Summary
illustrating the degrees of kindred according to the civil law incorporated into the common law
Summary of this case from Barrett v. CommonwealthOpinion
44589 Record No. 821794.
January 20, 1984.
Present: All the Justices.
Trial Court erred in permitting veniremen related within ninth degree of kinship to victims to serve as jurors.
(1) Constitutional Law — Criminal Procedure — Right to Impartial Jury — Guaranteed by Constitution.
(2) Constitutional Law — Criminal Procedure — Right to Impartial Jury — Common Law — Bars Juror Related Within Ninth Degree to Party to Suit.
(3) Constitutional Law — Criminal Procedure — Right to Impartial Jury — Common Law — Bars Juror Related Within Ninth Degree to Victim of Crime.
(4) Constitutional Law — Criminal Procedure — Right to Impartial Jury — Common Law — Bars Third Cousin of Victim's Spouse as Juror.
Defendant was convicted of murder and attempted murder in a Jury trial. One juror was a third cousin of the murder victim's wife. A second juror was a third cousin of the attempted murder victim's husband. During voir dire, the Trial Court carefully examined the prospective jurors to determine whether their kinship to the victim would affect their impartiality as jurors. Both prospective jurors assured the Court that they could be impartial. The Trial Court admitted both veniremen as jurors over defendant's objection. Defendant appeals his conviction on the ground that the Court erred in permitting the two veniremen to serve as jurors.
1. An accused in a criminal prosecution is entitled to an impartial jury as a matter of constitutional guarantee. U.S.C.onst. Amends. VI and XIV; Virginia Constitution Art. I, Section 8.
2. At common law, a venireman who is related within the ninth degree of consanguinity or affinity to a party to the suit is absolutely disqualified as a juror. Jaques v. Commonwealth, 51 Va. (10 Gratt.) 690 (1853), discussed and followed.
3. The common law rule absolutely disqualifying a venireman who is related to a party to the suit applies equally where the venireman is related to a victim of the crime. The purpose of the rule is to assure that the prospective juror stands indifferent to the cause. Salina v. Commonwealth, 217 Va. 92, 225 S.E.2d 199 (1976), discussed and followed.
4. It is for the legislature, not the Courts, to alter the common law's disqualification of prospective jurors falling within the ninth degree of kinship to a party or victim. Here two prospective jurors were third cousins of the victims' spouses and should have been disqualified to assure impartiality of the Jury.
Appeal from a judgment of the Circuit Court of the City of Williamsburg and County of James City. Hon. Russell M. Carneal, judge presiding.
Reversed and remanded.
Christie W. Cyphers for appellant.
Richard C. Kast, Assistant Attorney General (Gerald L. Baliles, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Tried by a jury, Richard Alister Gray was convicted in a single trial of multiple offenses. He seeks a reversal and new trial, contending the trial court erred in permitting two veniremen to serve on the jury. Each venireman was related to the victim of an offense.
Gray was convicted of first-degree murder, attempted murder, malicious wounding (Code Sec. 18.2-51), assault and battery, hit and run (involving personal injury) (Code Sec. 46.1-176), and use of a firearm in the commission of a felony (Code Sec. 18.2-53.1).
Gray was convicted of the murder of William Jones. Jones' wife, Mary, is a third cousin of the venireman, R. L. Moore, and she was a witness at trial.
Gray also was convicted of attempting to murder Catherine Piggott. The venireman, H. J. Johnson, is a third cousin of Piggott's husband. Piggott not only testified concerning the attempted murder, she also was a principal witness in the Jones murder case.
The trial court carefully examined Moore and Johnson to determine whether their relationships to the victims would affect their impartiality. Both men stated unequivocally that they could be impartial and that they were not influenced by their relationships to the victims. Over the defendant's objection, the trial court permitted Moore and Johnson to serve as jurors.
The defendant in a criminal prosecution has a fundamental right to trial by an impartial jury. U.S. Const. amends. VI and XIV; Va. Const. art. I, Sec. 8. We have consistently upheld this right. Martin v. Commonwealth, 221 Va. 436, 271 S.E.2d 123 (1980); Justus v. Commonwealth, 220 Va. 971, 266 S.E.2d 87 (1980); Breeden v. Commonwealth, 217 Va. 297, 227 S.E.2d 734 (1976).
Jaques v. Commonwealth, 51 Va. (10 Gratt.) 690 (1853), stated the long-standing, common-law rule disqualifying a venireman who is related, within the ninth degree of consanguinity or affinity, to a party to a suit. Id. at 691. The rule is absolute; no discretion is left to the court. Id.
The Attorney General admits that this is the rule and that both Moore and Johnson fall within the ninth degree of affinity to victims. He argues, however, that the rule only applies to a party of record and not to a victim in a criminal prosecution, and, therefore, the trial court had discretion to determine the veniremen's qualifications. We do not agree.
A chart illustrating the degrees of kindred is produced as the Appendix.
We believe a fair reading of Jaques indicates that the rule applies to a victim of a crime as well as to a party. Id. at 693-94.
[W]hen we look to the principle upon which the doctrine rests, which is the legal presumption that one standing in a near relation to one of the parties to the controversy is not indifferent, it is very evident that the reason of the rule would apply to cases although the party to whom the juror was related was not strictly a party to the record. Although the person injured [the victim] be not, technically speaking, a party to the record, and is not prosecutor, and has no pecuniary interest in the result, yet if he were called as a juror, the fact that he was the injured person would, I conceive, be sufficient of itself, and constitute a cause of principal challenge. There would be nothing in such case to leave to the discretion or conscience of the triers.
Id. at 693.
The Attorney General contends this language from Jaques is dictum. We think not, but, in any event, the issue was squarely decided in Salina v. Commonwealth, 217 Va. 92, 225 S.E.2d 199 (1976), in which the same argument was advanced. Salina held that veniremen owning stock in a bank which was the victim of a crime are disqualified from jury service. Id. at 93, 225 S.E.2d at 200. There, we applied the reasoning of Jaques, that the feelings of relatives of a victim in a criminal prosecution are more likely to be excited than those of relatives of a party in civil litigation. Id. at 94, 225 S.E.2d at 200-01.
As previously noted, the record discloses that the trial court exercised great care to determine that the two veniremen were in fact impartial, but the kindred rule is absolute and leaves no room for judicial discretion. The reason for the rule is apparent: when a juror is related by blood or marriage to either a party of record or a victim in a criminal prosecution, the potential for prejudice is inherent and the law conclusively presumes partiality.
Finally, the Attorney General suggests that the common-law rule is too far-reaching respecting the degree of kindred to be disqualified. He invites us to adopt a more restrictive rule. We decline the invitation. This ancient rule is firmly embedded in the common law which continues to be the law of the Commonwealth. Code Sec. 1-10.
Accordingly, we will reverse the judgment of the trial court and remand the case for a new trial.
Reversed and remanded.
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