Melton, Chief Justice.

Carranza M. Pryor, The Pryor Law Firm, PO Box 52068, Atlanta, Georgia 30355, John Floyd Woodham, Woodham Law, LLC, 2625 Piedmont Road Suite 56-295, Atlanta, Georgia 30324, for Appellant.

Matthew James Calvert, Hunton Andrews Kurth, LLP, 600 Peachtree Street, N. E. Suite 4100, Atlanta, Georgia 30308-2216, Robert Sparks Highsmith, Keith M. Wiener, Holland & Knight LLP, One Atlantic Center, Suite 2000 1201 West Peachtree Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30309-3453, Paul L. Howard, Fulton County District Attorney's Office, 136 Pryor Street, S.W. 4th Floor, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, Douglass Payton Selby, Hunton & Williams, LLP, Bank of America Plaza, Suite 4100 600 Peachtree Street, N.E., Atlanta, Georgia 30308-2216, Laura T. Wagner, Hunton Andrews Kurth LLP, Bank of America Plaza, 600 Peachtree Street, NE Suite 4100, Atlanta, Georgia 30308-2216, Alvin LaMont Kendall, The Kendall Law Firm, 1133 Cleveland Avenue, Atlanta, Georgia 30344, for Appellee.

Christopher M. Carr, Ross Warren Bergethon, Department of Law, 40 Capitol Square, S.W., Atlanta, Georgia 30334, for Other Party.

Melton, Chief Justice. This case involves one of three related bond validation proceedings, all of which concern the redevelopment of an area of downtown Atlanta commonly referred to as "The Gulch." After several days of hearings, the trial court concluded that issuance of the bonds in this case would be sound, feasible, and reasonable. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm.

1. Background

The relevant facts show that, in 1998, the City of Atlanta ("City"), through its City Council, adopted a Westside Redevelopment Plan that expressly declared the City's goal of redeveloping The Gulch, which had been blighted and underdeveloped for some time. This plan states:

The Railroad Gulch – The ravine created in Atlanta by the railroads has long been a nuisance to the citizens of Atlanta as it has visually, socially, and physically divided the area since the early 1900's. To overcome these conditions[,] the infusion of capital

and the assistance of government is needed to redevelop this 150 acre area.... With the impending

development of the new Atlanta Arena, [Tax Allocation District] funds could be used to help fill development gaps for tourism uses, ... office and retail uses, and other redevelopment needs and uses that might exist. Such developments offer Atlanta the best opportunity to redevelop the "[G]ulch" since the founding of the city over 150 years ago.

On July 14, 2010, the City designated a certain area which included The Gulch as "Atlanta Urban Redevelopment Area No. 1," pursuant to the Urban Redevelopment Law. See OCGA § 36-61-1 et seq. On November 20, 2017, in order to facilitate redevelopment, the City further designated The Gulch redevelopment area to be an "enterprise zone" under the Enterprise Zone Employment Act. See OCGA § 36-88-1 et seq.

Under the Enterprise Zone Employment Act, a local governing body may designate one or more geographic areas as enterprise zones if they suffer from certain enumerated conditions, such as pervasive poverty, high unemployment, and underdevelopment. In order to encourage economic development within these blighted enterprise zones, certain qualifying entities—those creating at least five new full-time jobs within the designated enterprise zone area—can obtain exemptions from property, occupational, and, in the case of enterprise zones created under OCGA § 36-88-6 (g), sales and use taxes that would otherwise be imposed. See OCGA § 36-88-6 (g) (2). The local governing body that designated the enterprise zone is also authorized, if it chooses to do so, to assess and collect annual enterprise zone infrastructure fees from each qualifying business or entity, in an amount not to exceed the amount of sales and use tax on the exempted transactions. The Enterprise Zone Employment Act expressly authorizes a local governing body to pledge the infrastructure fees as security for revenue bonds issued for development or infrastructure within the enterprise zone. See OCGA § 36-88-6 (g) (4). This combination of exemptions, fees, and bonds enables the redevelopment of these impoverished areas.

Acting within this statutory framework, the City, the Downtown Development Authority of the City of Atlanta ("Development Authority"), and Spring Street, LLC, a private land developer ("Developer"), agreed to enter into an Enterprise Zone Development Agreement ("Development Agreement") to redevelop The Gulch into an active live/work community. Pursuant to the Development Agreement, the Developer would acquire the land located in The Gulch and then construct the live/work community there in a number of distinct phases. The initial phase requires the Developer, using its own finances, to construct a platform that physically raises The Gulch landscape to the level of surrounding streets. Once this platform is finished, homes and businesses would then be constructed in additional phases.

To partially fund this redevelopment project, the City and the Development Authority, acting as the City's redevelopment agency, established a master financing program, including the proposed issuance by the Development Authority of the revenue bonds ("Bonds") which are the subject of this case. Because The Gulch has been declared to be an enterprise zone, the City will collect infrastructure fees from the qualifying businesses and service enterprises that will eventually be established within The Gulch. The Bonds, which will be issued to the Developer as an incentive for its construction within The Gulch, will be secured solely by these infrastructure fees. Pursuant to an intergovernmental agreement ("IGA") between the City and the Development Authority, the City will collect the infrastructure fees and pass them along to the Development Authority to service any Bonds outstanding at the time. In turn, the Development Authority will turn the fees over to the trustee of the bond account for payment to the Developer.

The timing and the amount of the distribution of the Bonds to the Developer are directly tied to progress in construction of The Gulch and the growth of businesses (and corresponding infrastructure fees) therein. The purpose of the Bonds is to finance a portion of the costs associated with the Gulch Project, largely beginning after the Developer expends $400 million of its own funds in starting the redevelopment project. The Bonds will be paid off solely from infrastructure fees collected within The Gulch through 2048, or when the Bonds are fully paid off, whichever occurs sooner.

The operative documents creating the financing structure clearly and unequivocally state that neither the City nor the Development Authority will have any obligation whatsoever to pay for the Bonds other than by transferring the infrastructure fees that have been collected. And, the Developer is given rights to pursue infrastructure fees only, not any other funds whatsoever. If infrastructure fees are ultimately insufficient to cover the debt created by the Bonds, the Developer has no recourse for the resulting loss against any of the government parties. In other words, if an insufficient amount of infrastructure fees is generated to support the debt service on the Bonds at any given time, the entirety of the shortfall must simply be borne by the Developer as a loss. In addition to information from the Developer regarding development and construction benchmarks prior to the issuance of Bonds, other prerequisites will be in place to ensure that future incremental issuances of Bonds will be well secured. Prior to each such draw-down issuance, the Development Authority must receive a report from a feasibility consultant confirming that the maximum annual forecasted net infrastructure fees will equal at least 110 percent of the maximum annual debt service for all outstanding Bonds at the given time. In this manner, there is assurance that the bond issuance will remain financially sound and reasonable throughout the course of The Gulch's redevelopment.

Ultimately, the Development Authority seeks to validate up to a maximum amount of $1,250,000,000 in Bonds, but the Bonds will be issued incrementally as the specified conditions above are satisfied. It is possible that a lower amount of Bonds will eventually be issued.

To summarize in the simplest manner: (1) the Development Authority will issue revenue bonds in incremental amounts tied to progress in redevelopment of The Gulch enterprise zone; (2) the revenue bonds will be available only to the Developer, who will earn the bonds with development and construction work completed within The Gulch using the Developer's own money; (3) the debt service for the bonds will be funded exclusively by infrastructure fees; (4) the City will collect these infrastructure fees from businesses within The Gulch and pass them along to the Development Authority for payment of the bonds; and (5) the Developer has certain strictly limited rights to enforce the transfer of collected infrastructure fees, but has no right whatsoever to any other funds of the public entities involved in The Gulch project.

2. The Bond Validation Proceeding

On November 21, 2018, a bond validation hearing regarding the Bonds was set for December 10, 2018. On the morning of the hearing, four citizens of the City ("Intervenors"), who are the appellants in the present case, moved to intervene. See OCGA § 36-82-77 (a). At the same time, the Intervenors filed an answer to the Development Authority's petition for validation. The Intervenor's filing contained nine objections. At the bond validation hearing, the Development Authority and the City presented their opening evidence, including the Bond documents described above and descriptions of the Bond mechanics. The Intervenors then testified to prove their residence within the City. At that time, the trial court expressed its intent to allow the Intervenors and the Developer, which had also filed a motion, to intervene. On the following day, December 11, the trial court followed up its oral ruling by signing a written order allowing intervention of the Intervenors.

On December 19, the bond validation hearing continued. The trial court received additional evidence that day regarding the proposed validation and the Intervenors’ objections. Because of the voluminous nature of the filings and the evidence presented, the trial court continued the hearing one more time until December 21. That day, all parties returned, and the trial court received even more evidence. Following this final day of the bond validation hearing, and after considering everything that had been timely presented up to that point, the trial court issued two written orders: one rejecting the Intervenors’ objections on June 21, 2019, and one validating issuance of the Bonds on July 3, 2019. These two rulings form the crux of this appeal.

3. Rulings on Objections Timely Raised by the Intervenors

(a) Citing OCGA § 36-82-77 (a), the Intervenors first contend that the trial court erred by failing to hold a wholly separate hearing for the purpose of considering their nine timely objections to the bond validation petition. We disagree.

In relevant part, OCGA § 36-82-77 (a) provides, "Within the time prescribed in the order or such further time as he may fix, the judge of the superior court shall proceed to hear and determine all questions of law and of fact in the case and shall render judgment thereof." The Intervenors wish to read into this mandate an obligation for a separate hearing on their objections, but no such obligation exists.

The record shows that a three-day validation hearing was held in this case, and the trial court consistently informed the Intervenors that, during these hearings, they could present any evidence they wished. The Intervenors were not prevented from making any arguments during the hearings. At the end of the final day of the validation hearing, the trial court noted that it was "saturated ... with information" and asked each party for input on whether they would like to (i) schedule oral argument for a later date, (ii) rest on the current pleadings, or (iii) submit additional written argument. The Intervenors indicated that they preferred additional oral argument. The trial court then announced that it would consider the entire record and decide whether it felt comfortable ruling on the record and the pleadings, "without oral argument or further briefing." The Intervenors did not object. The trial court later entered the two orders at issue in this appeal without additional argument or briefing.

Given the extensive hearings held by the trial court, the Intervenors’ contention that the trial court's consideration of their arguments was inadequate is belied by the record. The trial court gave extensive consideration to all of the pertinent issues. Moreover, even if there were any basis for the Intervenors’ contentions, of which we have found none, the Intervenors have identified no argument raised in their original filing of nine objections, either here or below, that was not fully considered by the trial court. There was no error.

(b) The Intervenors next argue that the trial court erred in its determination that additional objections to the bond validation filed by them after the first full day of hearings on December 10, were untimely. Specifically, the Intervenors contend that they did not become parties to the bond validation proceedings until the trial court signed a written intervention order on the day after the first hearing (December 11). They argue that the trial, therefore, could not have begun on December 10, and they had the right to file additional objections to the petition for validation prior to December 19, the date that the hearing on the bond validation resumed. There is no merit to this argument.

In general, citizens seeking to intervene in a bond validation proceeding under OCGA § 36-82-77 (a) must file a motion to intervene under OCGA § 9-11-24, as Georgia's Civil Practice Act applies to bond validation proceedings and dictates the procedure by which a private citizen may become a party to such an action. See Sherman v. Dev. Auth. of Fulton County , 321 Ga. App. 550 (1), 739 S.E.2d 457 (2013). There is no contention in this case that the Intervenors failed to take any of the required steps to intervene. To the contrary, the City and Development Authority have recognized the Intervenors’ statutory right to intervene from the outset of the initial hearing.

Here, the record supports the trial court's findings that the Intervenors were full participants in this case from the outset of the December 10 hearing and were allowed to intervene in the bond validation proceeding at that time. The trial court found that "[t]he citizen intervenors were allowed to join in and their initial answer and objections were accepted as timely" at the December 10 hearing. The hearing transcript supports this finding, as the trial court unequivocally treated the Intervenors as parties and allowed them to testify and enter evidence.

Because the Intervenors were allowed to intervene at the first bond validation hearing on December 10, the Intervenors could only amend their pleadings after that date to add objections if granted leave to do so by the trial court. See OCGA § 9-11-15 (a) ; Borenstein v. Blumenfeld , 250 Ga. 606, 607 (1), 299 S.E.2d 727 (1983) (after the commencement of the trial and the taking of evidence, a party may amend his pleading only by leave of court or by written consent of the adverse party). Therefore, at the time that the Intervenors attempted to amend their pleadings to raise additional objections, the trial court was authorized to allow or disallow any such amendments at its discretion.

Here, the trial court found that the Intervenors’ amendments were untimely, and did not allow them to be filed. This was not an abuse of the trial court's broad discretion. See, e.g., Ford's & GanttCo., Inc. v. Wallace , 249 Ga. App. 273, 276, 548 S.E.2d 31 (2001) (trial court did not abuse discretion denying amendment where "the attempt to amend the answer to add the defense of condemnation came too late and was not supported by the evidence."); Kim v. McCullom , 222 Ga. App. 439, 440 (2), 474 S.E.2d 654 (1996) ("Not only is the right of amendment very broad, but so is the court's discretion in this regard, and its determination will not be disturbed absent abuse."). As the trial court found in its order regarding the Intervenors’ objections, the Intervenors were not surprised by the filing of the bond validation petitions and had sufficient time to prepare, evidenced by the Intervenors’ timely 30-page answer and objections. In addition, one of the Intervenors acknowledged during his testimony that the Intervenors had been consulting with counsel since October 2018. Citing cases such as Tyree v. Jackson , 226 Ga. 690, 694 (2), 177 S.E.2d 160 (1970), and Titelman v. Stedman , 277 Ga. 460, 461, 591 S.E.2d 774 (2003), the Intervenors nonetheless contend that they could not have become parties and the trial could not have begun until the trial court entered a written order granting their intervention. The cases cited by the Intervenors, however, regard the entry of a binding judgment , not a decision regarding a procedural issue such as intervention. With regard to such a procedural issue, "if a judge's ruling made in open court is clearly intended to take effect immediately, it is effective against the litigants immediately, not only when it is reduced to a written order." Mondy v. Magnolia Advanced Materials, Inc. , 303 Ga. 764, 774, 815 S.E.2d 70 (2018). There was no error.

(c) The Intervenors next contend that the trial court failed to make legally adequate findings of fact and conclusions of law as to whether the bond proposal and its corresponding security provided by infrastructure fees are sound, feasible, and reasonable. See OCGA § 9-11-52 (a). In its order validating the issuance of the Bonds, the trial court concluded, after other lengthy recitations, that:

IT IS FURTHER DECLARED, ORDERED AND ADJUDGED, as a matter of fact and law, that both the issuance of the EZ Bonds and the security therefor, are sound, feasible and reasonable, as demonstrated by the evidence adduced at the hearing, including the fact that the bonds will be issued only upon proof of work completed and expenditures made[.]

Isolating this single paragraph from the rest of the trial court's lengthy order, the Intervenors argue that there are insufficient findings of fact and law to support the trial court's conclusions. In making this argument, the Intervenors rely heavily on Sherman v. Dev. Auth. of Fulton County , 320 Ga. App. 689, 693 (1), 740 S.E.2d 663 (2013) ( Sherman III ). In that bond validation proceeding, the Court of Appeals held that the trial court's findings were too incomplete for adequate review and remanded the case, explaining:

[T]he trial court labeled some of its holdings as "findings of fact." Instead of being actual factual findings, however, these statements are summary conclusions that contain no hint about the evidence or analysis the court relied on to arrive at them. Similarly, the trial court's "conclusions of law" challenged by Sherman on this appeal cite no legal authority and contain no analysis that explains them.

(Emphasis supplied.) Id. The present case, however, is quite different from Sherman III . Here, after lengthy hearings, the trial court entered two orders setting forth extensive findings and conclusions. This is not a situation in which there is "no hint about the evidence or analysis the [trial court] relied on." Id. To the contrary, even in the trial court's isolated conclusion cited above, the court expressly explained that it relied on "evidence adduced at the hearing, including the fact that the bonds will be issued only upon proof of work completed and expenditures made[.]" And, during the three days of hearings, extensive evidence was, in fact, presented regarding the mechanics of the bond financing structure, which is included in the record and discussed in the trial court's lengthy orders. Therefore, contrary to the Intervenors’ contentions, there is a clear statement of the trial court's reasoning, and there is a sufficient basis on which this Court can assess that conclusion. See Greene County Dev. Auth. v. State , 296 Ga. 725, 770 S.E.2d 595 (2015). See also Savage v. State of Ga. , 297 Ga. 627, 640 (9) (d), 774 S.E.2d 624 (2015). Therefore, there is no need to remand this case for the trial court to make additional findings.

(d) Citing Article IX, Section II, Paragraph VII (c) of the Georgia Constitution of 1983, the Intervenors maintain that the trial court incorrectly held that the intergovernmental agreement between the City and the Development Authority is lawful. Specifically, the Intervenors contend that the City lacks the authority to perform its obligations under the IGA. We disagree.

The Georgia Constitution establishes four requirements for intergovernmental agreements. Article IX, Section III, Paragraph I (a) of the Georgia Constitution of 1983 provides:

The state, or any institution, department, or other agency thereof, and any county, municipality, school district, or other political subdivision of the state may contract for any period not exceeding 50 years with each other or with any other public agency, public corporation, or public authority for joint services, for the provision of services, or for the joint or separate use of facilities or equipment; but such contracts must deal with activities, services, or facilities which the contracting parties are authorized by law to undertake or provide. By way of specific instance and not limitation, a mutual undertaking by a local government entity to borrow and an undertaking by the state or a state authority to lend funds from and to one another for water or sewerage facilities or systems or for regional or multijurisdictional solid waste recycling or solid waste facilities or systems pursuant to law shall be a provision for services and an activity within the meaning of this Paragraph.

Therefore, to qualify as a valid intergovernmental contract, an agreement must: (1) be a contract between political subdivisions of the state; (2) not last for more than 50 years; (3) be "for joint services, for the provision of services, or for the joint or separate use of facilities or equipment;" and (4) "deal with activities, services, or facilities which the contracting parties are authorized by law to undertake or provide." On its face, the IGA satisfies the first three requirements, and the Intervenors argue only that the fourth requirement is not satisfied here, contending that the City is not authorized to assess infrastructure fees and provide them as payment for the Bonds. This argument, however, is misguided, as revealed by a consideration of the statutory authority for the City's actions.

For purposes of redevelopment, the Redevelopment Powers Law and the Enterprise Zone Employment Act function in tandem under the circumstances in this case. Under the Redevelopment Powers Law, OCGA § 36-44-1, et seq., the City and/or the Development Authority may designate redevelopment areas to be redeveloped in partnership with private enterprises, as has been done here. In addition, pursuant to OCGA § 36-88-6 (g) (1) of the Enterprise Zone Employment Act, the City may nominate such an area as an enterprise zone for these redevelopment purposes. The City followed this process with The Gulch, finding that, in fact, it was an area in urgent need of redevelopment and declaring it, pursuant to a valid City ordinance, to be an enterprise zone. Under the Enterprise Zone Employment Act, in turn, the City is then empowered to assess and collect enterprise zone infrastructure fees and to pledge such funds for revenue bonds issued for development and infrastructure within the designated enterprise zone. OCGA § 36-88-6 (g) (4) explicitly provides:

By resolution or ordinance, the local governing body designating and creating an enterprise zone under this subsection may assess and collect annual enterprise zone infrastructure fees from each retailer operating within the boundaries of the project in an amount not to exceed, in aggregate, the amount of sales and use tax on transactions of such retailer exempted under paragraph (2) of this subsection, which fees may be pledged by such local governing body, directly or indirectly, as security for revenue bonds issued for development or infrastructure within the enterprise zone.

The Enterprise Zone Employment Act does not define "development or infrastructure," but the Intervenors do not contend that the work intended to be completed in The Gulch would not qualify as "development or infrastructure." And, giving those terms their ordinary meaning, see City of College Park v. Martin , 304 Ga. 488, 489, 818 S.E.2d 620 (2018), the work of building a work/live community in the blighted area of The Gulch would certainly qualify as development or infrastructure. Accordingly, the funding of The Gulch project that utilizes infrastructure fees and the issuance of Bonds is legally authorized.

The Intervenors attempt to undercut the City's authority with two main arguments: (1) that the 2017 Amendment to the Enterprise Zone Act is improperly contradictory to other sections of the same Act, and (2) that infrastructure fees cannot, under any circumstances, be utilized to fund private development.

With regard to the first contention, the Intervenors contend that it is improper for the Enterprise Zone Employment Act to allow qualifying businesses an exemption from certain taxes in subsection OCGA § 36-88-6 (g) (2) but then impose an infrastructure fee under subsection (g) (4) of the statute. In essence, the Intervenors argue that the 2017 amendment, which governs the IGA, contradicts the version of the statute that existed prior to the amendment. But the Intervenors ignore the fact that statutory amendments, by their very nature, represent a change to the prior law. The Intervenors have provided no authority, and we know of none, that would prevent the General Assembly from amending the Enterprise Zone Employment Act in the way it did in 2017. While the Intervenors may disagree with the amendment, that does not affect the authority of the General Assembly to enact it. And the amendment does not affect the enforceability of the Enterprise Zone Employment Act, as amended. With regard to their second contention, the Intervenors argue that, because The Gulch is going to be a privately owned project constructed by the Developer, infrastructure fees cannot be used to fund bonds that contribute to such private development. In making this argument, the Intervenors appear to be rewriting the authority given in OCGA § 36-88-6 (g) (4), interpreting the statute as mandating that infrastructure fees may be used as security for revenue bonds issued for only purely public development or infrastructure within the enterprise zone. The statute contains no such limitation to "development or infrastructure," and there is no indication that the General Assembly meant for the statute to be used to fund only public projects. To the contrary, the General Assembly has expressed a general intent that the exercise of redevelopment powers may involve partnering with private parties. For example, OCGA § 36-44-2 of the Redevelopment Powers Law provides:

It is found and declared that economically and socially depressed areas exist within counties and municipalities of this state and that these areas contribute to or cause unemployment, limit the tax resources of counties and municipalities, and create a greater demand for governmental services and, in general, have a deleterious effect upon the public health, safety, morals, and welfare. It is, therefore, in the public interest that such areas be redeveloped to the maximum extent practicable to improve economic and social conditions therein in order to abate or eliminate such deleterious effects. To encourage such redevelopment, it is essential that the counties and municipalities of this state have additional powers to form a more effective partnership with private enterprise to overcome economic limitations that have previously impeded or prohibited redevelopment of such areas. It is the purpose of this chapter, therefore, to grant such additional powers to the counties and municipalities of this state, and it is the intention of the General Assembly that this chapter be liberally construed to carry out such purpose.

(Emphasis supplied.) Furthermore, our own opinions have recognized the importance of public and private partnerships for the purpose of redevelopment. See Savage , supra, 297 Ga. at 633 (4) (c), 774 S.E.2d 624 (affirming the validation of bonds issued to construct the new stadium for the Atlanta Braves in Cobb County). In an additional corollary argument, the Intervenors contend that, because the Developer is given certain limited rights to ensure that it receives collected infrastructure fees, all authority of the governmental entities to enter the IGA is invalid. Section 8.9 of the IGA provides: "The Bondholders are third-party beneficiaries of this Intergovernmental Agreement, and may enforce the terms and provisions hereof." But, it is well established in Georgia law that government entities may contract with private entities to provide public services. See, e.g., Strykr v. Long County Bd. of Commrs. , 277 Ga. 624, 626, 593 S.E.2d 348 (2004). See also Smith v. Bd. of Commrs. of Roads & Revenues of Hall County , 244 Ga. 133, 141, 259 S.E.2d 74 (1979) ("The fact that the private contractor is paid for its services and may make a profit under such a contract does not invalidate the contract provided the county or its residents receive the services required."). Moreover, we have already held in a similar case that, in appropriate circumstances, public bonds may be issued to fund the construction of private developments which provide a public benefit. See Savage , supra at 633 (4) (c), 774 S.E.2d 624. The public entities involved in The Gulch project have determined that a considerable public benefit will be generated by redevelopment of The Gulch, as an area that has been blighted for decades will finally be resurrected for the benefit of the public at large. This Court has no authority to second guess that policy decision. See id. at 647 (10), 774 S.E.2d 624.

The trial court did not err in its determination that the IGA is a valid agreement between the City and the Development Authority. (e) In the proceedings below, the Intervenors contended that the imposition of infrastructure fees under the Enterprise Zone Employment Act violated Article IX, Section II, Paragraph VII (c) of the Georgia Constitution, the "Community Redevelopment Provision." The Intervenors maintained that a municipality may be authorized to levy infrastructure fees only pursuant to that provision, which authorizes the General Assembly to enact general laws allowing the creation of enterprise zones and tax exemptions therein for certain qualifying businesses.

The trial court rejected this argument, finding that the Community Redevelopment Provision was not an exclusive grant of legislative authority. To the contrary, the trial court recognized that the General Assembly has the power to authorize municipalities to levy fees under Article III, Section VI, Paragraph I, which gives the legislature "the power to make all laws not inconsistent with this Constitution ... which it shall deem necessary and proper for the welfare of the state." The trial court further held that nothing in the Community Redevelopment Provision in any way prohibits, precludes, or limits the exercise of such powers. Thus, the Intervenors failed to show a "clear and palpable" conflict between the statute and the Constitution, as would be required to overcome the presumption that there was a proper exercise of plenary legislative power. See Dev. Auth. of DeKalb County v. State of Ga. , 286 Ga. 36, 38 (1), 684 S.E.2d 856 (2009).

The Intervenors nonetheless contend that OCGA § 36-88-6 (g) (4) exceeds the authority vested in the General Assembly by the Community Redevelopment Provision because the constitutional provision dealing with the general creation of enterprise zones never mentions the imposition of "fees." As shown above, Article III, Section VI, Paragraph I, provides all the needed authority for the General Assembly to enact OCGA § 36-88-6 (g) (4), and the statute does not contravene the Community Redevelopment Provision.

(f) The Intervenors next contend that the 2017 Enterprise Zone Amendment is unconstitutional because it allows an "area-wide tax exemption" that exceeds the authority granted in the Community Redevelopment Provision. Essentially, the Intervenors appear to be arguing that the 2017 Amendment completely omits the requirement that exemptions be tied to qualifying businesses and service enterprises. This is wrong. The Community Redevelopment Provision, Article IX, Section II, Paragraph Vll (c) of the 1983 Georgia Constitution, authorizes the General Assembly to provide for the creation of enterprise zones allowing for "exemptions, credits, or reductions of any tax or taxes levied in such zones by state, a county, or a municipality." These exemptions may be given to "such persons, firms, or corporations which create job opportunities within the enterprise zone for unemployed, low, and moderate income persons in accordance with the standards set forth in such general law." Id. Pursuant to this constitutional grant of authority, the General Assembly passed the Enterprise Zone Employment Act of 1997. OCGA § 36-88-1 et seq. OCGA § 36-88-4 (a) allows the use of "incentives [to be made] available to qualifying business and service enterprises to encourage revitalization within enterprise zones." In turn, a "qualifying business or service enterprise" is an organization that increases employment by five or more full-time job equivalents in the designated area. Id. In addition, to the extent that it is feasible, "ten percent of such new employees shall be low-income or moderate-income individuals." OCGA § 36-88-4 (b).

The 2017 Amendment continues to limit tax incentives to "qualifying business and service enterprises" within enterprise zones. OCGA § 36-88-4 (a) lists three "enterprise zone" incentives that are available to qualifying enterprises. It provides:

The following incentives are available to qualifying business and service enterprises to encourage revitalization within enterprise zones: (1) The enterprise zone property tax exemption provided in Code Section 36-88-8 ; (2) The occupational tax, regulatory fee, and business inspection fee abatement or reduction provided in Code Section 36-88-9 ; and (3) For enterprise zones created pursuant to subsection (g) of Code Section 36-88-6, the sales and use tax exemption provided in such subsection pursuant to the authority granted by Article IX, Section II, Paragraph VII (c) of the Constitution of Georgia.

The 2017 Amendment added the third category, which expressly references both enterprise zones created pursuant to OCGA § 36-88-6 (g) and Article IX, Section II, Paragraph VII (c). The plain language of the statute limits the third incentive category, like the first two categories, to qualifying entities, such as The Gulch enterprise zone and the qualifying enterprises contained therein. In amending the Act's "qualifying business" section cited directly above, the General Assembly expressed its intent for OCGA § 36-88-6 (g) enterprise zones (such as The Gulch) to remain subject to the "qualifying business" requirement in OCGA § 36-88-4. Both the area and the enterprises within the area must "qualify," leaving the enactment consistent with the Community Redevelopment Provision.

Nonetheless, the Intervenors argue that the City and the Development Authority intend to apply the Enterprise Zone Employment Act in an unconstitutional way by extending exemptions to any and all retailers within The Gulch, irrespective of whether they are qualifying enterprises. But this claim is not supported by the record. The ordinance enacted by the City declaring The Gulch to be an enterprise zone explicitly limits the sales and use tax exemption to be "in accordance with OCGA § 36-88-6 (g) and OCGA § 36-88-3 (8.1)." As such, the ordinance is limited to "qualifying" entities as envisioned by the Community Redevelopment Provision. This also supports the trial court's clear holding that the sales and use tax exemption and corresponding infrastructure fees authorized by the 2017 EZ Ordinance apply only to qualifying businesses and service enterprises that create at least five full-time jobs. Again, there was no error.

(f) The Intervenors argue that the bond issuance is not sound, feasible, and reasonable because projected infrastructure fee revenues are inadequate to secure Bonds in an amount of $1.25 billion. This argument, however, does not account for the incremental nature of the financing scheme, and therefore lacks merit.

"[W]hether a proposal to issue bonds is sound, feasible, and reasonable is a question for the trial court, and its findings about soundness, feasibility, and reasonableness must be sustained on appeal if there is any evidence to support them." Greene County Dev. Auth. v. State , supra, 296 Ga. at 726, 770 S.E.2d 595. To validate the bond proposal in this case, the trial court was not required to find that $633 million of infrastructure fees over a 30-year period, as conservatively projected by the Development Authority's experts, would service bonds in the possible principal amount of $1.25 billion. The Bonds are "draw-down" bonds that will be issued only if sufficient infrastructure fees are projected to service the bonds. So, if only $633 million of infrastructure fees are projected to be generated by The Gulch, only an amount of Bonds that may be adequately serviced by that amount of fees will be issued.

David Saikia of MuniCap, Inc., a national economic feasibility consulting firm, testified extensively about potential retail development and infrastructure fee projections within The Gulch. In addition, Ralph Dickerson, a senior official in the City of Atlanta Department of Finance, testified about the structure of the Bond proposal. As discussed in Division 1 above, the bond proposal calls for the issuance of Bonds to the Developer incrementally in the maximum aggregate principal amount of up to $1,250,000,000, assuming that The Gulch project is fully developed to 12 million square feet at an approximate total cost of at least $5 billion and that numerous conditions to issuance are also satisfied. The safeguards built into the draw-down structure of the bond proposal ensure that Bonds will not be issued unless the Developer has first completed construction work, the Development Authority has confirmed the expenditures, and a feasibility consultant has issued a report concluding that projected infrastructure fees provide sufficient debt service coverage for whatever amount of Bonds are to be issued.

So, the Intervenors’ argument that $633 million in infrastructure fees cannot support $1.25 billion in Bonds is based on an incorrect premise, namely that it is possible for $1.25 billion in Bonds to be issued if only $633 million of infrastructure fees are projected. After considering all of the testimony and evidence, the trial court recognized in its ruling on the soundness, feasibility, and reasonableness of the Bonds that the draw-down nature of the bond financing structure mandates that an appropriate amount of infrastructure fees must be projected before a corresponding amount of Bonds will be issued. There will not be, as the Intervenors contend, an immediate issuance of $1.25 billion in Bonds in the hopes that infrastructure fees catch up. For this reason, the Intervenors’ objection in this regard is meritless.

(g) Finally, in a duplicative argument, the Intervenors generally contend that the trial court erred by finding the bond issuance to be sound, feasible, and reasonable. As set forth in the prior subdivision, the trial court's findings on this issue must be affirmed if there is any evidence to support them. And the evidence, which has been previously set forth and discussed, is ample.

4. Conclusion

The record supports the trial court's decision to defer to the City's view that redevelopment of The Gulch serves a beneficial public purpose. While not all Atlantans, including the Intervenors in this case, share the City's vision for The Gulch, that does not mean that the project is illegal. As the trial court pointed out, the job of the courts is not to question the advisability or estimate the popularity of the City's decisions regarding the development of The Gulch. With regard to the validation of the Bonds, the job of this Court is simply to determine whether there was any evidence supporting the trial court's determination that the issuance of the Bonds was sound, feasible, and reasonable. In this case, there was.

Judgment affirmed.

All the Justices concur, except Peterson, J., not participating.