OPINION OF THE COURT

MAX ROSENN, Circuit Judge.

H. G. Industries, Inc., the taxpayer-appellant in this case, redeemed an issue of its preferred stock at a premium in order to relieve itself of the allegedly onerous stock purchase agreement pursuant to which the preferred was issued. The sole question on this appeal is whether the taxpayer is entitled to deduct the premium paid by it on this redemption as an ordinary and necessary business expenses under § 162(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 (the Code). The taxpayer deducted the item on its income tax return for the fiscal year ending August 31, 1968. The Tax Court denied the deduction, 60 T.C. 163, and denied reconsideration in a memorandum opinion dated June 13, 1973. This appeal followed, and we affirm.

The facts of this case are not in dispute. The taxpayer is a New York corporation, with its principal place of business in New Jersey, engaged in the manufacture of paint brushes and rollers. It concluded in 1963 that it needed approximately $450,000 to liquidate an existing loan account with a Newark bank and to establish and maintain adequate working capital. It borrowed $250,000 from another New Jersey bank and it obtained the balance of $200,000 from the First Small Business Investment Corporation of New Jersey (SBIC) under a Stock Purchase Agreement. Pursuant to the agreement, SBIC purchased 2,000 shares of "8% Convertible Participating Preferred Stock" of the taxpayer, having a par value of $100 per share, for $200,000. The taxpayer agreed to pay an 8% cumulative preferred dividend, as well as 12 1/2% of annual consolidated net profits which remained after taxes and after the 8% dividend. The profit participation amount was limited to a maximum of $14,000 annually no matter how great profits were in a given year. The taxpayer retained the option to call all (but not part) of the preferred stock at any time, at $120 per share. The agreement contained various other restrictions on the taxpayer, involving such matters as the permissible levels of current assets and net worth, mergers, compensation of officers, and dividends on common stock. The agreement would terminate when the taxpayer called the preferred, or when SBIC converted its stock to common stock or else offered any of its preferred stock to the taxpayer pursuant to the taxpayer's right of first refusal.

From the issuance of this preferred stock in 1963 until the redemption of the stock in 1967, the taxpayer carried the stock on its balance sheets in the capital account. Both the 8% dividend and the 12 1/2% annual participation amounts were treated as dividend distributions on the taxpayer's tax returns for those years.

A company officer testified that the payments on the preferred stock were burdensome because it "reduced our working capital and in essence strangled our corporation as far as growth was concerned." The taxpayer therefore retired the shares in 1967 at the contract price of $120 per share, or $240,000. To replace the capital, the taxpayer thereupon negotiated a conventional mortgage loan at 7 per cent and secured a seasonal line of credit at a quarter per cent above prime.

We should first note what is not involved in this case. The taxpayer concedes that preferred stock was in reality equity rather than debt, and thus it does not contend that the redemption premium is deductible as interest under § 163 of the Code. We can therefore set aside the numerous cases which examine the characteristics of an obligation to determine whether it is in reality equity or debt.

The taxpayer contends, however, that even if the obligation is equity, the $40,000 premium, which it always considered to be a "pre-payment penalty," should be deductible as an ordinary and necessary business expense under § 162(a) of the Code. In support of this contention it relies on those cases which permit a deduction for payments made by a corporation to buy out of a burdensome contract obligation with another party, or which permit a deduction for the payments made by a corporation to purchase the stock of a different corporation in order to be relieved of a contract it made with the latter corporation. It argues that the deduction should also be allowed when a company purchases its own stock to disengage itself from a burdensome contract which is an adjunct to the stock issue.

The Government responds by relying first upon our decision in John Wanamaker Philadelphia v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 139 F.2d 644 (3d Cir. 1943). In that case the corporate taxpayer had issued obligations which were denominated preferred stock. The first question presented in the case was whether preferred stock dividends accrued by the taxpayer on its books were deductible as interest, on the taxpayer's theory that the obligation was in reality debt rather than equity. The court rejected the taxpayer's contention, finding that the taxpayer had failed to establish the existence of a creditor-debtor relationship. The second question presented in the case was whether the taxpayer could deduct the redemption premium it had paid in redeeming the obligations. This court held:

In view of our conclusion that the preferred stock did not represent indebtedness it follows that the premiums paid by the taxpayer . . . in connection with the redemption of its preferred stock were liquidating distributions upon stock and may not be deducted from gross income for those years as items of expense.

139 F.2d at 647-648. The Government contends that this language indicates that a premium paid on the redemption of preferred stock is not deductible as an expense under any theory.

As the Tax Court noted in its memorandum opinion in the instant case, Wanamaker was decided under Treas. Reg. § 1.61-12(c)(1), which at the time provided that if a corporation repurchased bonds at a price in excess of the issuing price or face value, "the excess of the purchase price over the issuing price or face value is a deductible expense for the taxable year." See Roberts Porter, Inc. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 307 F.2d 745, 746 (7th Cir. 1962). The "expense" in question is now treated as interest under the regulations.

It is true that the bond premium which was deductible pursuant to this regulation was generally viewed at the time as being a business expense deduction under § 162(a) of the Code. Roberts Porter v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 307 F.2d at 746. It can therefore be argued that Wanamaker, by rejecting a deduction for preferred stock premiums under a regulation which was itself based on § 162(a), in effect disallowed a deduction under § 162(a) under any theory. Supported by the broad language of the court quoted above, the Tax Court in the instant case relied upon this interpretation of Wanamaker which appears to deny a deduction as an expense under any theory.

We do not believe, however, that Wanamaker controls the instant case. The court in that case was not presented with, and did not decide, whether or not an expense deduction under § 162(a) might be permissible under a theory other than that of Treas. Reg. § 1.61-12(c)(1), which was applicable only to debt obligations. The court was not presented with the contention that even if the obligations there at issue were equity, the premium was deductible as a business expense under § 162(a) as a payment to be relieved from a burdensome contract, totally aside from the regulation at issue which provided for a deduction for bond premium. The court cannot therefore be deemed to have decided this contention against the taxpayer, despite the broad language of the opinion.

The Government also relies upon § 311 of the Code, which provides that a corporation may not recognize a loss when it redeems its own stock from a shareholder. It urges that a taxpayer should not be permitted to claim a § 162 deduction for a sum for which § 311 prohibits a capital loss deduction. See Roberts Porter, Inc. v. Commissioner, 37 T.C. 23, 27 (1961), reversed on other grounds, 307 F.2d 745 (7th Cir. 1962).

The force of this contention is somewhat diluted by the case of Five Star Manufacturing Co. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 355 F.2d 724 (5th Cir. 1966), which permits a § 162 deduction in a situation where a capital loss deduction would be arguably prohibited by § 311. In that case, two individuals each owned 50% of the stock of the company, which was in serious straits and near receivership. The presence of one of the individuals as a shareholder was preventing the company from entering into an agreement with an outsider which was necessary for the survival of the company. The company purchased all of that shareholder's stock at judicial sale, and claimed a § 162 deduction for the entire purchase price. The court upheld the deduction, stating that

It can scarcely be held that the payment to [the owner whose stock was purchased] was for the acquisition of a capital asset, but rather one which would permit [the company] again to use assets for income production by freeing its management from unwarranted fetters.

355 F.2d at 727.

We need not decide whether implicit in § 311 is an absolute bar to a § 162 expense deduction for premiums paid when preferred stock is redeemed in order to avoid an allegedly onerous stock purchase contract because we believe that on the facts of the instant case no such deduction is permissible. The taxpayer argues solely that the outstanding preferred contract "reduced our working capital and in essence strangled our corporation as far as growth was concerned. It was an excessive amount of payment and we reviewed it . . . ." While this argument bears a similarity to the rationale upon which Five Star was decided, the facts of this case do not bring it within the ambit of Five Star. Elimination of the preferred stock and the restrictions of the Stock Purchase Agreement was not necessary to the survival of H. G. Industries, Inc. See Jim Walter Corp. v. United States (M.D.Fla. No. 72-135, August 3, 1973) [73-2 U.S.T.C. ¶ 9682]. Despite the burdensome provisions of the Stock Purchase Agreement, including the obligation to pay "ultra liberal dividends" on the preferred stock, the company's financial position at the time it refinanced in 1967 was such that it was able to obtain a conventional mortgage loan at only 7% interest and a seasonal line of credit at only one-fourth of a per cent above prime.

The stock redemption in this case was no more than an astute business decision to take advantage of improved business and monetary conditions, substituting, at reduced cost, debt obligations for some highly expensive equity obligations. As succinctly stated in the taxpayer's petition to the United States Tax Court for redetermination of the deficiencies asserted by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue:

Economic circumstances, including the current interest rates made it a prudent, ordinary and necessary business decision to pay off Investment [SBIC] in October 1967 . . . .

Furthermore, every non-required redemption of preferred stock is presumably made on the expectation that for one valid reason or another the issuing corporation would be better off without the outstanding preferred. Permitting a § 162 business expense deduction in such a situation would completely undercut the specific prohibition of loss deductions under § 311. We therefore do not reach the question of whether a § 162 deduction limited to more oppressive corporate circumstances than those presented by the instant case would be consistent with § 311.

The decision of the Tax Court will be affirmed.