ALLEN, J.

The plaintiff does not claim to recover of the defendant for the use of the patent-right and the patented invention, referred to in the complaint, by virtue of any contract, expressed or implied, or any agreement by the defendant to pay the plaintiff any compensation or royalty for the right to use the same. In substance, the allegations of the complaint are of a use of the patented invention by the defendant without the consent of, or any license or permission by, the plaintiff. The arrangement and agreement between Watrous, the owner of the patent in common with the plaintiff, and the defendant, is not set out in the complaint, or its terms disclosed. It does not appear from any allegation, and was not claimed by the counsel for the appellant, that the latter is entitled to compensation from the defendant by the terms of that arrangement and agreement. No claim is asserted under it. The plaintiff's claim rests wholly upon the rights conferred by law upon him as an owner of an undivided interest in the patent, to recover compensation for its use to the extent of his interest, from one using it without his permission.

The action thus stated is simply an action for an infringement of the patent and for damages, the plaintiff waiving the tort and seeking for an accounting and to recover as upon a quantum meruit. Whatever may be his legal rights, they are not varied by a change in the form of action, and do not depend upon contract, but arise under the patent-right laws of the United States, of which the United States courts have exclusive jurisdiction. (R.S.U.S., § 711; Hovey v. Rubber Tip Pencil Co., 57 N.Y., 119; Dudley v. Mayhew, 3 id., 9.) The first cause of demurrer, to wit, that the court has no jurisdiction of the subject of the action, is well assigned, and entitles the defendant to an affirmance of the judgment.

But, if we pass that question, the demurrer was properly sustained by the court below for the reason that the complaint does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action. The allegations of the complaint as to the arrangement and agreement between Watrous and the defendant are consistent with the fact that Watrous merely stipulated and agreed that he would claim no damages in respect to his share and interest in the patent, for an infringement thereof in the use of the patented invention by the defendant. This would leave the defendant liable in damages, for a violation of the rights of the patentees, with an estoppel or stipulation operative against one of the owners, effectual to defeat a recovery by him in respect to his share and proportion. Or, consistently with the averments in the complaint, the arrangement and agreement of Watrous may have been a license and permission by him for a use of the invention by the defendant. If such was the effect of the arrangement, the license of one or more of several owners in common of letters patent confers a right as against all; and the remedy of the other tenants in common is by action for an account for whatever may have been received by them. Judge CURTIS lays down the proposition in these words: "One tenant in common has a good right to use, and to license third persons to use the thing patented as the other tenant in common has. Neither can come into a court of equity and assert a superior equity unless it has been created by some contract modifying the rights which belong to them as tenants in common. ( Clum v. Brewer, 2 Curt. C.C. Rep., 506.) If, as may be claimed, the arrangement and agreement of the defendant with Watrous was a general or a limited assignment, an assignment for a special purpose, and to a limited extent, of his interest in the patent right, then, by such assignment it may be claimed that the defendant became a joint owner with the plaintiff in the invention, or thing patented, either generally or to a limited extent, or a particular territory, and had a right to use it without the consent of the plaintiff, and is not liable to account to him for the profits made by said use. ( Mathers v. Greene, L.R., 1 Ch. Ap., 29.) The question in Pitt v. Hall (3 Blatch. C.C. Rep., 201) arose upon a special agreement between the parties, and its construction and effect; and the decision does not affect the case in hand. I incline to the opinion that the plaintiff has not, by his complaint, made a cause of action entitling him to relief in any court; but I prefer to rest the judgment on a want of jurisdiction, in the State courts, over the subject-matter of the action. State courts will entertain jurisdiction of actions upon contract and other actions in which patent rights come in question collaterally. ( Middlebrook v. Broadbent, 47 N.Y., 443; Beebe v. McKenzie, id., 662.) But here the action is directly for a violation of rights conferred by the patent laws of the United States, and depends entirely upon the effect to be given to those laws and the relation established by them between tenants in common of patents, and the resulting legal rights of joint owners of patents between themselves and between one or more of several owners in common and third persons, and does directly arise "under the patent-right laws." These laws, and not the convention and agreement of the parties, are the foundation of the action. The defendant has not, by his acts or by any agreement with the plaintiff, recognized the validity of the patent or of any title of the plaintiff thereto, and is not estopped from contesting both.

For the reason last stated, the judgment must be affirmed.

All concur, except MILLER, J., not voting; RAPALLO, J., concurring, on ground of insufficiency of complaint; FOLGER and ANDREWS, JJ., absent.

Judgment affirmed.