POPOVICH, Judge:

This case involves an appeal from the judgment of sentence (aggregating 5-14 years imprisonment) for burglary, simple assault and recklessly endangering another person by the appellant, Frank J. Ferretti. We affirm.

The evidence, to be viewed in a light most favorable to the Commonwealth as the verdict-winner, reveals that in October of 1987, Joanne Jennings met the appellant at her sister's home. The next day, the two went on a date. This relationship lasted until Thanksgiving of 1987. At that time, Ms. Jennings informed the appellant she did not want to see him anymore. The appellant refused to accept this fact, and he continued to have contact with Ms. Jennings until December 31, 1987.

On December 30th, Ms. Jennings was phoned by the appellant after 8:00 p.m. He wanted to have a New Year's Eve party at her apartment. She told the appellant she wanted nothing more to do with him. With this, the appellant threatened Ms. Jennings over the phone that he had a gun and he wanted to come to her apartment. Ms. Jennings hung up on the appellant.

At approximately 1:30 a.m. on the 31st of December, 1987, there was a knock on Ms. Jennings' apartment door. She was in bed at the time and did not answer. Eventually, the appellant broke into the apartment by knocking the front door off its hinges and breaking the lock in the process.

The appellant called out to Ms. Jennings, and, when she saw he was carrying a sawed-off shotgun, she became frightened and did not respond. The appellant, going from room to room, made his way to the bedroom. When Ms. Jennings asked what the appellant was doing in her apartment, he "just started getting really rough" with her. He began hitting Ms. Jennings, and as she told it in court:

. . . he was hitting me on the head with his hand, and this was going on . . . for a couple [of] hours[, i.e.,] hitting me and ripping my clothing off and pulling my hair out . . . I had a lot of bald spots in my head because of that at the time. . . .

The appellant refused to accept the termination of the relationship. To exhibit his displeasure with Ms. Jennings, the appellant placed the loaded shotgun at her neck and said: "it would be very easy . . . to pull the trigger back, that [Ms. Jennings] could just be blown away." The appellant also threatened to kill Ms. Jennings. She was very scared, and she thought the appellant was going to shoot her.

The ordeal of physical and mental abuse lasted for several hours and culminated with the appellant forcing Ms. Jennings to have sex with him. Once the appellant had fallen asleep, the victim managed to escape to a friend's house, who, upon the victim's arrival, observed that the victim's "face was bruised, her hair was a mess. She was crying hysterically", and her hair had been pulled out in spots. The victim told her friend that the appellant had assaulted her. The police were called to report the incident.

The police drove to the victim's apartment with a warrant for the appellant's arrest. He was not on the premises, but the police did find the appellant's belt on an end table and his underwear, with the initials "FF", were found on the floor next to the victim's bed.

On a tip from an anonymous informant, who at trial was stipulated by the prosecution and the defense to have been the victim's sister, the police went to Kathy Hummel's apartment to look for appellant. However, at first Hummel denied that the appellant was on her premises and demanded that the police secure a search warrant before entering the apartment. The police did obtain a search warrant and executed it during the evening of January 1, 1988. When the police entered Hummel's apartment, the appellant was found having a beer at the kitchen table. He was arrested and placed in handcuffs. A search of the apartment produced a sawed-off shotgun under the sofa in the living room. This was seized.

Prior to trial, a hearing was conducted in which the appellant sought to suppress the evidence seized on the grounds that the search warrant was defective. The motion to suppress was denied, and, following a three-day trial, the appellant was found guilty as charged and sentenced. This appeal ensued.

The appellant raises nine issues for our consideration, six of which center upon the validity of the search warrant, and found by the court below not subject to attack by the appellant because he lacked standing to assail it.

We deal, first, with the question of "standing". The Fourth Amendment guarantees that: "The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated." The shotgun seized was stated to belong to neither the appellant nor Kathy Hummel. Hence, the appellant can have personal standing only if, as to him, the search violated the "right of the people to be secure in their . . . houses. . . ."

The United States Supreme Court has held that the Fourth Amendment does not shield only those who have title to the searched premises. See Mancusi v. DeForte, 392 U.S. 364, 367, 88 S.Ct. 2120, 2123, 20 L.Ed.2d 1154 (1968). In fact, beginning with Jones v. United States, 362 U.S. 257, 80 S.Ct. 725, 4 L.Ed.2d 697 (1960), it was held that "anyone legitimately on [the] premises where a search occurs may challenge its legality . . . when its fruits are prepared to be used against him." 362 U.S. at 267, 80 S.Ct. at 734. It is this language adopted as a criterion for establishing standing in Commonwealth v. Treftz, 465 Pa. 614, 351 A.2d 265 (1976), cert. denied, 426 U.S. 940, 96 S.Ct. 2658, 49 L.Ed.2d 392 (1976), which is seized by the appellant as the basis for claiming his entitlement to challenge the validity of the search warrant.

Given that in this jurisdiction we have turned to federal law to develop a framework upon which "standing" to contest a search and seizure has evolved, it is only logical to examine the present status of that same body of law to guide us now, for there is no case in Pennsylvania similar to the one before us. Having said that, we observe that in Rakas v. Illinois, 439 U.S. 128, 99 S.Ct. 421, 58 L.Ed.2d 387 (1978), the United States Supreme Court had occasion to re-examine Jones in the context of a warrantless search of an automobile, and the seizure of a sawed-off shotgun and shells from its interior.

The petitioners in Rakas were passengers in the vehicle stopped and searched because it matched a get-away vehicle used in the robbery of a clothing store. Neither petitioner claimed ownership of the vehicle or the weapon and the shells seized. When the petitioners attempted to exclude such evidence from trial, the court denied the motion to suppress because they lacked standing. This decision was affirmed by the intermediate appellate court and leave to appeal to the state supreme court was denied.

Before the United States Supreme Court, the petitioners argued, in the alternative, that they had standing to object to the search under Jones because they were "legitimately on [the] premises" at the time of the search. In analyzing this argument, the Court made it clear that the label we affix to our right to challenge ( i.e., "standing",) in a motion to suppress is not of paramount importance. Rather, the substantive question was one of whether the proponent of the motion to suppress had his/her own Fourth Amendment rights infringed by the search and seizure which is sought to be assailed.

Since "`Fourth Amendment rights are personal rights which, like some other constitutional rights, may not be vicariously asserted'", the Court stated: "it [wa]s proper to permit only defendants whose Fourth Amendment rights ha[d] been violated to benefit from the [exclusionary] rule's protections." 439 U.S. at 133, 134, 99 S.Ct. at 425, 426 (Citations omitted; Footnote omitted).

To effectuate the true intent of the Fourth Amendment — to protect the rights secured thereby — does not require that it be subsumed within the notion of "standing". On the contrary, it was the Court's belief that the definition of those rights be more properly placed within the purview of substantive Fourth Amendment law than within that of standing. As a result, the Court dispensed with the rubric of "standing" used in Jones, 439 U.S. at 141, 99 S.Ct. at 429, and, in doing so, rephrased the petitioners' claim, that their presence in the automobile was comparable to that of the defendant being in another's apartment in Jones, to one of whether their Fourth Amendment ("reasonable expectation of privacy") right had been violated by the search.

The reassessment of the concerns of one's rights, to be free from unwarranted government intrusion, by excising certain phraseology from the triggering mechanism permitting Fourth Amendment inquiry would do little to undermine the scope of interest protected by the Fourth Amendment, so stated the Court. In particular, as is applicable here, the Court wrote:

. . . the Jones statement that a person need only be "legitimately on premises" in order to challenge the validity of the search of a dwelling place cannot be taken in its full sweep beyond the facts of that case.

Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 88 S.Ct. 507, 19 L.Ed.2d 576 (1967), provides guidance in defining the scope of the interest protected by the Fourth Amendment. * * * the Court in Katz held that capacity to claim the protection of the Fourth Amendment depends not upon a property right in the invaded place but upon whether the person who claims the protection of the Amendment has a legitimate expectation of privacy in the invaded place.

* * * * * *

. . . the phrase "legitimately on premises" has not been shown to be an easily applicable measure of Fourth Amendment rights so much as it has proved to be simply a label placed by the courts on results which have not been subjected to careful analysis. We would not wish to be understood as saying that legitimate presence on the premises is irrelevant to one's expectation of privacy, but it cannot be deemed controlling.

439 U.S. at 143, 147-148, 99 S.Ct. at 430, 432-433 (Citations omitted; Footnotes omitted; Emphasis added).

In light of the meaningful exegesis of the Fourth Amendment doctrine by the Rakas Court, instead of being concerned with arcane distinctions developed in property and tort law between guests, licensees, invitees, and whether one is "legitimately on premises", to evaluate a claimed Fourth Amendment violation, our focus of attention should be upon whether the appellant had a legitimate expectation of privacy in the apartment (in particular, under the sofa) where the shotgun was found pursuant to a warrant for the appellant's person and the weapon seized. Id.; see also United States v. Payner, 447 U.S. 727, 731, 100 S.Ct. 2439, 2444, 65 L.Ed.2d 468 (1980); Smith v. Maryland, 442 U.S. 735, 740, 99 S.Ct. 2577, 2580, 61 L.Ed.2d 220 (1979); Mancusi, supra, 392 U.S. at 368-369, 88 S.Ct. at 2123-2124. By so holding, we have in no sense abandoned the four-pronged test adopted in Commonwealth v. Treftz, supra, to establish "standing". Quite the contrary is true. We have, like the United States Supreme Court in Rakas, refocused our thinking in Fourth Amendment cases from one of preoccupation with nomenclature ( e.g., "legitimately on the premises" and/or "standing") to one of whether the defendant's rights were violated by the allegedly illegal search or seizure. See United States v. Salvucci, 448 U.S. 83, 87 n. 4, 100 S.Ct. 2547, 2551 n. 4, 65 L.Ed.2d 619 (1980). Even our own Supreme Court in Treftz concluded that the defendant's assault on the search and seizure in question would fail because there was no reasonable expectation of privacy in the field searched by police and from which a body was recovered. Standing was an issue.

The means by which we traverse the contours of the Fourth Amendment, in search of a violation of its core rights, is not to be achieved by the use of phraseology, e.g., "legitimately on the premises" or "standing". Rather, the course we pursue in applying the Fourth Amendment is guided by markers requiring our determination of "whether the person invoking its protection can claim a `justifiable,' a `reasonable,' or a `legitimate expectation of privacy' that has been invaded by government action." Smith v. Maryland, supra, 442 U.S. at 740, 99 S.Ct. at 2580 (Citations omitted). This determination is to be accomplished upon a totality of the circumstances. See also Commonwealth v. Sell, 504 Pa. 46, 55, 470 A.2d 457, 466 (1983), wherein the Supreme Court expressed concern that the reasonable expectation of privacy standard might not provide sufficient protection against wrongful police conduct. As a result, the Sell Court retained the "automatic standing" doctrine discarded by the United States Supreme Court, see note 5, infra, to allow one charged with a possessory offense to challenge the seizure of such evidence on Article I, Section 8 grounds of the Pennsylvania Constitution. See Commonwealth v. Peterkin, 511 Pa. 299, 513 A.2d 373 (1986); Commonwealth v. Bennie, 352 Pa. Super. 558, 560 n. 3, 508 A.2d 1211, 1213 n. 3 (1986); Commonwealth v. Balch, 328 Pa. Super. 71, 75, 476 A.2d 458, 462 (1984) and compare with Commonwealth v. Bulling, 331 Pa. Super. 84, 93 n. 11, 480 A.2d 254, 263 n. 11 (1984).

Sell in no sense, however, sounded the death knell for the "reasonable expectation of privacy" criterion, which is to be used in tandem with "whether that expectation is one that society is prepared to recognize as reasonable", in deciding whether one's privacy has been violated in all other instances. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Blystone, 519 Pa. 450, 456, 549 A.2d 81, 87 (1988) (Conversation electronically recorded between the defendant and a police informant was assessed as to its suppressibility under Article I, Section 8's reasonable expectation of privacy criterion, as well as whether the expectation was one that society was prepared to recognize as reasonable). Accord Commonwealth v. Evans, 488 Pa. 38, 40, 410 A.2d 1213, 1215 (1979) (Overnight guest had a legitimate expectation of privacy so as to have standing to object to admission of physical evidence seized from host's apartment); Commonwealth v. Kean, 382 Pa. Super. 587, 591, 556 A.2d 374, 378 (1989); Commonwealth v. Harvey, 348 Pa. Super. 544, 547-549, 502 A.2d 679, 682-684 (1985); Commonwealth v. Pinkins, 343 Pa. Super. 44, 52, 493 A.2d 1365, 1373 (1985); Commonwealth v. Cihylik, 337 Pa. Super. 221, 224, 486 A.2d 987, 990 (1985).

We have been presented with no persuasive argument to expand Sell's discontinuance of the "reasonable expectation of privacy" in a possessory offense context to one where "unreasonable" government intrusion is the focal point of inquiry once "standing" is established. See Minnesota v. Olson, ___ U.S. ___, ___, 110 S.Ct. 1684, 1688, 109 L.Ed.2d 85 (1990) (Defendant's status as an overnight guest was alone sufficient to show that he had an expectation of privacy in the home of a friend that society was prepared to recognize as reasonable, and, thus, accorded him standing to challenge successfully evidence seized and introduced against him at trial so as to warrant the awarding of a new trial); Evans, supra.

At bar, we had testimony that the appellant arrived at Kathy Hummel's apartment between 5:00-5:30 p.m. on January 1, 1988, with two six packs of beer, but no shotgun was brought into the apartment by the appellant. The two remained in the apartment until the police arrived at 11:00 p.m., and they were directed by Hummel to obtain a warrant as a condition precedent to entering her apartment to arrest the appellant and look for a weapon used in the assault of Ms. Jennings.

It was Ms. Hummel's testimony that the appellant, albeit he did not have a key to her premises, had been found, on occasion, in her apartment upon her arrival home. She did not object to this because, as she stated, "he's allowed to come in". They were friends, the appellant knew her daughter and Hummel and the appellant had a brother/sister relationship. Yet, Ms. Hummel did remark that when she left the apartment complex, as compared to just going to do her laundry one-half block away from the building where she lived, she would lock her door.

Based on the record before this Court, we can state that the appellant had no interest in connection with the searched premises that gave rise to "`a reasonable expectation [on his part] of freedom from government intrusion' upon those premises." Compare Combs v. United States, 408 U.S. 224, 227, 92 S.Ct. 2284, 2286, 33 L.Ed.2d 308 (1972), quoting Mancusi, supra, 392 U.S. at 368, 88 S.Ct. at 2123; see also State v. Taylor, 298 N.C. 405, 259 S.E.2d 502 (1979). We have been presented with no case law by the appellant requiring us to hold otherwise. As such, we find that the court below was correct in concluding that it was unnecessary to decide whether the search of Ms. Hummel's apartment might have violated the rights secured to the appellant, be they via the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments or our own state constitution (Article I, Section 8). In other words, there has been no showing that the government engaged in any illegal conduct offensive to the appellant's right of privacy. In this context, it must be recalled that the appellant did not assert a proprietary or possessory interest in the apartment searched or the weapon seized. Compare Sell, supra (ownership or possession of item seized is adequate to entitle owner or possessor thereof to invoke the constitutional protection of Article I, Section 8 by way of a motion to suppress its use as evidence). The appellant lived with his father, had none of his clothing at Ms. Hummel's apartment and did not have a key to gain entry when the owner was not at home or on the apartment complex grounds. Nor was there any evidence that the appellant had in the past or recently remained overnight on the premises belonging to Ms. Hummel. Thus, we are hard-pressed to assign a reasonable expectation of privacy in the apartment to the appellant, who appeared to be no more than a mere friend, guest or visitor of Ms. Hummel on the evening in question. As such, the appellant had no legitimate expectation of privacy there. See Rakas, supra; State v. Hanna, 542 A.2d 794, 802 (Del.Super. 1988), and compare with State v. Reddick, 207 Conn. 323, 541 A.2d 1209, 1212 (1988). Accordingly, we will affirm the actions of the court below.

Judgment of sentence affirmed.

WIEAND, J., files a concurring opinion.