OPINION

RESTANI, Chief Judge.

This matter is before the court on the plaintiff Corus Staal BV's ("Corus") motion for judgment on the agency record pursuant to United States Court of International Trade Rule 56.2. At issue are the final results of the first administrative review of an antidumping duty order by the International Trade Administration of the United States Department of Commerce ("Commerce" or "Department") of hot-rolled steel from the Netherlands. See Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products from the Netherlands, 69 Fed. Reg. 33,630 (Dep't Commerce June 16, 2004) (final admin. rev.), as amended by, 69 Fed. Reg. 43,801 (Dep't Commerce July 22, 2004) (am. final admin. rev.) [hereinafter Final Results].

Corus claims (1) that the agency's use of a "zeroing" methodology is contrary to law, and (2) that its use of the date of entry (instead of the date of sale) for selection of certain export price ("EP") transactions is both contrary to law and unsupported by substantial evidence. Corus claims that zeroing, whereby "negative dumping margins," viz, where the U.S. price is higher than the normal value ("NV"), are set to zero in calculating Corus's weighted average dumping margin (and concomitant assessment rate) do not properly allow non-dumped sales to offset dumped sales, introducing an "improper statistical bias into the calculation." Pl.'s Br. at 2. Corus further claims that this court and the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit have held that zeroing is not required by statute, and, therefore, this court may only uphold Commerce's methodology if it is reasonable, which Corus asserts it no longer is, given the WTO Antidumping Agreement, see Pub.L. No. 103-465, 108 Stat. 4809 (1994), and recent WTO decisions.

In addition, Corus argues that Commerce erred legally and factually by using the date of entry to select certain EP transactions for review, which it asserts is inconsistent with its use of the date of sale for other EP transactions and all constructed export price ("CEP") sales. Because, allegedly, Commerce offered no reasonable explanation for basing its review in some instances on the date of sale and in others on the date of entry, and offered no explanation for deviating from its prior and exclusive use of the date of sale as a selection criterion in its preliminary results, Corus asks the court to enter an order remanding this administrative review to Commerce. Corus also asks this court to instruct Commerce, on remand, (1) to re-calculate Corus's dumping margin, cash deposit rate, and assessment rate without resort to zeroing; (2) to use, exclusively, the date of sale to select the transactions to be reviewed during the period of review ("POR") (instead of date of sale for CEP transactions and a combination of date of sale and date of entry for EP transactions); and (3) to refund the amount of estimated antidumping duty deposits collected in excess of the lawful amount.

In response to plaintiff's motion, both the defendant ("Government" or "Commerce"), and the United States Steel Corporation ("U.S. Steel"), the defendant-intervenor, argue that Corus's motion, with respect to zeroing, should be denied because the final results are in accordance with law. Commerce, citing decisions by this court and the Federal Circuit, which have both repeatedly sustained Commerce's methodology, asserts: (1) zeroing is a "reasonable" interpretation of an ambiguous statutory provision regarding dumping margins and weighted average dumping margins, see 19 U.S.C. § 1677(35) (2000); and (2) the WTO reports cited by Corus are legally irrelevant, for numerous reasons. U.S. Steel agrees with Commerce that the Department's use of zeroing was proper, and that Corus's reliance on WTO decisions is misplaced, but also asserts that zeroing is not merely in accordance with law but that its use is actually required by law.

As for the second issue, regarding Commerce's classification of certain U.S. sales as EP sales, Commerce and U.S. Steel disagree. Commerce asks the court to remand the issue to Commerce to re-classify certain EP transactions; U.S. Steel requests that the plaintiff's motion, in all respects, be denied. U.S. Steel asserts that Corus mischaracterized certain sales (those made to its just-in-time ("JIT") customers) as EP sales, and argues that any sales made after importation must, according to the statutory terms, see 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(a)-(b) (2000), be CEP sales. U.S. Steel further argues that the Department properly utilized its standard methodology of using the date of sale during the POR for CEP sales (and for EP-classified sales made after importation, such as CEP sales normally are), and of using the date of entry for ordinary EP sales. As explained below, the court concludes that remand is not appropriate and the final results of the administrative review are sustained.

PROCEDURAL HISTORY

This appeal arises out of the first administrative review of an antidumping duty order regarding hot-rolled steel from the Netherlands. U.S. Steel, a domestic producer of hot-rolled steel, and a defendant-intervenor in these proceedings, was both a petitioner in the investigation that resulted in Commerce's antidumping duty order and an active participant in the administrative proceedings below. Corus, the plaintiff, is a producer of hot-rolled steel in the Netherlands and brought this appeal to challenge two aspects of the final results that pertain to the calculation methodology Commerce used to determine the 4.80% weighted average dumping margin applicable to Corus: (1) zeroing; and (2) the change in selection criterion from date of sale, to date of sale for all CEP transactions and certain EP transactions and date of entry for the remaining post-importation EP sales. See Final Results, 69 Fed. Reg. at 33,631 and accompanying Issues Decision Mem. [hereinafter "Issues Mem. to Steel from the Netherlands"], at cmts. 4, 10, as amended by, 69 Fed. Reg. at 43,802.

On November 29, 2001, Commerce published the antidumping duty order on certain hot-rolled carbon steel flat products from the Netherlands. See Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products from the Netherlands, 66 Fed. Reg. 59,565 (Dep't Commerce Nov. 29, 2001) (antidumping duty order). On November 1, 2002, Commerce published notice of the opportunity to request an administrative review of certain hot-rolled carbon steel flat products from the Netherlands, covering the period from May 3, 2001, to October 31, 2002. See Antidumping or Countervailing Duty Order, Finding, or Suspended Investigation, 67 Fed. Reg. 66,612 (Dep't Commerce Nov. 1, 2002) (opportunity to req. admin. rev.).

On November 26 and 27, 2002, a group of U.S. steel companies, including U.S. Steel, pursuant to 19 C.F.R. 351.213(b)(1) (2004), requested that Commerce, in accordance with 19 U.S.C. § 1675 (2000), conduct an administrative review of Corus's sales of the subject merchandise. On December 26, 2002, Commerce published a notice of initiation of this antidumping duty administrative review, covering the period from May 3, 2001, through October 31, 2002.See Initiation of Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Administrative Reviews, 67 Fed. Reg. 78,772 (Dep't Commerce Dec. 26, 2002). On January 9, 2003, Commerce issued its antidumping duty questionnaire to Corus — an ongoing question and response process that lasted from then until May 19, 2003, when Corus responded to Commerce's third supplemental questionnaire. See Prelim. Results, 68 Fed. Reg. at 68,342. Commerce then verified Corus's submitted data and requested Corus to report entered value data. See id. Also, as a result of the court's decision in Corus Staal BV v. United States, 283 F. Supp. 2d 1357, 1358 (Ct. Int'l Trade 2003), the Department will not assess duties on subject merchandise that entered between October, 30, 2001, and November 28, 2001, inclusive. See also Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products from the Netherlands, 68 Fed. Reg. 60,912, 60,912 (Dep't Commerce Oct. 24, 2003) (final ct. decision suspension of liquidation).

On December 8, 2003, Commerce published its preliminary results from the administrative review of the antidumping duty order on hot-rolled steel from the Netherlands. See Prelim. Results, 68 Fed. Reg. at 68,341. After issuance of these preliminary results, the Department invited comments; and in response, Corus, U.S. Steel, and Nucor filed case briefs on January 14, 2004, and submitted rebuttal briefs on January 23, 2004. See Final Results, 69 Fed. Reg. at 33,630. After Corus timely-filed a ministerial error allegation, in accordance with 19 C.F.R. 351.224(c)(2) (2004), the Department revised its antidumping duty margin for Corus, decreasing it from the original 4.94% assessment to the currently contested 4.80% ad valorem. See Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products from the Netherlands, 69 Fed. Reg. 43,801, 43,801-02 (Dep't Commerce July 22, 2004) (am. final admin. rev.). Corus timely commenced this action under 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(2)(A)(i), (B)(iii) (2000), and 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c) (2000).

JURISDICTION STANDARD OF REVIEW

The court has jurisdiction pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(2) and 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c). The court, in reviewing one of Commerce's administrative determinations, will uphold the challenged determination unless it is "unsupported by substantial evidence on the record, or otherwise not in accordance with law." 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(1)(B)(i).

DISCUSSION

I. Commerce's Request For Remand Is Denied

Prior to oral argument, the court denied Commerce's request for a remand. The request was both unsupported and unexplained. With respect to the classification of sales as EP or CEP, Commerce simply stated that "[u]pon further review . . . certain transactions were mistakenly classified as EP transactions." Resp. Br. at 26.

In SKF USA, Inc. v. United States, 254 F.3d 1022, 1028 (Fed. Cir. 2001), the Court of Appeals addressed the issue of a voluntary remand when Commerce's original determination, denying a favorable adjustment to the plaintiff-appellant, was not required by statute. After initially determining, during the administrative review, that the loss incurred on the sale of a subsidiary should be included in the plaintiff's general and administrative ("GA") expense calculation, Commerce, on appeal before the Court of International Trade, "reversed course," and instead of defending its final results, sought a remand, arguing, in accordance with the plaintiff's position, that the loss should no longer be included in the GA expense calculation. Id. at 1026.

Obviously, this case differs from SKF because Commerce's remand request is not so that it may bestow a benefit on the party paying duties. Here, the request is in response to defendant-intervenor U.S. Steel's brief, which claims a misclassification — "because these so-called EP sales did not meet the statutory definition of EP," (see Def.-Intervenor's Br. at 25-26) — although U.S. Steel admits it missed the time for filing suit to change the classification. Nonetheless, SKF may be instructive because the court explained that an agency may seek a remand (1) to reconsider its decision because of intervening events outside of the agency's control; (2) to reconsider its previous position even if there are no intervening events; or (3) because it believes that its original decision was incorrect on the merits and it wishes to change the result. 254 F.3d at 1028-29.

The first situation does not apply to this case.

With respect to the second situation, the Federal Circuit explained that an agency may "simply state that it had doubts about the correctness of its decision or that decision's relationship to the agency's other policies." Id. at 1029. In that situation, the reviewing court has discretion over whether to remand, and may refuse a remand if the agency's request is "frivolous or in bad faith." Id. But, "if the agency's concern is substantial and legitimate, a remand is usually appropriate." Id. Here, there does not appear to be any substantial or legitimate administrative concern warranting a remand. Commerce's stated reason for requesting a remand was simply "to correct this classification so that its written position is consistent with the factual record." Def.'s Resp. Br. at 26. Commerce articulated no other policy issue or view, nor did it otherwise express any doubts about the correctness of its decision in relation to the agency's other policies.

With respect to the third situation, the court held that a "[r]emand to an agency is generally appropriate to correct simple errors, such as clerical errors, transcription errors, or erroneous calculations." SKF, 254 F.3d at 1029. The court explained that "[a]lthough a court need not necessarily grant such a remand request, remand may conserve judicial resources, or the agency's views on the statutory question, though not dispositive, may be useful to the reviewing court." Id.

Here, a remand would not seem to preserve judicial resources or permit application of Commerce's views on a statutory question. See Corus Staal BV v. United States, 259 F. Supp. 2d 1253, 1257 (Ct. Int'l Trade 2003) ("Corus Staal I") ("[C]oncerns for finality do exist and the agency must state its reasons for requesting remand. Further, if only to guard against the `bad faith' requests of concern to the court in SKF, the court must be apprised of the reason for the remand request, whether it be on account of error or merely a change in policy.").

While there was a vague reason given here, which exceeds the information provided in the earlier Corus Staal I case, this was still insufficiently informative. There is no real evidence that Commerce erred. While the EP sales at issue appear were invoiced after importation, a hallmark of CEP sales, the statute does permit, inter alia, "post-importation" EP sales where the sale is pre-negotiated. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(a) ("The term `export price' means the price at which the subject merchandise is first sold (or agreed to be sold) before the date of importation. . . ."). Thus, if an error did occur, Commerce needed to explain it in detail.

Furthermore, U.S. Steel avers that reclassifying the sales from EP to CEP would have an insignificant effect on the dumping margin, and it does not seek this relief. Accordingly, if the court has discretion over whether to grant this remand request, the court exercises such discretion to deny this request for remand, which likely would simply delay this matter for no substantial reason.

The court is concerned that Commerce is taking some broad language in the SKF decision, the holding of which may apply to a very narrow group of cases, out of context, simply to avoid dealing with difficult methodological issues. In this case, Commerce did not even brief the issue of the proper date for selection of EP and CEP sales, relying instead on its unsupported request for remand to delay the day of reckoning. This was a disservice to the court, as the court must resolve this issue. The interests of both plaintiffs and defendants depend on the prompt and orderly resolution of these matters, which Congress clearly intended. The Government must give due regard to finality and cannot simply ask for a do-over any time it wishes.

II. Commerce's Use Of Zeroing Is Reasonable And In Accordance With Law

As Corus noted in its brief, numerous cases before this court and the Federal Circuit have held that "zeroing" is neither required nor prohibited by the U.S. statute, see 19 U.S.C. § 1677(35)(A), (B), in either an investigation, see, e.g., Corus Staal I, 259 F. Supp. 2d at 1261, or an administrative review, see, e.g., Timken Co. v. United States, 354 F.3d 1334, 1341-42 (Fed. Cir.), cert. denied, 125 S. Ct. 412, 160 L.Ed.2d 352 (2004) ("Timken").

Despite these prior holdings, Corus argues that fundamental structural changes to the U.S. Antidumping statute, as implemented in the Uruguay Round Agreements Act ("URAA"), render zeroing inherently unreasonable, citing recent WTO decisions for further support that zeroing is no longer reasonable. See supra note 1. The Federal Circuit, however, in addressing arguments similar to the ones Corus now presents before the court, (1) expressly affirmed the reasonableness of Commerce's use of zeroing in an antidumping administrative review, and (2) accorded no deference to Corus's cited WTO cases, again concluding that WTO decisions are not binding on the U.S. and cannot trump domestic legislation. See Corus Staal BV v. Dep't of Commerce, 395 F.3d 1343, 1346-49 (Fed. Cir. 2005) ("Corus Staal II") (holding that (1) "[o]ur decision in Timken addressed Commerce's interpretation of section 1677(35);"and (2) "[w]e give Commerce substantial deference in its administration of the statute because of the foreign policy implications of a dumping determination"). While it is highly debatable whether the intricacies of margin calculation involve foreign policy, the Government's response to WTO decisions vary; and, as the Federal Circuit noted, a court should "not attempt to perform duties that fall within the exclusive province of the political branches."Id. at 1349. Because decisions by the Federal Circuit are binding on this court, Corus's arguments regarding the reasonableness of zeroing, therefore, must fail.

Corus's final argument was also addressed by the Federal Circuit in Corus Staal II; however, Corus now relies on changed facts. Specifically, Corus attempts to capitalize on the Federal Circuit's caveat in Corus Staal II: "[W]e . . . refuse to overturn Commerce's zeroing practice based on any ruling by the WTO or other international body unless and until such ruling has been adopted pursuant to the specified statutory scheme."Id. (emphasis added). Corus argues that the WTO's Softwood Lumber decision, which prohibited the use of zeroing in calculating dumping margins under the weighted-average-to-weighted-average methodology, has been "adopted pursuant to the specified statutory scheme," and therefore, the court should rule zeroing no longer reasonable, not based on the WTO ruling itself, but on Commerce's re-interpretation of its policy in the wake of the adverseSoftwood Lumber ruling.

Before any agency regulation or practice can be modified to conform to an adverse WTO ruling, Commerce must follow the particular statutory scheme Congress enacted. See id. This process mandates consultation between the various political branches of the Executive and Congress "to determine whether or not to implement WTO reports and determinations and, if so implemented, the extent of implementation." Id.; see also 19 U.S.C. §§ 3533(f)-(g), 3538 (2000).

Corus submits that the "critical steps" had already been taken by the time of the Federal Circuit's decision in Corus Staal II. In Corus Staal II, the Federal Circuit was quite clear that it "reject[ed] Softwood Lumber as nonbinding because the finding therein was not adopted as per Congress's statutory scheme." 395 F.3d at 1349. Therefore, until all of the statutorily mandated procedures have been fully complied with, it matters not whether the "critical steps" have already been taken. Since the Federal Circuit issued its opinion in Corus Staal II, Commerce has subsequently issued both its preliminary and final determinations to implement Softwood Lumber. See Notice of Determination Under Section 129 of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act: Antidumping Measures on Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada, Pl.'s Addendum 1 (Apr. 15, 2005) ("Sec. 129 Determ."). Corus stresses that the determination has been forwarded to the USTR, but Commerce correctly notes that the USTR still must direct the Department to implement the determination, "in whole or in part." Sec. 129 Determ. at 1, 38. See 19 U.S.C. § 3538(b)(4). Thus, the statutorily mandated procedure is incomplete.

Even if the USTR had directed the Department to implement the determination in full, it still would not be applicable to this case. Unlike a section 123 proceeding, which concerns implementation of panel reports regarding a WTO member's general practices, a section 129 report only affects the implementation of the specific investigation at issue, in this case softwood lumber from Canada. Compare URAA § 123, 19 U.S.C. § 3533, with URAA § 129, 19 U.S.C. § 3538. Moreover, the WTO Appellate Body's report in Softwood Lumber made clear that the only issue before it was zeroing "as applied" in that case to Canadian lumber: "no methodology,as such, has been challenged." Softwood Lumber, WT/DS264/AB/R at ¶ 63 (emphases in original). Further, even if the general methodology were at issue, section 129(c)(1) of the URAA, 19 U.S.C. § 3538(c)(1), explicitly provides that any section 129 redetermination by Commerce will only affect the unliquidated entries of subject merchandise that "are entered, or withdrawn from warehouse, for consumption on or after . . . the date on which the Trade Representative directs the administering authority . . . to implement that determination." 19 U.S.C. § 3538(c)(1)(A) (emphasis added). In its section 129 determination, Commerce notes that the "SAA clearly provides, `such [section 129] determinations have prospective effect only.'" URAA Statement of Administrative Action, accompanying H.R. Rep. No. 103-316, at 1026 (1994), reprinted in 1994 U.S.C.C.A.N. 4040, 4313 ("SAA"); Sec. 129 Determ. at 4; Final Sec. 129 Determ., 70 Fed. Reg. at 22,637.

Lastly, even Commerce's section 129 determination implementingSoftwood Lumber limits the effect of the adverse WTO ruling. In the redetermination, Commerce changed its methodology from using a weighted-average-to-weighted-average methodology, which was the subject of the "as applied" challenge in Softwood Lumber, to using an individual-to-individual transaction methodology. See Sec. 129 Determ. at 6, Final Sec. 129 Determ., 70 Fed. Reg. at 22,637. Commerce's change, however, is "not inconsistent with the findings of the panel or the Appellate Body," see 19 U.S.C. § 3538(b)(2), because the individual-to-individual methodology, as the WTO Appellate Body noted, was not addressed by itsSoftwood Lumber ruling. Softwood Lumber, WT/DS264/AB/R at ¶ 63. Underscoring the specificity of this change, Commerce noted that by switching its methodology it was "not intending to implement an approach that applies to all antidumping investigations." Sec. 129 Determ. at 12; Final Sec. 129 Determ., 70 Fed. Reg. at 22,639. Even with respect to theSoftwood Lumber investigation, and despite employing the changed methodology, Commerce still used zeroing. In its redetermination, Commerce stated that because the WTO ruling "requires the offset for non-dumped sales [i.e., does not allow zeroing] only for a weighted-average-to-weighted-average comparison, we have not applied the offset for non-dumped sales [i.e., we have used zeroing] in our transaction-to-transaction comparison." Id. Therefore, even if the USTR directs Commerce to implement the process in one case, the overall process has not changed.

In sum, the WTO decision-making process operates apart from the decision-making in this court. WTO decision-making starts with an international agreement, which may not match the domestic statute and which is interpreted pursuant to different principles. From there, the process follows an entirely separate implementation scheme. Had the Government appeared here saying it had lost in the WTO, with respect to this very administrative determination, and it had complied with the entire statutory framework, to the effect that it was reversing its position, even as to a past determination, then the court would have to consider what to do. This, however, has not happened, and the court is bound by circuit precedent upholding zeroing.

III. Commerce's Change In Methodology For Selecting The Sales Used In The Margin Calculation Is Reasonable And In Accordance With Law

Corus's database consists of two categories of U.S. sales: constructed export price sales, which were made through Corus's U.S. affiliate, and export price sales, which were made by Corus. In the Preliminary Results, Commerce selected the U.S. sales to be included in the margin calculation, regardless of whether the sale was CEP or EP, on the basis of whether the date of sale was within the POR. This meant that certain EP sales — those with a date of sale prior to the POR but with an entry date during the POR — were excluded from the margin calculation.

Prior to the Final Results, U.S. Steel argued in its case brief that the date of sale methodology used to select U.S. sales was incorrect, as applied to Corus's EP sales. In support, U.S. Steel showed that, consistent with Commerce's antidumping questionnaire, Commerce's normal practice was to use date of sale for CEP sales and date of entry for EP sales.See Commerce's Antidumping Duty Questionnaire (Jan. 9, 2003), at C-1, P.R. Doc. 207, Def.-Intervenor's App., Tab 1, at 2 ("Report each U.S. sale of merchandise entered for consumption during the POR, except: (1) for EP sales, if you do not know the entry dates, report each transaction involving merchandise shipped during the POR; and (2) for CEP sales made after importation, report each transaction that has a date of sale within the POR."). EP sales, which by statute must take place prior to importation (i.e., date of entry) normally can be tied to entries during the period. CEP sales, on the other hand, which may take place following importation, are often difficult or impossible to tie to specific entries.

In response, Corus argued that the sales-based approach used in the Preliminary Results should be applied to all of its sales to ensure no transactions escape review because: (1) date of sale corresponds to its audited financial records and its use would require no end-of-period reconciliations, and (2) given the length of time between entry date and date of sale for the JIT inventory sales, there likely would be entries sold from JIT inventory that would not be invoiced until after the conclusion of the review period and, thus, too late to be captured by the review; and under Commerce's entry date methodology, such sales would never be reported because they could not be included in any subsequent review. See Corus's Reply Br., (Jan. 23, 2004), at 7-9, P.R. Doc. 80, Pl.'s App., Tab 3, at 4-6; see also Issues Mem. to Steel from the Netherlands, at cmt. 10.

In the final results, Commerce rejected Corus's position. Commerce stated that

We agree with petitioners. In accordance with the Department's normal practice, for those sales which occurred prior to importation, we have used the date of entry to select those transactions used in our analysis. This methodology comports with the Department's standard administrative review questionnaire, which instructs respondents to report such sales of merchandise which entered for consumption during the POR. This methodology is also consistent with that used in other antidumping duty administrative reviews. Thus, for these final results, we have amended our margin calculation program so that for sales which occurred prior to importation, the entry date was used to define those sales used in our analysis.

A. Commerce Properly Used Its Normal Method For Corus's CEP And Pre-Importation EP Sales

Corus argues that Commerce should have used the date of sale methodology for all of its sales. Corus further argues that Commerce may not use different bases (which it refers to as "hybrid") in the same administrative review to select the sales to be analyzed. U.S. Steel disagrees.

The statute does not specify whether Commerce should use the date of entry or the date of sale as the basis on which to select transactions for review. See Helmerich Payne, Inc. v. United States, 22 CIT 928, 933, 24 F. Supp. 2d 304, 310 (1998) ("[T]he statute is silent with respect to the universe of sales to be used in calculating dumping margins. . . ."). Commerce has adopted a regulation, however, that gives it the flexibility to use date of sale, date of export, or date of entry, as appropriate. The regulation provides that

[f]or requests received during the first anniversary month after publication of an order . . . an administrative review under this section will cover, as appropriate, entries, exports, or sales during the period from the date of suspension of liquidation . . . to the end of the month immediately preceding the first anniversary month.

Commerce's general preference is to use entries during the POR as the basis for selecting the U.S. sales to be analyzed. InCertain Welded Carbon Steel Pipes and Tubes from Thailand, 63 Fed. Reg. 55,578, 55,589 (Dep't Commerce Oct. 16, 1998) (final admin. rev.), for example, Commerce analyzed all U.S. sales that entered during the POR, stating that

[a]lthough the Department's regulations at section 352.213(e) provide some flexibility in this issue, the Department's preference is to review sales based on entry dates unless there are compelling circumstances that warrant a different approach to determining the universe of sales to be examined during a particular review.

[w]e note that in section 751(a)(2)(A) of the Act [ 19 U.S.C. § 1675(a)(2)(A)], a dumping calculation should be performed for each entry during the POR. While section 351.213(e) of the Department's regulations does give the Department some flexibility in this regard by stating that the review can be based on entries, exports, or sales, it is our preference to base the review on entries where possible. In this case, we find no compelling reason to move away from our standard practice of using entries to determine the universe of U.S. sales to be reported for EP sales.

Furthermore, the court has upheld Commerce's entry-based methodology as reasonable. In Helmerich, the court upheld Commerce's use of the date of entry as a selection criterion, even though the merchandise that entered during the POR came from a foreign trade zone and had been sold to the customer before the POR and before the antidumping duty order had been entered. 22 CIT at 928, 938-39, 24 F. Supp. 2d at 306, 313-14. The court explained that the entry-based approach resulted in a more accurate measure of dumping and ensured that all relevant sales were considered.Id. at 937-38, 24 F. Supp. 2d at 313.

Although Commerce's general preference is to use the date of entry, it often uses the date of sale as the selection criterion for CEP sales. This is because, in many CEP situations, the sale is made after importation and it is often difficult or impossible to tie entries to sales. See id. at 938 n. 9, 24 F. Supp. 2d at 313 ("In certain situations such as CEP situations where Commerce cannot tie entries to future sales, or when the Department cannot ascertain entry dates, Commerce cannot calculate margins based on sales linked to entries. Therefore, Commerce may resort to the less accurate approach of calculating margins based on possibly unlinked sales during the POR."); see also Dynamic Random Access Memory Semiconductors of One Magabit or Above from the Republic of Korea, 66 Fed. Reg. 30,688, 30,692 (Dep't Commerce June 7, 2001) (prelim. admin. rev.) (using sales made during the POR to calculate the weighted-average dumping margins for CEP transactions). This approach has been upheld as reasonable.

In NSK Ltd. v. United States, 17 CIT 590, 594-95, 825 F. Supp. 315, 320 (1993), for example, the court upheld Commerce's decision to examine exporter's sales price ("ESP") transactions (now CEP transactions under the URAA) on the basis of sales made during the POR. In holding, inter alia, that Commerce's review of all CEP sales made during the POR, rather than review of only the subject merchandise entered and sold during the review period, was reasonable and in accordance with the law, the court noted Commerce's reasoning with respect to these CEP sales: (1) there is usually a lag time between entry and sale, (2) entry data is often unavailable, (3) a dumping margin cannot be determined without a sale, (4) dumping on sales made during the POR is representative of dumping on entries made during the POR, and (5) review of sales, which can cover many entries of merchandise, can eliminate the need for conducting multiple reviews of the same information. Id. at 595, 24 F. Supp. 2d at 320; see also Ad Hoc Comm. of S. Cal. Producers of Gray Portland Cement v. United States, 19 CIT 1398, 1407, 914 F. Supp. 535, 544 (1995) (upholding Commerce's use of sales, rather than entries, during the POR to calculate a dumping margin as selection criterion for CEP sales). Therefore, Commerce's use of the date of sale as a selection criterion for Corus's CEP sales is in accordance with its standard procedure and is reasonable.

Corus relies on Hynix Semiconductor, Inc. v. United States, 248 F. Supp. 2d 1297 (Ct. Int'l Trade 2003), to argue that Commerce's "hybrid" methodology — using date of entry to select those EP transactions where the sale had occurred prior to importation, but using date of sale to select all other EP and all CEP transactions — is unreasonable. In Hynix, the court sustained Commerce's decision to use the date of sale as the selection criterion for CEP sales at issue. Id. at 1303-04. The court found that Commerce properly abandoned the method used in the preliminary results, where it had calculated the dumping margin by using the CEP sales made during the POR, plus CEP entries made during the period (which were sold after the POR). Id. at 1300. The court explained that "nothing in Commerce's regulations supports the use of a hybrid sales plus POR-entries approach for calculating dumping margins."Id. at 1304. This case is different. Here, Commerce did not use such a "hybrid" approach; it used two distinct approaches — sales during the POR for CEP transactions and entries during the POR for pre-importation EP transactions — both of which were previously upheld as reasonable.

Furthermore, in Circular Welded Non-Alloy Steel Pipe from the Republic of Korea, 63 Fed. Reg. 39,071, 39,072 (July 21, 1998) (am. final admin. rev.), Commerce followed this approach, reviewing all CEP sales with a sale date during the POR and all EP sales with an entry date during the POR.

Therefore, Commerce's use of the date of entry to select Corus's pre-importation EP sales, and the date of sale to select Corus's CEP sales is reasonable and in accordance with its prior practice. Thus, as to these two categories, there is no error.

B. Commerce's Use Of Sales Date To Select Corus's "Post-Importation" EP Sales Was Proper

Corus also argues that Commerce's methodology was improper because Commerce reviewed Corus's pre-importation EP sales differently from its "post-importation" EP sales.

Commerce did use the date of sale to select those EP-classified sales that Corus invoiced after importation. Yet, as discussed above, the statute defines EP sales as those transactions occurring "before the date of importation" while CEP sales may occur "before or after the date of importation." See supra note 17. Thus, because the EP sales at issue could not be treated in the same manner as the other EP sales, Commerce treated them as it treated CEP sales — by reviewing them according to date of sale, because the same matching difficulties that exist for post-importation CEP sales also exist for "post-importation" EP sales, as both sides admitted at oral argument.

Corus argues that because the only parties to these "post-importation" EP sales were Corus and the particular U.S. customer (not a U.S. affiliate), and because Corus maintained its own U.S. inventory and invoicing, the sales, were in fact, properly classified as EP sales and should have been selected on the same basis as other EP sales. In AK Steel Corp. v. United States, 226 F.3d 1361, 1369-70 (Fed. Cir. 2000), the Federal Circuit examined the definitions of EP and CEP and noted that the two factors dispositive of the choice between the two classifications are (1) whether the sale takes place inside or outside the United States, and (2) whether it is made by an affiliate. Referring to the CEP definition, the court then defined the term "seller" as "one who contracts to sell" and the term "sold" as the "transfer of ownership or title."Id. at 1371.

First, with respect to the location factor, it is undisputed that the invoicing took place in the U.S. after importation, which, as indicated, presents the same entry-sale disconnect normally associated with CEP sales. With respect to the second factor, the record shows that Corus uses a U.S.-based entity to facilitate these sales. This is particularly so in reference to the JIT inventory that Corus maintains in the U.S. for certain customers. Corus's U.S.-based affiliate, Corus Steel USA Inc. ("CSUSA") serves as a "facilitator, communications link and processor of certain documentation for [Corus's] U.S. imports and sales. CSUSA never takes title to, takes possession of, or resells Corus' steel and does not possess negotiating authority over steel manufactured by [Corus]." See Corus Resp. to Commerce Antidumping Duty Questionnaire (Jan. 30, 2003), at A-16, P.R. Doc. 13, Pl.'s App., Tab 7, at 3.

Although CSUSA neither takes ownership of the steel nor becomes involved in the contracting process, it appears that these sales could not be executed without CSUSA. Thus, because these sales (1) were at least finalized in the U.S. post-importation, and (2) were "facilitated" by a U.S.-based affiliate, it was understandable that Commerce selected them using the same basis that it used to select CEP sales.

Finally, Corus could point to no distortion caused by this manner of selection. Commerce, while not treating the sales as CEP sales for other purposes, selected the "post-importation" EP sales for review based on a CEP sales date methodology because such sales had earmarks of CEP sales and posed the same difficulty when trying to connect them to earlier entry dates. Therefore, Commerce's selection of Corus's "post-importation" EP sales on the same basis as its CEP sales is reasonable.

CONCLUSION

Because Commerce's use of zeroing, and its methodology for selecting sales used in the margin calculation are reasonable and in accordance with the law, Corus's Motion for Judgment on the Agency Record is denied, and Commerce's Final Results are sustained.