating him as Director occurred immediately after the Langbein report was submitted to the Commission. He also presents evidence indicating that the results of the January 1998 search were not as disturbing as the defendants portray and thus that the actual reason for his dismissal may have been based on the Langbein report. Although the defendants have catalogued many deficiencies uncovered during the searches, the timing of the termination decision, immediately after submission of the Langbein report, casts some doubt on this explanation.

We note that there is no allegation in this case that the submission of the Langbein report disturbed the normal operation of OCFS, or more particularly the Goshen Facility, so as to implicate OCFS' interest in promoting the efficient provision of public services. The defendants have merely asserted that they fired Hale because of his inability to appropriately manage the Goshen Facility and that if he engaged in protected speech, no causal connection exists between that speech and his termination. Hence, we need not weigh Hale's free speech interest against his public employer's efficiency interest under the balancing test established in Pickering. Cf. Dangler v. New York City Off Track Betting Corp., 193 F.3d 130, 139-40 (2d Cir. 1999) (addressing the "defendants' contention that they were entitled to fire [the plaintiff] because his accusations of wrongdoing were inherently disruptive."); Lewis v. Cohen, 165 F.3d 154, 164 (2d Cir. 1999) (accepting the defendants' claim that their "interest in the effective and efficient operation of the [Connecticut Division of Special Revenue] outweighed [the plaintiff's] First Amendment interest").

Lastly, we take no position on the defendants' claim of qualified immunity, although we are skeptical of its viability in light of the nature of allegations at issue. Cf. McEvoy v. Spencer, 124 F.3d 92, 104 (2d Cir. 1997) (finding that the defendants were entitled to qualified immunity on First Amendment claim because of the unsettled status of the law at the time of the alleged violation).

CONCLUSION

Since there are genuine issues of material fact concerning Hale's adoption of the Langbein report as his own expression and the reason for Hale's dismissal as Director that preclude summary judgment, we vacate the summary judgment insofar as it pertains to the First Amendment claim and remand for resolution of that claim. Because OCFS is entitled to Eleventh Amendment immunity on the FMLA claim, we affirm, on different grounds, the dismissal of that claim.