ALLEN, J.

The question upon which this court divided in Boynton v. Hatch ( 47 N.Y., 225) has been definitely settled by the later decisions of this court as well as the Commission of Appeals. The views I there expressed, and which were agreed to by two of my brethren, have been approved, and it is now settled that to charge a holder of stock, issued upon and for the purchase of property, individually for the debts of the company, it is not enough to prove that the property has been purchased and paid for at an over valuation through a mere mistake or error of judgment on the part of the trustees, but that it must be shown that the purchase at the price agreed upon was in bad faith and to evade the statute. The transaction may be impeached for fraud, but not for error of judgment or mistaken views of the value of the property, inasmuch as good faith and the exercise of an honest judgment is all that is required. ( Schenck v. Andrews, 57 N.Y., 133; Boynton v. Andrews, 63 id., 93.)

The entire capital stock of the "Black River Iron and Mining Company" was issued to Horton, one of the trustees, in consideration of the assignment to the company of two executory contracts; the one for the purchase of a furnace property and premises, and the other of certain woodlands. No part of the capital stock was paid in money, or otherwise than by the assignment of the contracts referred to, and no certificate has been filed as required by section 11 of chapter 40 of the Laws of 1848 that the capital stock has been paid in.

As was said in Boynton v. Hatch ( supra), sections 10 and 14 of the general law of 1848 ( supra), and section 2 of chapter 33 of the Laws of 1853 ( supra), are in pari materia, and must be read together as parts of the same general law, and the law is that the entire capital stock of monied and manufacturing corporations organized under the general laws for that purpose must be paid in money, and a certificate thereof filed by the trustees, as required by the law of 1848, and stockholders remain individually liable for the debts of the company until these conditions of the statute are complied with, subject only to the exception engrafted upon the prior general law by the act of 1853, to the effect that the trustees of such companies may in good faith purchase property necessary to their business, and issue stock to the amount of the value thereof in payment therefor, and the holders of stock thus issued are exempt from liability for the debts of the corporation under section 10 of the prior law. The stock issued in payment for property may be a part or the whole of the capital stock contemplated by the articles of association, or of new stock created for that purpose. ( Schenck v. Andrews, 46 N.Y., 589.)

The statute, however, only exempts stockholders from liability under section 10 of the original statute in respect of stock issued in good faith, pursuant to the privilege conferred by the supplementary act of 1853; that is, to the amount of the value of property in payment for which it is issued. A deliberate and advised over valuation of property thus purchased and paid for is a fraud upon the law, and a violation of the condition upon which the exemption of stockholders from liability under the provisions of the original statute is made to depend. It is in direct violation of the policy as well as of the terms of the law which demands payment, either in money or property at its value, of all the capital stock of the company, as a condition of immunity to the stockholders from liability for debts of the corporation. The payment of an amount for property in excess of its value deprives creditors and the public of the security contemplated by the statute, and thus a fraud is perpetrated as well upon the law as upon creditors. The fraud is consummated by the issue of stock as full paid stock, under the act of 1853, which has not been fully paid for in value by the property for which it is issued, and it does not depend upon any fraudulent intent other than that which is evidenced by the act of knowingly issuing stock for property to an amount in excess of its value. All that is necessary to establish the legal fraud and take the stock issued out of the immunity assured to stock honestly issued in pursuance of the act of 1853 is to prove two facts: 1st. That the stock issued exceeded in amount the value of the property in exchange for which it was issued; and, 2d. That the trustees deliberately, and with knowledge of the real value of the property over valued it, and paid in stock for it an amount which they knew was in excess of its actual value. The value must be determined in any action in which the question arises upon such evidence as may be given, having respect to the circumstances and the nature of the property, and the scienter and guilty action of the trustees may be proved either directly or inferred from circumstances.

The complaint does not specifically in totidem verbis charge guilty knowledge of the value of the property, and a fraudulent intent upon the trustees in the purchase from Horton; but it does aver facts, which, if proved, would authorize the inference of every fact necessary to sustain the action. The purchase of property, the value of which did not exceed $20,000, from Horton, one of the trustees, and the issue of the entire capital stock of the company to the amount of $300,000 therefor, is alleged, with an averment that $200,000 of the stock thus issued was divided between Horton and the other trustees, of whom the defendant was one, and that the defendant, well knowing the facts, received upon such division more than $5,000 of the stock at its par value, and still holds and owns the same. The seller of the property may well be presumed to know its value, and knowledge by the defendant of all the facts stated, including the alleged value of the property is averred. It is a very significant fact, as alleged, giving character to the transaction, that the seller of the property was willing to and did divide with his co-trustees, the bargainers, two-thirds of the nominal consideration he received for it. This is entirely inconsistent with the idea that the sale was a bona fide sale for the supposed actual value of the property, and without explanation would be conclusive evidence that the purchase by the trustees was not, in the exercise of an honest judgment and the discretion vested in them, at the real or supposed value of the thing purchased; but that under color of a compliance with the provisions of the act of 1853, the purchase of the property and the issue of the stock was a palpable evasion of, and fraud upon, the law. The complaint does, in its substantive facts, make a case entitling the plaintiff to recover, by showing that the stock held and owned by the defendant was not issued for property purchased in good faith for the business of the company, and for the amount of its value, but was issued in fraud of the law, and of those who should afterwards deal with and become creditors of the corporation. The evidence of the value of the property was, therefore, competent, and the objection to its admission was properly overruled.

The facts found by the judge were warranted by the evidence, and sustain the judgment founded thereon. The jury, to whom the question of value was submitted, found the value of the property to be $64,000, and this was a liberal estimate upon all the evidence. The other questions of fact, and the whole case upon the law, were submitted to the judge as upon a trial by the court, and it is found as a fact that the value of the property was so disproportionate to the nominal value of the stock issued as to take the case out of a sound discretion exercised by the trustees, and as a conclusion of law that the transaction was a fraud upon the law, and not to be upheld as a mistake or innocent misunderstanding of the value of the property, and that the capital stock of the company had not been paid in as contemplated by law.

The property was held by Horton, under executory contracts of purchase, upon which nothing had been paid; the purchase-money being wholly unpaid. The contract-price for the furnace property was $30,000, and the contract was made but about a year before the sale to the company. The contract for the woodland had been entered into but about five months before the sale to the company, and was for $10,000, to be paid for as the wood should be cut. One-third of the stock issued was immediately retransferred to the company, to be sold by it to raise a "working capital," and enable the company to prosecute its business, and this stock was sold at prices ranging from forty to sixty cents on the dollar of its par value, the defendant buying his at the lowest price named. In this sale of stock by the corporation to the defendant we have the estimate of both buyer and seller — that is, of all the trustees of the company of the value of the property acquired and owned by the company, and represented by the nominal capital of $300,000. By that sale and purchase they fix the value of the property at only $120,000, which is nearly double the value proved upon the trial and found by the jury. The defendant cannot complain if the property is valued at his own price.

The surrender and re-transfer of $100,000 of the stock to the company, without consideration, is some evidence that the $300,000 was not regarded as the value of the property, but that it was so treated with a view to absorb the entire capital stock, and the sale of the stock received by the company at the prices stated was very persuasive evidence of the opinion entertained by the trustees of the value of the property as represented by the stock. The learned judge, before whom the case was tried, was clearly right in his views of the transaction.

The action against the defendant and others, the trustees of the company, for not making the report required by section 12 of the general act ( supra), although brought to recover the same debts, is not a bar to this action. The two actions are not for the same cause; they cannot be sustained upon the same evidence; they are to enforce different liabilities, and the judgment in each is different.

The judgment must be affirmed.

All concur, except CHURCH, Ch. J., not voting.

Judgment affirmed.