ORDER

STEVEN J. McAULIFFE, Chief Judge.

In March of 2005, a Pilatus PC-12 aircraft that had taken off from Naples, Florida, crashed in State College, Pennsylvania, during an instrument landing approach. All six people on board died. This product liability and negligence action arises out of that accident. Plaintiffs invoke this court's diversity subject matter jurisdiction over their state law claims. See 28 U.S.C. § 1332.

The plane was based in Rhode Island and those on board were residents of Rhode Island. The plaintiffs — the estates of the six victims — have named as defendants Atlas Aircraft Center, Inc. ("Atlas"), a New Hampshire corporation, and Pilatus Aircraft, Ltd. ("Pilatus"), a Swiss corporation. Pilatus moves to dismiss all of plaintiffs' claims, asserting that it has insufficient contacts with the State of New Hampshire to support this court's exercise of personal jurisdiction over it. Plaintiffs, as well as Pilatus's co-defendant, Atlas, object.

For the reasons set forth below, Pilatus's motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction is denied, as is its motion to dismiss in favor of first-filed action.

Standard of Review

A. Personal Jurisdiction: Statutory and Constitutional Prerequisites.

Allegations of jurisdictional facts are construed in the plaintiff's favor, see Buckley v. Bourdon, 682 F. Supp. 95, 98 (D.N.H. 1988), and, if the court proceeds based upon the written submissions of the parties without an evidentiary hearing, the plaintiff need only make a prima facie showing that jurisdiction exists. See Kowalski, 787 F.2d at 8; Boit v. Gar-Tec Products, Inc., 967 F.2d 671, 674-75 (1st Cir. 1992). Nevertheless, to defeat a motion to dismiss, plaintiff's demonstration of personal jurisdiction must be based on specific facts set forth in the record. See TicketMaster-New York, Inc. v. Alioto, 26 F.3d 201, 203 (1st Cir. 1994); Negron-Torres v. Verizon Communications, Inc., 478 F.3d 19, 23 (1st Cir. 2007). And, "[i]n reviewing the record before it, a court `may consider pleadings, affidavits, and other evidentiary materials without converting the motion to dismiss to a motion for summary judgment.'" VDI Technologies v. Price, 781 F. Supp. 85, 87 (D.N.H. 1991) (quoting Lex Computer Management Corp. v. Eslinger Pelton, P.C., 676 F. Supp. 399, 402 (D.N.H. 1987)); see also Gar-Tec Products, 967 F.2d at 675-76.

Before a court may exercise personal jurisdiction over a non-resident defendant, the plaintiff must show, first, that the forum state's long-arm statute confers jurisdiction over the defendant, and second, that the exercise of jurisdiction comports with constitutional due process standards (by establishing that the defendant has sufficient "minimum contacts" with the forum state). See Kowalski, 787 F.2d at 9-10. New Hampshire's individual long-arm statute, N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. ("RSA") 510:4, extends personal jurisdiction over foreign defendants "to the full extent that the statutory language and due process will allow." Phelps v. Kingston, 130 N.H. 166, 171 (1987). Likewise, New Hampshire's corporate long-arm statute, RSA 293-A:15.10, authorizes jurisdiction over foreign corporations and unregistered professional associations to the full extent permitted by federal law. See Sawtelle, 70 F.3d at 1388. Stated another way, New Hampshire's individual and corporate long-arm statutes reach as far as the due process protection afforded by the federal constitution will allow. Accordingly, the court need only determine whether the exercise of personal jurisdiction over a foreign defendant would comport with federal constitutional guarantees.

To exercise personal jurisdiction over a foreign defendant in a manner consistent with the Constitution, the plaintiff must demonstrate that the defendant has "certain minimum contacts with the forum such that the maintenance of the suit does not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice."Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia, S.A. v. Hall, 466 U.S. 408, 414, 104 S.Ct. 1868, 80 L.Ed.2d 404 (1984) (citation and internal punctuation omitted). And, to conclude that a defendant has such "minimum contacts," the court must first be satisfied that the defendant's conduct bears such a "substantial connection with the forum State" that the defendant "should reasonably anticipate being haled into court there." Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 473-75, 105 S.Ct. 2174, 85 L.Ed.2d 528 (1985) (citing World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson, 444 U.S. 286, 297 (1980)).

B. General v. Specific Jurisdiction.

A court may exercise either general or specific personal jurisdiction over a defendant. "General jurisdiction exists when the litigation is not directly founded on the defendant's forum-based contacts, but the defendant has nevertheless engaged in continuous and systematic activity, unrelated to the suit, in the forum state." United Elec. Workers v. 163 Pleasant St. Corp., 960 F.2d 1080, 1088 (1st Cir. 1992); see also Negron-Torres, 478 F.3d at 25. Specific personal jurisdiction, on the other hand, exists when the plaintiff's cause of action arises directly out of, or relates to, the defendant's forum-based contacts. United Elec. Workers, 960 F.2d at 1088-89.

In an effort to assist trial courts in determining whether they may properly exercise specific personal jurisdiction, the Court of Appeals formulated a three-part test:

First, the claim underlying the litigation must directly arise out of, or relate to, the defendant's forum-state activities. Second, the defendant's instate contacts must represent a purposeful availment of the privilege of conducting activities in the forum state, thereby invoking the benefits and protections of that state's laws and making the defendant's involuntary presence before the state's courts foreseeable. Third, the exercise of jurisdiction must, in light of the Gestalt factors, be reasonable.

With those principles in mind, the court turns to Pilatus's motion to dismiss.

Background

The PC-12 is a single-engine turbo-prop aircraft. Pilatus manufactured the PC-12 at issue in Switzerland in 1999 and sold it in Europe to a French buyer. Following several intervening resales, the aircraft was purchased by a Rhode Island limited liability company and, in 2003, it was transported to the United States. According to plaintiffs, Atlas then inspected, serviced, and maintained the aircraft on a continuous basis prior to March 26, 2005 (the date of the crash).

Plaintiffs advance two causes of action against Pilatus, which, reduced to their essence, allege the following:

1. Pilatus negligently designed, manufactured, and tested the Pilatus PC-12 model aircraft — conduct (and/or omissions) that proximately caused the fatal crash (the "Defective Aircraft Claim").

2. Pilatus produced, sold, and otherwise distributed deficient maintenance manuals and specifications for the inspection and maintenance of the PC-12 and the procedures described in those manuals were followed, which proximately caused the fatal crash (the "Service Manuals Claim").

And, say plaintiffs, Pilatus has sufficient contacts with this forum to warrant the exercise of both general and specific personal jurisdiction over it. Pilatus disagrees.

Discussion

I. General Jurisdiction.

Most of the forum-based activity to which plaintiffs point was not carried out directly by Pilatus. Instead, it was performed by its wholly-owned, Colorado-based subsidiary, Pilatus Business Aircraft, Ltd. ("PBAL"). And, neither plaintiffs nor Atlas has attempted to demonstrate that the court may properly exercise personal jurisdiction over Pilatus based upon the forum contacts of PBAL (e.g., they have not attempted to show that PBAL is a sham corporation, or an alter ego of Pilatus, or an agent of Pilatus). See, e.g., Andresen v. Diorio, 349 F.3d 8, 12 (1st Cir. 2003); Donatelli v. National Hockey League, 893 F.2d 459, 465 (1st Cir. 1990). As the District Court for the District of Massachusetts has observed:

The First Circuit Court of Appeals has indicated that personal jurisdiction over parent companies "invariably" depends upon the finding of a "plus" factor, "something beyond the subsidiary's mere presence within the bosom of the corporate family." A plus factor of that sort exists 1) where the association between parent and subsidiary demonstrates an agency relationship between the two, 2) where the exercise of control by the parent over the subsidiary goes beyond that "degree of control innately inherent in the family relationship" or 3) where the subsidiary is "merely an empty shell." In all such cases, the parent's relationship to the subsidiary implies that it has availed itself of the benefits of the forum state where the subsidiary is subject to personal jurisdiction.

Here, beyond merely identifying PBAL's substantial forum contacts, plaintiffs have not attempted to establish the existence of the "plus" factor identified by the court of appeals nor, necessarily, have they borne their burden of overcoming the presumption of corporate separateness by clear evidence.

II. Specific Jurisdiction.

A. The Service Manuals Claim.

Plaintiffs have, however, adequately demonstrated that the court may properly exercise specific personal jurisdiction over Pilatus (at least as to the Service Manuals Claim). Among other things, the parties' jurisdictional discovery has revealed that Pilatus sold more than 300 maintenance manuals, service bulletins, and other technical documents directly to Atlas, with knowledge that Atlas was using those documents to perform required annual and 100-hour inspections on at least some of the many PC-12 aircraft hangered in this state. Such purposeful business-related contacts with this forum are sufficient for this court to exercise specific personal jurisdiction over Pilatus consistent with the requirements of due process. Stated somewhat differently, consideration of each of the relevant factors — relatedness, purposeful availment, and reasonableness — counsels in favor of the exercise of specific personal jurisdiction over Pilatus with respect to the Service Manuals Claim.

First, plaintiffs' claims against Pilatus relate to, and arise directly out of, Pilatus's sale of the maintenance manuals and service bulletins in this forum. See, e.g., Amended Complaint at paras. 50(e) (f) (alleging that Pilatus "negligently provid[ed] maintenance specifications for the inspection and maintenance of the airframe fuel filter and fail[ed] to provide adequate warnings relating thereto" and "negligently provid[ed] Service Bulletins, maintenance instructions, and other specifications for maintenance and inspection of the subject aircraft, and fail[ed] to provide adequate warnings relating thereto"). Here, the relationship between plaintiffs' Service Manuals Claim and Pilatus's sale of those allegedly defective service and maintenance manuals in this forum is neither attenuated nor indirect. See United Elec. Workers, 960 F.2d at 1089. Rather, Pilatus's sale of those manuals to Atlas forms an "important, or at least material, element of proof in the plaintiffs' case," id. (citation and internal punctuation omitted) because Atlas allegedly relied upon those materials when servicing the PC-12 at issue in this case.See generally Harlow v. Children's Hosp., 432 F.3d 50, 60-61 (1st Cir. 2005).

Next, by selling those maintenance manuals and service bulletins directly to Atlas, Pilatus purposefully availed itself of the privilege of conducting business activities in this forum. "The function of the purposeful availment requirement is to assure that personal jurisdiction is not premised solely upon a defendant's `random, isolated, or fortuitous' contacts with the forum state." Sawtelle, 70 F.3d at 1391 (quoting Keeton v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 465 U.S. 770, 774 (1984)). Here, Pilatus's sales of maintenance and service manuals in the state of New Hampshire were not random, isolated, or fortuitous. Rather, they were knowing and purposeful. According to the record, Pilatus made such sales nearly every month from at least April of 2003 through February of 2008. Under those circumstances, Pilatus's contacts with this forum were both direct and voluntary. And, Pilatus certainly could have foreseen that, should there be a liability claim arising from alleged defects in one or more of those manuals, it would likely be haled into court in this forum. See Ticketmaster, 26 F.3d at 207 (describing "voluntariness" and "foreseeability" as the "cornerstones of purposeful availment").

Finally, the exercise of personal jurisdiction over Pilatus — at least as to plaintiffs' Service Manuals Claim — would be both fair and reasonable in light of the so-called "gestalt factors." Those factors are: (1) the burden on defendant to appear in the forum; (2) the interests of the forum state in adjudicating the plaintiff's claims; (3) the convenience of the plaintiff; (4) the interests of the judicial system in the effective and efficient administration of justice; and (4) the "common interests of all sovereigns in promoting substantive social policies." Sawtelle, 70 F.3d at 1395.

While defending against plaintiffs' claims in this forum is, to some extent, burdensome, Pilatus has not shown any "special or unusual burden." Pritzker v. Yari, 42 F.3d 53, 64 (1st Cir. 1994). This is particularly true since, eventually, Pilatus will have to defend against plaintiffs' claims in some forum in this country, whether it be New Hampshire or Colorado. See D'Jamoos v. Pilatus Aircraft Ltd., 566 F.3d 94, 108 (3d Cir. 2009) ("[Plaintiffs] have made a prima facie showing that, given Pilatus's direct contacts within Colorado, the exercise of general jurisdiction over Pilatus in Colorado would comport with due process.").

As for New Hampshire's interest in providing a judicial forum for the parties' dispute, the court of appeals has noted that a state has a "demonstrable interest in exercising jurisdiction over one who causes tortious injury within its borders." Ticketmaster, 26 F.3d at 211. Additionally, the court of appeals "has repeatedly observed that a plaintiff's choice of forum must be accorded a degree of deference with respect to the issue of its own convenience." Sawtelle 70 F.3d at 1395. Here, given the fact that one of the defendants — Atlas — resides in New Hampshire, it certainly makes sense that plaintiffs would prefer to litigate their negligence and product liability claims here (given, for example, the presence of relevant witnesses, documents, etc.).

Finally, it is difficult to say that the "common interests of all sovereigns in promoting social policies" weighs heavily either in favor of, or against, this court's exercise of personal jurisdiction over Pilatus. But, because substantial discovery has already taken place in this forum, and because one of the defendants resides in this state (along with many of its employees, some of whom are likely to be witnesses), the interests of judicial economy and efficiency counsel in favor of the exercise of personal jurisdiction over Pilatus — again, at least as to plaintiffs' Service Manuals Claim.

B. The Defective Aircraft Claim.

Because plaintiffs must demonstrate that the court has personal jurisdiction over Pilatus as to each of their claims, it is appropriate to consider whether there is an independent basis to exercise specific personal jurisdiction over Pilatus with respect to the Defective Aircraft Claim. See generally Phillips Exeter Academy, 196 F.3d at 289 ("We commend the lower court's decision to analyze the contract and tort claims discretely. Questions of specific jurisdiction are always tied to the particular claims asserted.").

Here, for largely the same reasons expressed by the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, the court concludes that if plaintiffs' Defective Aircraft Claim were standing alone, the court would lack specific personal jurisdiction over Pilatus. See D'Jamoos, 566 F.3d at 103-06. In short, plaintiffs' claim that Pilatus defectively designed and manufactured (in Europe) the PC-12 aircraft at issue in this case does not "directly arise out of, or relate to, [Pilatus's] forum-state activities." United Elec. Workers, 960 F.2d at 1089. As the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit observed with respect to personal jurisdiction in Pennsylvania:

The record before us conclusively establishes that Pilatus's direct contacts within Pennsylvania are quite limited. . . . Although Pilatus designed and manufactured the subject aircraft, it did so in Switzerland and then sold the plane in Europe. The aircraft later reached the United States via a series of third-party resales in which Pilatus was not involved, only arriving in Pennsylvania because it was making a stopover on an interstate flight. Pilatus did not profit from activities in Pennsylvania as a result of the aircraft's initial sale or resales. And although a small number of Pilatus's PC-12s are based in Pennsylvania, there is no record evidence indicating how those planes reached Pennsylvania. Certainly, we have no basis to believe that Pilatus sent the planes to Pennsylvania.

III. Pendent Personal Jurisdiction.

The doctrine of pendent personal jurisdiction (at least as it applies in diversity cases) essentially provides that "where a plaintiff has established jurisdiction over a non-resident defendant with respect to one state law cause of action, the court[] . . . will exercise jurisdiction over that defendant with respect to related state claims" that would not, on their own, support personal jurisdiction. Val Leasing, Inc. v. Hutson, 674 F. Supp. 53, 56 (D. Mass. 1987). See also Anderson v. Century Prods. Co., 943 F. Supp. 137, 145 (D.N.H. 1996) (court exercised pendent personal jurisdiction with respect to contract claim after concluding that it had personal jurisdiction over defendant as to plaintiff's tort claims); Action Embroidery Corp. v. Atlantic Embroidery, Inc., 368 F.3d 1174, 1181 (9th Cir. 2004) ("When a defendant must appear in a forum to defend against one claim, it is often reasonable to compel that defendant to answer other claims in the same suit arising out of a common nucleus of operative facts. We believe that judicial economy, avoidance of piecemeal litigation, and overall convenience of the parties is best served by adopting this doctrine."); United States v. Botefuhr, 309 F.3d 1263, 1273 (10th Cir. 2002) ("[T]he majority of federal district courts and every circuit court of appeals to address the question have upheld the application of pendent personal jurisdiction, and we see no reason why, in certain situations, the assertion of pendent personal jurisdiction would be inappropriate.") (citations omitted).

Professors Wright and Miller summarized the doctrine of pendent personal jurisdiction as follows:

[T]he pendent personal jurisdiction doctrine in both the diversity and federal question contexts is best articulated as follows: a district court has discretion to exercise personal jurisdiction over a claim that it ordinarily lacks personal jurisdiction over only when that claim arises out of the same common nucleus of operative fact as does a claim that is within the in personam jurisdiction power of the court . . . Under this description of the doctrine, a district court may not reach beyond the forum state's long-arm statute merely because doing so would promote efficiency. The court first must find that the additional claim is within the same common nucleus of operative fact as a claim that already falls within the ambit of the forum state's long-arm statute.

4A C.A. Wright M.K. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1069.7 (2d ed. 1995).

In the exercise of its discretion, the court concludes that it is appropriate to apply that doctrine in this case. Because both of plaintiffs' claims against Pilatus arise out of the same common nucleus of operative fact, the court may properly exercise personal jurisdiction over Pilatus as to the Defective Aircraft Claim. Both claims — the Defective Aircraft Claim and the Service Manuals Claim — arise from the crash of the Pilatus aircraft in Pennsylvania. By virtue of having personal jurisdiction over Pilatus with regard to the Service Manuals Claim, the court may properly exercise personal jurisdiction over Pilatus as to any remaining related claims.

IV. Pilatus's Motion to Dismiss First-Filed Action.

As noted above, the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania — the court in which plaintiffs' filed virtually identical claims against Pilatus — recently transferred those claims to the United States District Court for the District of Colorado. D'Jamoos v. Pilatus Aircraft Ltd., Case no. 07-1153 (E.D. Pa. Oct. 1, 2009). See generally 28 U.S.C. § 1631. In the wake of that transfer, Pilatus has filed a motion to dismiss this action in favor of the "first-filed" action now pending in Colorado.

Plaintiffs object and, in response, say: (1) they have consistently made clear their intention to litigate their claims against Pilatus in a single forum; (2) they would prefer to litigate those claims in New Hampshire, given the fact that they are already litigating claims against Atlas here and because it is reasonably close to Rhode Island — the state in which the plaintiffs reside; and (3) "[s]hould this Court rule that it has personal jurisdiction over Pilatus, the plaintiffs will immediately dismiss their claims against Pilatus in Colorado." Plaintiff's memorandum (document no. 74) at 2.

The judicial opinions (and the legal treatise) upon which Pilatus relies in support of its motion to dismiss are not on point. In those cases, the so-called "first-filed rule" arose when, after a plaintiff had sued a defendant in a particular forum, that defendant subsequently sued the plaintiff in a different forum. The question then arose as to whether the two related cases should be consolidated and, if so, in which forum. See TPM Holdings, Inc. v. Intra-Gold Indus., 91 F.3d 1 (1st Cir. 1996); Cianbro Corp v. Curran-Lavoie, Inc., 814 F.2d 7 (1st Cir. 1987). See also James Moore, Moore's Federal Practice § 111.13[1][o] (2009) ("If two actions involving the same parties and identical issues (`mirror image' actions) are pending in different districts, whether filed in those courts originally or removed there, competing motions to dismiss or transfer to the other district frequently are made in both actions. In general, under the `first-filed rule,' the first-filed action will be given priority and be allowed to proceed in favor of the later action, unless convenience or other special circumstances dictate departure from the rule.") (footnotes omitted) (emphasis supplied).

Here, however, both this case and the one that was recently transferred to Colorado were filed by the estates of the six victims of the crash. And, those plaintiffs have expressed a preference to litigate their claims against Pilatus in this forum (along with their claims against Atlas). They have also stated that if this court concludes that it may properly exercise personal jurisdiction over Pilatus (which it has), then they will dismiss the identical claims currently pending in Colorado.

Given the somewhat unusual facts of this case, the plaintiffs' preference for litigating their claims in this forum, and the fact that plaintiffs are already litigating claims arising out of the crash in this forum against another defendant, dismissing or transferring their claims against Pilatus to Colorado would not represent an efficient use of judicial resources. It would, however, cause the parties to unnecessarily incur substantial additional legal fees and would likely impose an unnecessary burden on at least some of the potential witnesses in this proceeding (many of whom presumably live in New Hampshire and Rhode Island).

Accordingly, in the exercise of its discretion, the court declines Pilatus's invitation to dismiss this case (or transfer it to the United States District Court for the District of Colorado for consolidation with the pending case in that forum).

Conclusion

Plaintiffs' motion to strike (document no. 77), and their motion to file a seven page reply brief (document no. 82) are denied as moot.

SO ORDERED.