MEMORANDUM

CHRISTOPHER CONNER, District Judge

Plaintiffs Donna Dull and her daughter, Holly Dull, bring this suit pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 alleging violations of their Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment rights during their arrest and detention in March 2005. Plaintiffs also advance tort claims pursuant to Pennsylvania law. Defendants are West Manchester Township, the City of York, and their respective police officers and chiefs. Defendants have filed motions to dismiss (Docs. 22, 23) certain of the federal and state claims against them. Plaintiffs have filed a motion to amend the complaint (Doc. 33) to substitute York City police officer Nicholas Figge for a previously fictitious defendant. For the reasons that follow, the motions to dismiss (Doc. 22, 23) will be granted in part and denied in part, and the motion to amend (Doc. 33) will be granted.

I. Statement of Facts

On March 13, 2005, plaintiff Donna Dull ("Donna") delivered photographic film to Wal-Mart, located at the West Manchester Mall in York, Pennsylvania, for development. (Doc. 1 ¶ 28.) She and her daughter, Holly Dull ("Holly"), returned to the mall to retrieve the film the following day. (Id. ¶ 29.) Donna and Holly parted company upon arrival at the mall, and Donna entered Wal-Mart to obtain her prints. A Wal-Mart employee informed Donna that the photographs could not be returned to her because Wal-Mart staff questioned their propriety and had contacted the West Manchester Township Police Department. (Id. ¶ 30.) Donna was told to contact the police to resolve the situation. (Id. ¶ 31.)

Donna left Wal-Mart and completed other errands at the mall before returning to her vehicle. (Id.) In the interim, the Wal-Mart employee had apparently contacted the police, who arrived at Donna's vehicle as she backing out of a parking space. (Id. ¶ 32.) A police vehicle operated by defendant Officer Sean Conway ("Conway") parked behind her, blocking her egress. (Id.) Conway approached Donna and instructed her to exit her vehicle. (Id. ¶ 33.) Backup officers arrived on the scene, among whom were defendants West Manchester Township Police Sergeant Peter Haines, Detective David Bixler ("Bixler"), Detective Steven Crider, and Officer David Keller. (Id. ¶ 35.) An unidentified York City police officer also responded. (Id.)

Conway repeated his command that Donna exit her vehicle, and she complied. (Id. ¶ 36.) Conway handcuffed Donna, who stated: "Please don't do that." (Id. ¶ 38.) In response, one or more of the officers forced Donna into the side of a nearby parked vehicle despite her alleged lack or physical resistance. (Id. ¶ 39.) Donna was unable to identify which officers assailed her because her back was toward them. (Id. ¶ 42.)

Holly left the mall as police were arresting Donna and approached the Dulls' vehicle. (Id. ¶ 46.) She identified herself and asked why police were arresting her mother, and Bixler responded by instructing officers to take Holly into custody as well. (Id. ¶¶ 46-47.) Donna and Holly were taken to West Manchester Township Police Department headquarters. (Id. ¶ 51.) Donna remained in handcuffs for approximately two hours, allegedly causing her to lose feeling in her hands and fingers. (Id. ¶ 52.) She requested that police remove the handcuffs. The police complied but replaced the handcuffs with a leg iron attached to a tether. (Id. ¶ 53.)

Donna and Holly were eventually released. Donna subsequently faced criminal charges associated with the suspect photographs. (Id. ¶ 55.) The York County District Attorney moved for dismissal of those charges on June 21, 2006. (Id.) No charges were filed against Holly. (Id. ¶ 56.)

As a result of the arrest, Donna alleges that she has chest and breast pain, a bruised rib, and pain in her neck, back, and chest. (Id. ¶ 58.) She has also suffered an inguinal hernia requiring surgical repair, among other injuries. (Id.)

Plaintiffs aver that their injuries resulted from the policies and customs of the West Manchester Township Police Department; its chief, Arthur D. Smith ("Smith"); the York City Police Department; and its commissioner, Mark L. Whitman ("Whitman"). Plaintiffs claim that these defendants failed to adequately screen, hire, supervise, and discipline the officers who arrested them. (Id. ¶ 75.) Defendants allegedly encourage their officers to employ arrest tactics that escalate physical confrontation with arrestees, and they fail to discipline officers for use of excessive force. (Id. ¶ 76.) The complaint states that defendants inadequately investigate incidents of force, prematurely vindicate officers' actions in such situations, and prepare investigative reports that rely exclusively on police accounts and omit factual information adverse to officers. (Id. ¶¶ 91(a)-(c); 130(a)-(c).) Defendants perform no review of incident reports filed by supervising officers to ensure completeness and accuracy. (Id. ¶¶ 91(d)-(e); 130(d)-(e).) Finally, the complaint alleges that defendants fail to sanction officers who engage in misconduct and neglect the use of professional tests to determine whether officers demonstrate a propensity toward unnecessary force. (Id. ¶¶ 94, 97.)

Plaintiffs filed the instant complaint on February 16, 2007. Plaintiffs allege various infringements of their rights under the federal constitution and the law of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Defendants West Manchester Township and its police department, chief, and officers (collectively "the West Manchester defendants") have filed a motion to dismiss (Doc. 22) selected claims against them. Defendants City of York, its police department, police commissioner, and fictitiously named officer John Doe (collectively "the York City defendants") have filed a motion to dismiss (Doc. 23) all claims against them on the ground that plaintiff failed to identify the fictitiously named officer within the statute of limitations. Alternatively, they move to dismiss certain counts of the complaint for failure to state a claim. Plaintiffs have filed a motion to amend (Doc. 33) their complaint to identify the fictitiously named officer as York City Police Sergeant Nicholas Figge ("Figge"). The parties have fully briefed these issues, which are now ripe for decision.

II. Standard of Review

Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides for the dismissal of complaints that fail to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. FED. R. CIV. P. 12(b)(6). When ruling on a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), the court must "accept as true all factual allegations in the complaint and all reasonable inferences that can be drawn therefrom, and view them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff." Kanter v. Barella, 489 F.3d 170, 177 (3d Cir. 2007) (quoting Evancho v. Fisher, 423 F.3d 347, 350 (3d Cir. 2005)). Although the court is generally limited in its review to the facts in the complaint, it "may also consider matters of public record, orders, exhibits attached to the complaint and items appearing in the record of the case." Oshiver v. Levin, Fishbein, Sedran Berman, 38 F.3d 1380, 1384 n. 2 (3d Cir. 1994); see also In re Burlington Coat Factory Sec. Litig., 114 F.3d 1410, 1426 (3d Cir. 1997).

Federal notice pleading rules require the complaint to "give the defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests." Sershen v. Cholish, No. 3:07-CV-1011, 2007 WL 3146357, at *4 (M.D. Pa. Oct. 26, 2007) (quoting Erickson v. Pardus, ___ U.S. ___, 127 S. Ct. 2197, 2200 (2007)). The plaintiff must present facts that, if true, demonstrate a plausible right to relief. See FED. R. CIV. P. 8(a) (stating that the complaint should include "a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief"); Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, ___ U.S. ___, 127 S. Ct. 1955, 1965 (2007) (requiring plaintiffs to allege facts sufficient to "raise a right to relief above the speculative level"); Victaulic Co. v. Tieman, 499 F.3d 227, 234 (3d Cir. 2007). Thus, courts should not dismiss a complaint for failure to state a claim if it "contain[s] either direct or inferential allegations respecting all the material elements necessary to sustain recovery under some viable legal theory." Montville Twp. v. Woodmont Builders LLC, No. 05-4888, 2007 WL 2261567, at *2 (3d Cir. 2007) (quoting Twombly, ___ U.S. at ___, 127 S. Ct. at 1969). Under this liberal pleading standard, courts should generally grant plaintiffs leave to amend their claims before dismissing a complaint that is merely deficient. See Grayson v. Mayview State Hosp., 293 F.3d 103, 108 (3d Cir. 2002); Shane v. Fauver, 213 F.3d 113, 116-17 (3d Cir. 2000).

III. Discussion

The York City defendants' motion requests dismissal because their liability is conditioned upon the actions of the fictitiously named officer, and is barred by plaintiffs' failure to identify the officer within the limitations period. The court will therefore first address plaintiffs' motion to amend the complaint to add Figge as a defendant. The court will thereafter address the York City and West Manchester defendants' motions to dismiss various counts of the complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.

A. Motion to Amend the Complaint

Rule 15 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure governs amendment of pleadings. Amendments generally take effect when they are filed. Hence, amending a pleading to append a new defendant after expiration of the limitations period is ineffective unless the amendment relates back to the date that the original complaint was filed. An amendment relates back if three conditions imposed by Rule 15(c) are satisfied. First, the claim against the new defendant must "ar[i]se out of the conduct, transaction, or occurrence set out — or attempted to be set out — in the original pleading." FED. R. CIV. P. 15(c)(1)(B); see also Singletary v. Pa. Dep't of Corr., 266 F.3d 186, 194 (3d Cir. 2001.) Second, the newly identified defendant must, within 120 days of the filing of the complaint, receive notice of the action such that he or she will not incur prejudice by defending the suit on the merits. FED. R. CIV. P. 15(c)(1)(C)(I); id. R. 4(m); see Singletary, 266 F.3d at 194; see also Urrutia v. Harrisburg County Police Dep't, 91 F.3d 451, 458 (3d Cir. 1996). Third, "the newly named party must have known, or should have known, (again, within the 120 day period) that 'but for a mistake' made by the plaintiff concerning the newly named party's identity, 'the action would have been brought against' the newly named party in the first place." Singletary, 266 F.3d at 194 (quoting FED. R. CIV. P. 15(c)(1)(C)(ii)). A plaintiff who satisfies these conditions may nevertheless be denied leave to amend under Rule 15(a) if the plaintiff engaged in undue delay when moving to amend. See Arthur v. Maersk, Inc., 434 F.3d 196, 203 (3d Cir. 2006.)

In the case sub judice, the claims against Figge arise from the same transaction or occurrence as the claims against the named defendants. All defendants allegedly participated in Donna and Holly's arrest. Plaintiffs have therefore satisfied the first condition for relation back of the amendment to the complaint.

The second condition requires that the newly added defendant receive notice of the action within 120 days after the filing of the original complaint and that the defendant incur no prejudice in defending the suit on the merits. Actual notice is not required, and two methods exist through which a defendant may receive constructive notice sufficient to comply with the requirements of Rule 15(c). Under the shared attorney method, a newly added defendant will be deemed to have notice of a claim if "the originally named party and the party who is sought to be added are represented by the same attorney." Singletary, 266 F.3d at 196. Imputation of notice is appropriate if "the attorney is likely to have communicated to the latter party that he may very well be joined in the action." Id. The plaintiff must demonstrate that the strength of the relationship between the existing defendant's attorney and the new defendant supports an inference that the attorney informed defendant of the claim within the 120-day period prescribed by Rule 15. Garvin v. City of Phila., 354 F.3d 215, 225 (3d Cir. 2003).

Alternatively, the plaintiff may impute notice under the identity of interest method. This method requires "'that the parties [be] so closely related in their business operations or other activities that the institution of an action against one services to provide notice of the litigation to the other.'" Singletary, 266 F.3d at 197 (quoting 6A CHARLES A. WRIGHT, et al., FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE, § 1499, at 146 (2d ed. 1990)). A plaintiff seeking to impute notice from a supervisor to a subordinate under this method must establish "circumstances that permit the inference that notice was actually received" by the subordinate. Singletary, 266 F.3d at 200; Garvin, 354 F.3d at 227.

In the instant case, counsel for the York City defendants entered appearances on behalf of fictitiously named John Doe on March 3 and 15, 2007. (See Docs. 7, 9.) On March 9, 2007, Figge prepared an incident report regarding the Dulls' arrest at the behest of his superiors. (See Doc. 39, Ex. B at 5.) This report, prepared nearly two years after the arrest, followed the filing of the complaint by a mere one month. Discovery produced on July 3, 2007, approximately two weeks after expiration of the 120-day period, formally identified Figge as the officer who participated in the arrests.

In light of these facts, the court concludes that notice of plaintiff' claims is be imputed to Figge under the shared attorney method. One may reasonably assume that counsel for the York City defendants began investigating the identity of the unnamed defendant after they commenced representation on defendants' behalf. See Parsons v. City of Phila., No. Civ. A. 02-1881, 2002 WL 32341781, at *3 (E.D. Pa. Dec. 12, 2002) (holding that it is reasonable to assume that, upon receiving a complaint against prison officials and unnamed prison guards, officials conducted an investigation to determine the unidentified defendants' identity.) The complaint identified only one York City police officer at the scene of the arrest; hence, counsel would have had to uncover Figge's identity in order to obtain firsthand information regarding their clients' involvement in the suit.

Figge's report — prepared one month after the filing of the complaint — and counsel's identification of Figge as the responding officer bolster this conclusion. Figge's completion of the incident report nearly two years after the arrest but in close temporal proximity to the complaint strongly suggests his superiors demanded it for use in the present lawsuit. Further, the 120-day deadline of Rule 15 expired a mere two weeks prior to the July 3 discovery responses. Counsel inevitably would have had to consult with Figge about the nature of the lawsuit well before the expiration of the deadline in order to formulate the discovery disclosures produced on July 3. Therefore, the court concludes that Figge received notice of plaintiffs' claims within the 120-day period prescribed by Rule 15 and that he received imputed notice of the claim under the shared attorney method.

Imputed notice would likewise be proper under the identity of interest method. The interests of Figge and the York City defendants are closely aligned because liability of both is dependent on Figge's actions at the arrest scene. Preparation of the incident report supports an inference that Figge was aware of the suit. See Sanford v. Stiles, 456 F.3d 298, 314 (3d Cir. 2006) (stating that municipal liability requires an underlying violation of constitutional rights, either by the municipality's employees or as a result of its policies and customs). As discussed supra, the evidence of record corroborates Figge's actual notice of the claim within the 120-day period prescribed by Rule 15(c). Notice may also be imputed to him under the identity of interest method.

The second condition for relation back of amended pleadings requires that the newly added defendant experience no prejudice in responding to the action despite the intervening expiration of limitations period. Here, the court concludes that Figge is not prejudiced by late joinder because he was informed of the litigation within the 120-day notice period. See Leary v. Nwosu, No. Civ. A., 2007 WL 2892641, at *7 (E.D. Pa. Oct. 2, 2007) (finding that newly added defendant would not incur prejudice because the defendant received notice of the claims against it within the 120-day period under Rule 15). Accordingly, the court finds that the plaintiffs have satisfied the second condition for relation back of amendments to pleadings.

The third and final condition for relation back requires that the newly added party know within the 120-day period that, but for a mistake regarding the identity of the defendant, the suit would have been brought against him or her. See FED. R. CIV. P. 15(c)(1)(C)(ii). Suits against fictitious defendants qualify as a mistaken identity for purposes of Rule 15(c). See Arthur v. Maersk, Inc., 434 F.3d 196, 209 (3d Cir. 2006) (citing Varlack v. SWC Caribbean, Inc., 550 F.2d 171, 174-75 (3d Cir. 1977)) ("An amendment naming a new party will relate back to the original complaint if the party had adequate notice of the action and should have known that it would have been named in the complaint but for a mistake — whether the mistake is based on lack of knowledge or mere misnomer.") In the present case, plaintiffs' failure to identify Figge in the original complaint derived from their lack of knowledge regarding his identity. This lack of knowledge qualifies as a "mistake" for purposes of relation back.

Finally, the York City defendants contend that plaintiffs engaged in undue delay in filing their motion to amend, warranting its denial. A court may deny leave to amend under Rule 15(a) if the plaintiff engages in undue delay and the defendant is prejudiced thereby. In re Merck Co. v. Sec., Derivative, ERISA Litig., 493 F.3d 393, 400 (3d Cir. 2007); Howze v. Jones Laughlin Steel Corp., 750 F.2d 1208, 1212 (3d Cir. 1984) (noting that "delay alone . . . is an insufficient ground upon which to deny a motion to amend" and that "the touchstone is whether the non-moving party will be prejudiced if the amendment is allowed"). Here, the York City defendants contend that plaintiffs engaged in undue delay because they received notice of Figge's identity in early July 2007 but waited four months before filing the instant motion to amend. This brief lapse, standing alone, is insufficient to justify denial of the motion to amend. See Riley v. Taylor, 62 F.3d 86, 90-91 (3d Cir. 1995) (holding that a petitioner's six-month delay in filing his motion to amend a petition for writ of habeas corpus was insufficient to justify denial of the motion). Allowing the amendment will not prejudice Figge because he received timely notice of the plaintiffs' claims. Accordingly, plaintiffs' motion to amend the complaint to add York City Police Sergeant Nicholas Figge as a defendant will be granted. B. Section 1983 Claims

Plaintiffs advance claims pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 alleging that all defendants deprived them of their rights to be free from excessive force and unreasonable seizure guaranteed by the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments. Section 1983 provides protection when official action causes a "deprivation of rights protected by the Constitution." Monell v. Dep't of Soc. Svcs., 436 U.S. 658, 690 (1978). However, § 1983 is not an independent source of substantive rights. Baker v. McCollan, 443 U.S. 137, 144 n. 3 (1979); Kneipp v. Tedder, 95 F.3d 1199, 1204 (3d Cir. 1996). Rather, "it provides only remedies for deprivations of rights established elsewhere in the Constitution or federal laws." Kneipp, 95 F.3d at 1204; see also Collins v. City of Harker Heights, 503 U.S. 115, 119 (1992) (Section 1983 "does not provide a remedy for abuses that do not violate federal law."). In order to establish a § 1983 claim, a plaintiff must demonstrate, first, the deprivation of a constitutional right, and, second, that a "person acting under the color of state law" is responsible for the alleged deprivation. Kneipp, 95 F.3d at 1204 (internal citations omitted); Collins, 503 U.S. at 120.

1. Dismissal for Direct Violation of § 1983

Defendants contend that the complaint seeks recovery for substantive violations of § 1983 rather than for deprivation of constitutional rights and therefore warrants dismissal. This argument apparently derives from headings in the complaint that allege "Violation[s] of 42 U.S.C. § 1983." (Doc. 1 at 25, 27, 38, 40.) Semantics notwithstanding, a cursory review of the complaint reveals that plaintiffs advance claims for infringement of their Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment rights. These injuries are actionable via § 1983, which provides an enabling mechanism for the remedies plaintiffs seek. See Kopec v. Tate, 190 F. App'x 125, 128 (3d Cir. 2006). To resolve any ambiguity in the complaint, the court will construe the § 1983 allegations as demands for relief predicated upon deprivation of plaintiffs' constitutional rights. In light of the court's construction, defendants' motions to dismiss the complaint on this basis will be denied. 2. Merger of Official Capacity Claims

Smith, Whitman, and all police officer defendants (collectively "the individual defendants") move to dismiss the § 1983 claims against them in their official capacities. A suit against a government official in his or her official capacity is synonymous with a claim against the government entity that employs him or her. See Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 165 (1985) (quotingMonell v. Dep't of Soc. Svcs., 436 U.S. 658, 690 n. 55 (1978)) (stating that suits against officers in their official capacity "generally represent only another way of pleading an action against an entity of which an officer is an agent"); Gregory v. Chehi, 843 F.2d 111, 120 (3d Cir. 1988) (reiterating that official-capacity claims are equivalent to claims asserted directly against the government). Claims asserted against both a government entity and the entity's agents in their official capacity warrant dismissal of the redundant official-capacity suits. See Johnston v. Dauphin Borough, No. 1:05-CV-1518, 2006 WL 1410766, at *4 (M.D. Pa. May 22, 2006) (granting motion to dismiss official-capacity claims because plaintiff asserted identical claims against municipality); Congregation Kol Ami v. Abington Twp., No. Civ. A. 01-1919, 2004 WL 1837037, at *19 (E.D. Pa. Aug. 17, 2004) ("When a government body can be sued for injunctive and declaratory relief, there is no need to bring official capacity suits against local government officials."). Therefore, the claims against the individual defendants in their official capacities will be dismissed as duplicative of those against the municipalities. Leave to amend will be denied as futile. See Grayson v. Mayview State Hosp., 293 F.3d 103, 108 (3d Cir. 2002). 3. Personal Involvement of Smith and Whitman

Defendants Whitman, Smith, the City of York, and the York City Police Department move to dismiss the claims against them for lack of personal involvement. It is well-established that individual liability in a civil rights action must be predicated upon the defendant's personal involvement in the deprivation of civil rights and cannot be imposed upon a governmental official based on a theory of respondeat superior. See Rizzo v. Goode, 423 U.S. 362, 372-73 (1976); Hampton v. Holmesburg Prison Officials, 546 F.2d 1077, 1082 (3d Cir. 1976). Civil rights violations levied against supervisory employees require the plaintiff to

(1) identify the specific supervisory practice or procedure that the supervisor failed to employ, and show that (2) the existing custom and practice without the identified, absent custom or procedure created an unreasonable risk of the ultimate injury, (3) the supervisor was aware that this unreasonable risk existed, (4) the supervisor was indifferent to the risk; and (5) the underling's violation resulted from the supervisor's failure to employ that supervisory practice or procedure.

Brown v. Muhlenberg Twp., 269 F.3d 205, 216 (3d Cir. 2001); Rosenberg v. Vangelo, 93 F. App'x 373, 379 (3d Cir. 2004) (reiterating that deliberate indifference of a supervisor may subject the supervisor to liability for violation of civil rights by subordinates). The supervisor "must either be the 'moving force [behind] the constitutional violation' or exhibit 'deliberate indifference to the plight of the person deprived.'' Waples v. Kearney, No. 03-722, 2005 WL 724175, at *3 (D. Del. Mar. 29, 2005) (quoting Sample v. Diecks, 885 F.2d 1099, 1118 (3d Cir. 1989). A municipality may be held liable under § 1983 only if the plaintiff "identif[ies] a municipal 'policy' or 'custom' that caused the plaintiff's injury." Colburn v. Upper Darby Twp., 946 F.2d 1017, 1027 (3d Cir. 1991) (citing Monell v. Dep't of Social Svcs., 436 U.S. 658, 694, (1978))

In the present case, the complaint alleges that Whitman, Smith, the City of York, and the York City Police Department maintained inadequate systems to review allegations of excessive use of force by officers within their respective police departments. (Doc. 1 ¶ 91.) They allegedly performed cursory reviews of citizen complaints, resolving them in a manner that favored the officers' accounts of use-of-force incidents. (Id.) According to the complaint, defendants have also failed to implement emotional fitness evaluations to determine whether officers have a propensity to use of excessive force. (Id. ¶ 97.) As a result, officers lacked training on objective standards by which to ascertain appropriate police action and had unfettered discretion when responding to sensitive situations. (Id. ¶ 96.) Whitman and Smith allegedly knew of and contributed to these policy shortcomings. (Id. ¶¶ 97, 99.) Plaintiffs contend that Smith, Whitman, and the municipal defendants could have prevented their injuries by implementing more robust use-of-force policies and by screening officers for proclivities toward violence. (Id. ¶¶ 92, 97.)

The court finds that the complaint successfully avers claims for supervisory liability against Whitman and Smith arising from their alleged deliberate indifference to the plight of plaintiffs. Similarly, plaintiffs have pled a policy, practice, or custom resulting in the improper use of force sufficient to withstand dismissal of action. Accordingly, the motions will be denied.

4. Fourteenth Amendment Excessive Force Claim

All defendants move to dismiss the Fourteenth Amendment due process claims against them on the ground that they improperly duplicate the Fourth Amendment excessive force claim. See Graham v. Conner, 490 U.S. 386, 388 (1989) (holding that excessive force claims are properly analyzed under the Fourth Amendment reasonableness standard). The Fourth Amendment protects individuals from the use of excessive force by government actors performing a seizure. See id. This protection applies from the point of seizure until the individual seized becomes a pre-trial detainee.See Donahue v. Gavin, 380 F.3d 371, 382 (3d Cir. 2002) ("[W]e refer to the Fourth Amendment as applying to those actions which occur between arrest and pre-trial detention.") Thereafter, the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment provides continuing protection. See James v. York County Police Dep't, 160 F. App'x 126, 131 (3d Cir. 2005).

Courts have encountered difficulty in defining precisely when this transition occurs. See, e.g., United States v. Johnstone, 107 F.3d 200, 207 (3d Cir. 1997) ("Where the seizure ends and pre-trial detention begins is a difficult question."); Hill v. Algor, 85 F. Supp. 2d (D.N.J. 2000) (collecting cases from various circuit courts of appeals representative of disagreement regarding when a seizure ends and pretrial detention begins). The Fourth Amendment clearly applies to government conduct during the course of an arrest, and it continues during transportation of an arrestee to the police station. See Groman v. Twp. of Manalapan, 47 F.3d 628, 633-34 (3d Cir. 1995) (analyzing alleged excessive force used by police to transport arrestee from a police vehicle into the station under the Fourth Amendment); Bieros v. Nicola, 860 F. Supp. 226, 232 (E.D. Pa. 1994) (same). Once station house detention ensues, courts have evaluated factors such as the length of time in custody, whether the arrestee has been transferred out of the custody of the arresting officers, and whether the arrestee has been arraigned to determine whether an arrestee's constitutional protections derive from the Fourth or the Fourteenth Amendment. See, e.g., Stephens v. City of Butler, Ala., 509 F. Supp. 2d 1098, 1108-09 (S.D. Ala. 2007).

In the present case, plaintiffs predicate their constitutional claims upon the arrest of Donna and Holly at the mall, their transport to the West Manchester Township police station, and Donna's custodial detention once there. Clearly, the Fourth Amendment applies to the officers' conduct when arresting and transporting plaintiffs. The motions to dismiss the Fourteenth Amendment claims will be dismissed as to this conduct. Leave to amend will be denied as futile. See Grayson, 293 F.3d at 108.

With respect to Donna's detainment at the police station, the record contains no information regarding its duration, whether the arresting officers retained custody of Donna, or whether she was arraigned. The record is therefore insufficient to allow the court to determine whether the Fourth or Fourteenth Amendment governs Donna's rights at the police station. The defendants' motions to dismiss the Fourteenth Amendment claim arising from Donna's detention will be denied to permit the parties to develop the factual circumstances thereof.

C. State-Law Claims

Plaintiffs also maintain various claims arising under state law. Donna advances claims for negligent infliction of emotional distress, assault, and, battery, and Holly brings claims for false imprisonment and false arrest. Both plaintiffs demand relief for intentional infliction of emotional distress. 1. Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress

All defendants move for dismissal of Donna's claims for negligent infliction of emotional distress. The Pennsylvania Political Subdivision Tort Claims Act grants municipalities categorical immunity for the negligence of their employees except with respect to certain statutorily enumerated negligence claims.See 42 PA. CONS. STAT. § 8542; Heckensweiler v. McLaughlin, 517 F. Supp. 2d 707, 719 (E.D. Pa. 2007). Negligent infliction of emotional distress is not among the claims for which liability may attach to a political subdivision. See 42 PA. CONS. STAT. § 8542(b); Coreia v. Schuylkill County Area Vocational-Technical Sch. Auth., No. 4:CV-04-2425, 2005 WL 2266589, at *11 (M.D. Pa. Sept. 16, 2005). Defendants West Manchester Township, West Manchester Township Police Department, the City of York and the York City Police Department are therefore immune from suit for negligent infliction of emotional distress allegedly perpetrated by their employees. The motions to dismiss the claim against these defendants will be granted, and leave to amend will be denied as futile. See Grayson, 293 F.3d at 108.

Municipal employees generally receive immunity for actions within the scope of their employment to the same extent as their municipal employers. See id. 42 PA. CONS. STAT. § 8545. An employee's willful misconduct may vitiate this immunity. See id. § 8550. Acts of lesser culpability, such as those arising from an employee's negligence or deliberate indifference, have no effect on the employee's immunity. See Boria v. Bowers, No. Civ. A. 06-4383, 2007 WL 2726338, at *6 (E.D. Pa. Sept. 17, 2007) ("Mere negligence or deliberate indifference is not sufficient to break through governmental immunity on the grounds of willful misconduct.").

Donna's claim for negligent infliction of emotional distress against the individual defendants arises exclusively from their conduct when arresting and detaining her. Donna alleges that individual defendants committed these actions within the scope of their employment as law enforcement officers. Donna does not allege that any of her injuries resulted from acts by the individual defendants committed outside the scope of their law enforcement duties. The motions to dismiss the claim for negligent infliction of emotional distress will therefore be granted because the individual defendants possess immunity from suit. Leave to amend will be denied as futile to the extent that Donna contends the individual defendants acted negligently while performing their law enforcement duties. Donna will be granted leave to amend the complaint to allege negligent actions by the individual defendants performed outside the scope of their employment that caused her to suffer emotional distress. 2. Intentional Tort Claims

Defendants City of York and York City Police Department request dismissal of Donna and Holly's intentional tort claims against them on the ground that they lack personal involvement in the allegedly tortious conduct. It is axiomatic that a tort claim requires proof that a defendant's action caused the plaintiff's injury. See, e.g., Brown v. City of Phila., No. Civ. A. 07-0192, 2008 WL 269495, at *12 (E.D. Pa. Jan. 29, 2008) (quoting Lakits v. York, 258 F. Supp. 2d 401, 407 (E.D. Pa. 2003)) ("'To prove [a] claim of battery, [a] [p]laintiff must establish that a particular [d]efendant intended to cause a harmful or offensive contact to [p]laintiff, or an imminent apprehension of such contact in [p]laintiff, and that such contact with [p]laintiff resulted.'" (alterations in original)). A plaintiff's failure to allege causation renders an intentional tort claim ineffective.

In the present case, plaintiffs allege that their tortious injuries occurred entirely through the actions of the arresting officers. They do not contend that the York City municipal defendants engaged in any action that caused the torts of which they complain. Accordingly, the court will grant the motion to dismiss these claims for lack of causation.

None of the parties have addressed whether the moving defendants are subject to vicarious liability for the tortious acts of their employees or subordinates. Nevertheless, municipalities possess complete immunity from claims predicated upon the intentional misconduct of their employees. See 42 PA. CONS. STAT. § 8542(a). Any attempt to amend the complaint to assert an intentional tort claim against the moving defendants would therefore be futile, and leave to amend will be denied. See Grayson, 293 F.3d at 108.

IV. Conclusion

Plaintiffs' motion to amend (Doc. 33) the complaint to replace the police officer fictitiously named as John Doe with Figge will be granted. The motions to dismiss (Docs. 22, 23) will be granted except to the extent that they seek dismissal for purported lack of personal involvement of Smith, Whitman, the City of York, and its police department. The motions will also be denied with respect to all claims asserted directly under § 1983 and to the Fourteenth Amendment claim arising from Donna's detention at the police station.

An appropriate order will issue.

ORDER

AND NOW, this 17th day of March, 2008, upon consideration of the motion to amend the complaint (Doc. 33) and motions to dismiss (Docs. 22, 23), and for the reasons set forth in the accompanying memorandum, it is hereby ORDERED that:

1. The motion to amend (Doc. 33) the complaint is GRANTED. Plaintiffs are instructed to file and effectuate service of an amended complaint in accordance with Rule 4 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure on or before April 11, 2008. See L.R. 15.1(a).

2. The clerk of court is instructed to TERMINATE defendant John Doe.

3. The motion to dismiss (Doc. 22) of defendants West Manchester Township and West Manchester Township Police Department (collectively "the West Manchester municipal defendants"); and of Sean Conway, Peter Haines, David Keller, David Bixler, Steven Crider, and Arthur Smith (collectively "the West Manchester individual defendants") is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part as follows:

a. The motion is GRANTED with respect to:

i. The claims brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against the West Manchester individual defendants in their official capacities,

ii. The Fourteenth Amendment excessive force claim of plaintiff Donna Dull insofar as it arises from her arrest and transportation to the police station,

iii. The claim for punitive damages against the West Manchester municipal defendants,

iv. The claim for negligent infliction of emotional distress against the West Manchester municipal defendants, and

v. The claim for money damages under the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

Leave to amend these claims is denied as futile. Grayson v. Mayview State Hosp., 293 F.3d 103, 108 (3d Cir. 2002).

b. The motion is further GRANTED with respect to plaintiff Donna Dull's claim for negligent infliction of emotional distress against the West Manchester individual defendants. Plaintiffs shall be permitted to file an amended complaint on or before April 11, 2008. Any amended pleading shall comply in all respects with Local Rule 15.1.

c. The motion is otherwise DENIED.

4. The motion to dismiss (Doc. 23) of defendants York City Police Department and the City of York (collectively "the York City municipal defendants") and of Mark L. Whitman and John Doe (collectively "the York City individual defendants") is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part as follows:

a. The Motion is GRANTED with respect to:

i. The claims brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against the York City individual defendants in their official capacities,

ii. The Fourteenth Amendment excessive force claim of plaintiff Donna Dull insofar as it arises from defendants' conduct when arresting and transporting her to the police station,

iii. The claim for punitive damages against the York City municipal defendants,

iv. The claims for negligent infliction of emotional distress, intentional infliction of emotional distress, assault, battery, false imprisonment, and unlawful arrest the York City municipal defendants, and

v. The claim for money damages under the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

Leave to amend these claims will be denied as futile. Grayson, 293 F.3d at 108.

b. The motion is further GRANTED with respect to the claim for negligent infliction of emotional distress against the York City individual defendants and with respect to the claims for intentional infliction of emotional distress, assault, battery, false imprisonment, and unlawful arrest against Mark Whitman. Plaintiffs shall be permitted to file an amended complaint on or before April 11, 2008. Any amended pleading shall comply in all respects with Local Rule 15.1.

c. The motion is otherwise DENIED.

5. Plaintiffs' demand for recovery of sums in excess of $200,000 appearing on page 50 of their complaint (Doc. 1) is STRICKEN. See L.R. 8.1.