Order

EDWARD REED, District Judge

Plaintiff sustained injuries while disembarking from a plane from Spokane, Washington to Seattle, Washington while en route to Russia. Plaintiff alleges three causes of action for: (i) violation of the Warsaw and Montreal Conventions; (ii) negligence; and (iii) respondeat superior against all Defendants.

I. Factual Background

Plaintiff is a resident of Clark County, Nevada who sustained injuries while disembarking from a plane from Spokane, Washington to Seattle, Washington while en route to Russia. (Compl. ¶ 1 (#1 Ex. A).) Defendant Alaska Air Group, Inc. ("Alaska Air") is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business in Seattle that conducts business and air carrier operations at McCarran International Airport in Clark County, Nevada. (Id. ¶ 2.) Defendant Alaska Airlines, Inc. ("Alaska Airlines") is an Alaska corporation and international air carrier with its principal place of business in Anchorage, Alaska that conducts business and air carrier operations at McCarran International Airport in Clark County, Nevada. (Id. ¶ 3.) Defendant Horizon Air Industries, Inc. ("Horizon Air") is a Washington corporation and international air carrier with its principal place of business in Seattle, Washington that conducts business and air carrier operations at McCarran International Airport in Clark County, Nevada. (Id. ¶ 4.)

On or about August 17, 2008, Plaintiff was a passenger on an aircraft owned and operated by Defendants Alaska Air and/or Alaska Airlines and/or Horizon Air on international flight #2377, intending to travel from the United States to Russia for business. (Id. ¶ 7.) Plaintiff purchased her ticket for the flight in the United States. (Id.) Plaintiff began her trip to Russia on a flight between Spokane, Washington and Seattle, Washington. (Id. ¶ 8.) In Seattle, Plaintiff intended to disembark and board another aircraft to travel from Seattle to Copenhagen, and then from Copenhagen to Moscow. (Id.) At the Seattle airport, a yellow stepstool was placed at the end of the staircase leading down from the plane for passengers on Plaintiff's flight to use while descending from the aircraft onto the tarmac. (Id. ¶ 9.) Plaintiff alleges that when she stepped from the last step in the staircase onto the yellow stepstool, the stepstool slipped out from under her foot, causing Plaintiff to fall onto the Tarmac and suffer injury. (Id. ¶ 10.)

II. Procedural Background

III. Partial Summary Judgment Standard

A party claiming relief may move the court to render partial summary judgment to dispose of "part of the claim" pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(a). Federal Rule of Civil procedure 56 contemplates directing summary judgment on liability even if damages cannot be ascertained as a matter of law. FED. R. CIV. P. 56(d)(2).

Summary judgment allows courts to avoid unnecessary trials where no material factual dispute exists. N.W. Motorcycle Ass'n v. U.S. Dep't of Agric., 18 F.3d 1468, 1471 (9th Cir. 1994). The court must view the evidence and the inferences arising therefrom in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, Bagdadi v. Nazar, 84 F.3d 1194, 1197 (9th Cir. 1996), and should award summary judgment where no genuine issues of material fact remain in dispute and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. FED. R. CIV. P. 56(c). Judgment as a matter of law is appropriate where there is no legally sufficient evidentiary basis for a reasonable jury to find for the nonmoving party. FED. R. CIV. P. 50(a). Where reasonable minds could differ on the material facts at issue, however, summary judgment should not be granted. Warren v. City of Carlsbad, 58 F.3d 439, 441 (9th Cir. 1995), cert. denied, 116 S.Ct. 1261 (1996).

IV. Plaintiff's Motion (#14) for Partial Summary Judgment as to the Applicability of the Warsaw and Montreal Conventions. A. Application of the Warsaw and Montreal Conventions

In her motion (#14) for partial summary judgment, Plaintiff asks the Court to find that the provisions of the Montreal and Warsaw Conventions apply to the case at hand and that Defendants are strictly liable for Plaintiff's injuries pursuant to Article 17 of the Warsaw Convention.

The parties are in agreement that the terms of the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Transportation by Air, concluded at Warsaw, Poland on October 12, 1929 (the "Warsaw Convention") apply in the instant case. (D.'s Resp. at 3 (#17).)

Defendants, however, claim that the provisions of the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air (the "Montreal Convention") cannot apply here because Russia is not a party to the Montreal Convention. Plaintiff does not contest this claim in her reply (#19). We agree with Defendants. The Montreal Convention applies, by its terms, only to those parties who have signed the convention. We take judicial notice of the text of the Montreal Convention and the signatories thereto, as published by the International Civil Aviation Organization, and note that Russia is not a signatory to the Montreal Convention. As such, we find that the provisions of the Montreal Convention are not applicable to the case at hand.

B. Strict Liability

Plaintiff contends that Defendants should be subject to strict liability for the injuries Plaintiff sustained. Article Seventeen of the Warsaw Convention provides that "[t]he carrier is liable for damage sustained in the event of the death or wounding of a passenger or any other bodily injury suffered by a passenger, if the accident which caused the damage so sustained took place on board the aircraft or in the course of any of the operations of embarking or disembarking." Warsaw Convention Art. 17.

Originally, the Warsaw Convention capped liability at approximately $8,300 per passenger. Warsaw Convention Art. 22. In response to the United States' threat to withdraw from the Warsaw Convention if the limits on liability were not increased, air carriers reached the Montreal Agreement of 1966 (the "Montreal Agreement"), which raised the liability limitation to $75,000 for flights originating, terminating or having a stopping point in the United States. See 31 Fed. Reg. 7302 (1966); Wallace v. Korean Air, 214 F.3d 293, 297 (2nd Cir. 2000); Floyd v. Eastern Airlines, 872 F.2d 1462, 1468 (11th Cir. 1989). This resulted in "virtual strict liability" for air carriers. Wallace, 214 F.3d at 297 (citing In re Korean Air Lines Disaster of Sept. 1, 1983, 932 F.2d 1475, 1485 (D.C. Cir. 1991)).

Article 17 of the Warsaw Convention explains that a carrier "shall be liable" for death or bodily injuries of passengers sustained during flight as the result of an "accident." The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals has found that the Warsaw Convention "creates an express presumption that any accident is the result of carrier negligence unless the carrier can prove that all necessary measures were taken to avoid damages, or that it was impossible to take such measures." In re Aircrash in Bali, Indonesia on April 22, 1974, 684 F.2d 1301 (9th Cir. 1982). Further, Article 21 of the Warsaw Convention provides that a Court may exonerate the carrier wholly or partly if the carrier proves that the damage was caused by or contributed to by the negligence of the injured person. Warsaw Convention Art. 21.

Here, Defendants contend that Plaintiff's motion (#14) for partial summary judgment should be denied because whether Plaintiff was contributorily negligent is a question of fact that Defendants should have an opportunity to prove. Defendants correctly state that in considering a motion for summary judgment, every inference should be given in favor of the non-moving party. Bagdadi v. Nazar, 84 F.3d 1194, 1197 (9th Cir. 1996). (Resp. at 5 (#17).) At the time the motion (#14) for partial summary judgment was filed, discovery had not yet been completed. Defendants were therefore unable to pursue discovery on their alleged defense of contributory negligence at the time of Plaintiff's motion (#14). We therefore find that Plaintiff's motion (#14) for partial summary judgment with respect to the imposition of a strict liability standard is premature and will be denied. Plaintiff may wish to renew her motion for partial summary judgment on this issue.

V. Conclusion

Plaintiff filed a motion (#14) for partial summary judgment on the issues of the application of the Warsaw and Montreal Conventions and the principle of strict liability with respect to the injuries sustained by Plaintiff. We have found that the Warsaw Convention, as modified by the Montreal Agreement, applies to this case. The Montreal Convention does not apply here because Russia is not a party to the Montreal Convention. We decline to rule that a strict liability standard applies here because Defendants did not have an opportunity to pursue discovery on their alleged defense of contributory negligence at the time Plaintiff's motion (#14) was filed.

IT IS THEREFORE HEREBY ORDERED THAT the Plaintiff's motion (#14) for partial summary judgment is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part: GRANTED as to the application of the Warsaw Convention and DENIED as to the application of the Montreal Convention and the principle of strict liability to the case at hand.