OPINION

Justice EAKIN.

Ralph Birdsong appeals from the order denying his petition for relief pursuant to the Post Conviction Relief Act (PCRA), 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 9541- 9546. We affirm.

Appellant was charged with first degree murder and related offenses for fatally shooting two people, seriously wounding six others, and raping a teenage girl during a brutal incident on July 17, 1988. Appellant waived his right to a jury at both the guilt and penalty phases and was tried jointly with his brother Anthony, who was his co-conspirator. The trial court convicted appellant of two counts of first degree murder, six counts of aggravated assault, and one count each of rape, involuntary deviate sexual intercourse, conspiracy, and possession of an instrument of crime.

At the penalty phase, the trial court found no mitigating circumstances and two aggravating circumstances: 42 Pa.C.S. § 9711(d)(9) (defendant has significant history of felony convictions involving use or threat of violence to person) and 42 Pa.C.S. § 9711(d)(11) (defendant has been convicted of another murder committed in any jurisdiction either before or at time of offense at issue). Accordingly, the trial court imposed a death sentence for murder and a consecutive term of 52 ½ to 105 years imprisonment for the other offenses.

Appellant received new counsel and filed a direct appeal. This Court concluded appellant's claims were meritless and affirmed. Birdsong, supra.

Appellant filed a timely pro se PCRA petition and received new counsel, who filed an amended petition October 17, 1996. In April, 1997, counsel filed another amended petition, and the Commonwealth moved to dismiss. In the interim, the trial judge died, and a new judge was appointed for the PCRA proceedings. Following evidentiary hearings between September, 1999 and January, 2000, the PCRA court issued a notice of intent to dismiss appellant's petition as meritless; the court dismissed the petition February 26, 2001.

Appellant filed this appeal; on April 26, 2002, this Court remanded to the PCRA court for preparation of an opinion, tolling the briefing schedule but retaining jurisdiction. In August, 2002, appellant filed a motion requesting this Court to expand the scope of the remand to include a new claim under Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304 (2002) (execution of mentally retarded criminals violates Eighth Amendment), which this Court granted. The briefing schedule resumed, and the case was submitted for decision June 4, 2003. When no PCRA court opinion had been filed as directed, this Court again remanded to the PCRA court on November 19, 2003, for preparation of an opinion, citing Commonwealth v. Brown, 830 A.2d 536, 537 (Pa. 2003) ("In capital, post-conviction appeals, this Court has recently emphasized the necessity of . . . an adequate written opinion of the PCRA court . . . as . . . necessary to provide the essential predicate for appellate review of the post-conviction proceedings by this").

The PCRA court filed an opinion March 25, 2004, in which it addressed all of appellant's issues except for the Atkins claim, and noted the parties agreed to further continuances until the General Assembly issued legislation regarding what objective facts should be used to determine the prevailing standards of competency and the degree of mental retardation which would prohibit imposition of the death penalty. PCRA Court Opinion, 3/25/04, at 8-9. The court adopted the American Association of Mental Retardation's (AAMR) definition of mental retardation, as set forth in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4^th ed. 1992) (DSM-IV), but did not address the merits of appellant's Atkins claim, instead advising the parties to prepare any defense testimony on the issue of mental retardation. PCRA Court Opinion, 3/25/04, at 9.

On June 23, 2004, a hearing was held before the PCRA court; the Commonwealth argued appellant's Atkins claim was not properly before the PCRA court because this Court had retained jurisdiction. N.T. Status Hearing, 6/23/04, at 4-6. The PCRA court agreed, and dismissed the claim without prejudice. Id., at 6. Thus, there was no lower court ruling on the merits of appellant's Atkins claim.

This Court then decided Commonwealth v. Miller, 888 A.2d 624 (Pa. 2005), adopting a definition of "mental retardation" and setting forth the procedure to follow when a defendant asserts an Atkins claim, as guidance from the legislature was not forthcoming. See id., at 629-31. As the PCRA court had never ruled on the merits of appellant's Atkins claim, we remanded to the PCRA court to make credibility determinations and findings of fact on the merits, in accordance with the guidelines in Miller.

By order dated December 12, 2008, the PCRA court noted, "[Appellant] withdraws his Atkins/Miller claim (against advice of counsel). [Appellant] also withdraws all claims with regard to conflict of interests (with present counsel) and ineffectiveness (of present counsel) and wishes his appeals to proceed with current counsel on all other issues already presented." PCRA Court Order, 12/12/08. Accordingly, appellant's remaining issues are now properly before us for review.

In reviewing an order granting or denying post-conviction relief, we examine whether the PCRA court's determination is supported by the evidence and whether it is free of legal error. Commonwealth v. Williams, 732 A.2d 1167, 1176 (Pa. 1999). To be entitled to relief under the PCRA, appellant must establish, by a preponderance of the evidence, that his conviction or sentence resulted from one or more of the enumerated errors or defects found in 42 Pa.C.S. § 9543(a)(2), his claims have not been previously litigated or waived, id., § 9543(a)(3), and "the failure to litigate the issue prior to or during trial, . . . or on direct appeal could not have been the result of any rational, strategic or tactical decision by counsel." Id., § 9543(a)(4). An issue is previously litigated if "the highest appellate court in which the petitioner could have had review as a matter of right has ruled on the merits of the issue. . . ." Id., § 9544(a)(2). An issue is waived "if the petitioner could have raised it but failed to do so before trial, at trial, during unitary review, on appeal, or in a prior state postconviction proceeding." Id., § 9544(b).

Appellant claims ineffectiveness of trial and appellate counsel and trial court error; he also asserts he was denied full and fair collateral review at his PCRA hearing, and that the Commonwealth violated Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963) (prosecution's suppression of evidence favorable to accused violates due process where evidence is material to guilt or punishment, irrespective of prosecution's good or bad faith).

Brady Claim

Appellant argues the Commonwealth withheld material evidence favorable to the defense, in violation of Brady. He claims the Commonwealth failed to disclose: (1) Commonwealth witness Andre Kinard was offered immunity from unrelated criminal charges in exchange for his identification testimony against appellant; (2) the Commonwealth placed several key witnesses in a witness protection program, which provided them with free housing, stipends for living expenses, and relocation to another city; (3) electronic surveillance purportedly establishing members of one of appellant's rival drug factions planned to assassinate another drug dealer; and (4) the results of tests comparing appellant's blood and saliva samples with those recovered from the rape victim.

To establish a Brady violation, a defendant must show: the prosecution suppressed the evidence, either willfully or inadvertently; the evidence is favorable to the defense; and the evidence is material. See Commonwealth v. Chambers, 807 A.2d 872, 8 87 (Pa. 2002). "[E]vidence is material only if there is a reasonable probability that, had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding would have been different." Id., at 887-88 (quoting United States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 682 (1985)). "The mere possibility that an item of undisclosed information might have helped the defense, or might have affected the outcome of the trial, does not establish materiality in the constitutional sense." Id., at 887 (quoting United States v. Agurs, 427 U.S. 97, 109-10 (1976)).

Appellant points to Andre Kinard's PCRA testimony that the Commonwealth threatened to charge him with drug and weapons offenses if he did not identify appellant at trial as the shooter, and that he could not identify the shooter. See N.T. PCRA Hearing, 1/7/00, at 6-8. Appellant does not say how this evidence would have affected the outcome of his trial; he appears to argue it would have impeached Kinard. Appellant overlooks the fact that recantation testimony is "exceedingly unreliable," and "there is no less reliable form of proof, especially when it involves an admission of perjury." Commonwealth v. Abu-Jamal, 720 A.2d 79, 99 (Pa. 1998) (quoting Commonwealth v. Anderson, 353 A.2d 384, 386 (Pa. 1976)). Given Kinard's testimony that he perjured himself at trial, and the factors surrounding his recantation, the record supports the PCRA court's determination this witness was not credible, see Abu-Jamal, at 99 (credibility issues are within sole domain of trier of fact, who personally observed witness's demeanor) (citation omitted); thus, this proffered evidence does not meet the materiality test.

Appellant contends the Commonwealth's failure to disclose that it placed witnesses in a protection program and provided them with living expenses and immunity prejudiced his case because if trial counsel had known these facts, he would have insisted on a jury trial; a jury would have been more likely to be influenced by such information than a judge. Appellant fails to acknowledge that none of these witnesses recanted their identification of him as the shooter in their affidavits for the PCRA court, and the reason they had to be placed in protection programs was because they feared returning to the neighborhood where the murder occurred after they identified appellant. Such evidence would have raised the inference that appellant or one of his cohorts would retaliate; as it would not have changed the result at trial in appellant's favor, it was not material.

Appellant next alleges the Commonwealth's failure to disclose electronic surveillance tapes and transcripts supposedly establishing the Junior Black Mafia (JBM), a rival gang, planned to shoot one of appellant's rival drug dealers prejudiced his case; he argues this information supported the defense that someone else shot the victim during a botched assassination attempt on the rival dealer. Appellant failed to demonstrate such surveillance evidence existed; he based his assertion on several newspaper articles published at the time of the shooting, which stated the police were investigating the JBM. As appellant failed to prove the evidence he sought exists, his claim was properly rejected.

Finally, appellant contends he was prejudiced by the Commonwealth's failure to disclose the results of blood and saliva tests comparing his samples to semen samples recovered from the rape victim; he claims this evidence would have discredited the rape victim's identification testimony and eliminated one of the aggravating circumstances. However, appellant failed to establish such comparative tests were ever performed; the Commonwealth informed the PCRA court no tests were performed because no testable blood groups were found in the semen taken from the victim. See N.T. PCRA Hearing, 9/8/99, at 46. This enabled appellant to argue there was no physical evidence linking him to the rape; accordingly, this claim was properly rejected.

Ineffectiveness Claims

Regarding appellant's ineffectiveness claims, we note several of the issues underlying these claims were addressed on direct appeal; specifically, we addressed trial counsel's ineffectiveness for failing to move for change of venue, and trial court error in denying appellant's request to reopen the penalty phase so he could present expert mental health testimony. However, to the extent appellant now alleges appellate counsel's ineffectiveness in connection with these issues, his issues are distinct from those raised on direct appeal and have not been previously litigated. See Commonwealth v. Collins, 888 A.2d 564, 570, 573 (Pa. 2005) (term "issue" as used in §§ 9543(a)(3) and 9544(a)(2) "refers to the discrete legal ground that was forwarded on direct appeal and would have entitled the defendant to relief. . . ."; ineffectiveness claims are distinct from claims raised on direct appeal and must be treated as wholly independent of underlying claim of error).

Regarding waiver, appellant's present issues concerning trial court error and trial counsel's ineffectiveness were not raised at trial or on direct appeal; thus, these claims are waived. 42 Pa.C.S. § 9544(b). However, appellant may obtain relief if he can show appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to pursue these claims. See Commonwealth v. Rush, 838 A.2d 651, 656 (Pa. 2003) (citing Commonwealth v. McGill, 832 A.2d 1014, 1022 (Pa. 2003) (when court is faced with "layered" ineffectiveness claim, only viable ineffectiveness claim is that related to most recent, appellate counsel)).

To preserve a "layered" ineffectiveness claim,

a petitioner must " plead, in his PCRA petition," that appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to raise all prior counsel's ineffectiveness. Additionally, a petitioner must " present argument on, i.e. develop each prong of the [ Commonwealth v.] Pierce[, 527 A.2d 973 (Pa. 1987)] test" as to appellate counsel's deficient representation. "Then, and only then, has the petitioner preserved a layered claim of ineffectiveness for the court to review; then, and only then, can the court proceed to determine whether the petitioner has proved his layered claim."

Id. (citations and footnote omitted); see also McGill, at 1021-23.

The Pierce test requires appellant to prove, with respect to appellate counsel's performance, that: (1) the underlying claim of trial counsel's ineffectiveness has arguable merit; (2) appellate counsel had no reasonable basis for failing to pursue the claim; and (3) but for appellate counsel's ineffectiveness, the result on direct appeal would have differed. See id., at 1022-23. T his "performance and prejudice" test was enunciated in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), and was recognized in Pierce as the proper test under the Pennsylvania Constitution. Failure to establish any prong of the test will defeat an ineffectiveness claim. Commonwealth v. Basemore, 744 A.2d 717, 738 n. 23 (Pa. 2000) (citing Commonwealth v. Rollins, 738 A.2d 435, 441 (Pa. 1999) (ordinarily, post-conviction claim of ineffective assistance of counsel may be denied by showing petitioner's evidence fails to meet single one of three prongs for claim)).

Appellant's PCRA petition and appellate brief were filed prior to McGill and Rush's clarification of the pleading and preservation requirements for layered ineffectiveness claims. In his PCRA petition, appellant did not plead layered ineffectiveness in connection with every issue; instead, he relied on the relaxed waiver principle formerly employed by this Court in capital appeals, which was in effect at the time he filed his petition. See PCRA Petition, at 5-8. Appellant's appellate brief includes a catch-all, boilerplate assertion of all prior counsel's ineffectiveness for failing to litigate these issues, see Appellant's Brief, at 7, and he presents argument on his underlying claims of trial error and trial counsel's ineffectiveness, satisfying the first prong of Pierce with respect to appellate counsel; however, his development of the remaining two prongs regarding appellate counsel's stewardship is cursory.

Where an appellant has established the arguable merit of his claim of trial counsel's ineffectiveness, the first prong of Pierce with respect to appellate counsel, remand may be warranted to develop the remaining two prongs. Rush, at 656-57. "Nevertheless, there is simply no need to remand a PCRA petition when the petitioner has not carried his Pierce burden in relation to the underlying claim of trial counsel's ineffectiveness, since even if the petitioner were able to craft a perfectly layered argument in support of his claim, the petitioner's claim would not entitle him to relief." Id., at 657-58.

As discussed below, all of appellant's underlying claims of trial court error and trial counsel's ineffectiveness fail; his claims of appellate counsel's ineffectiveness are necessarily defeated as well. McGill, at 1023. Therefore, we need not remand to develop the remaining two prongs of Pierce with respect to appellate counsel. See Rush, at 657-58; McGill, at 1025. We now address appellant's remaining claims, which we have reworded and reordered for ease of discussion.

Guilt Phase

Whether the trial judge should have recused herself on the basis of bias.

Appellant claims the trial judge was biased against him because she was aware of his juvenile record and had presided over numerous cases involving appellant's siblings in juvenile and family court. He claims trial counsel should have discovered the judge's bias and filed a recusal motion, and appellate counsel should have raised this issue on direct appeal. In the alternative, and in curious juxtaposition, appellant claims the trial judge failed to consider this background evidence as a mitigating circumstance under § 9711(e)(8)'s "catch-all" mitigator.

"It is the burden of the party requesting recusal to produce evidence establishing bias, prejudice or unfairness which raises a substantial doubt as to the jurist's ability to preside impartially." Abu-Jamal, at 89. Here, there was no recusal request by counsel; appellant claims appellate counsel should have cited trial counsel's failure to investigate the trial judge's familiarity with appellant's family and move for recusal. T he evidence appellant presented in support of this claim at the PCRA hearing, however, was paltry and insubstantial, consisting of affidavits by appellant's father and some of his siblings. The PCRA court concluded appellant's father's affidavit could not be admitted as substantive evidence because it was not subject to cross-examination, and the court could not determine the witness's credibility. See N.T. PCRA Hearing, 1/21/00, at 12-13. The court noted petitioner's siblings' affidavits were unsworn, not notarized, and made only vague claims they remembered the trial judge presiding over some of their siblings' family court cases. PCRA Court Opinion, 3/25/04, at 17.

The allegedly prejudicial trial rulings appellant cites do not demonstrate an inability by the jurist to render an impartial verdict; "[a]dverse rulings alone do not . . . establish the requisite bias. . . ." Abu-Jamal, at 90. The rulings appellant complains of demonstrate nothing more than the judge's efforts to manage the trial and her courtroom. Regarding appellant's alternative claim that the judge should have considered her alleged prior courtroom encounters with his family as mitigating evidence under § 9711(e)(8), the judge was under no duty to consider mitigating evidence not presented at the penalty phase; such evidence was outside the record. Appellant essentially argues it would have been acceptable for the judge to be biased, as long as it was in his favor. Appellant's recusal claim is meritless; therefore, remand for further development regarding appellate counsel's ineffectiveness is not warranted. McGill, at 1025.

Whether appellant was entitled to a change of venue on the basis of pre-trial publicity through electronic media coverage.

Appellant claims appellate counsel was ineffective for not mentioning the electronic media coverage in arguing trial counsel's ineffectiveness for failing to move for change of venue; on direct appeal, appellate counsel only mentioned the print media coverage appellant's case received. Appellant points to appellate counsel's failure to cite any tactic for this omission. See N.T. PCRA Hearing, 9/7/99, at 27-28.

"The mere existence of pretrial publicity does not warrant a presumption of prejudice." Commonwealth v. Chambers, 685 A.2d 96, 103 (Pa. 1996) (citations omitted). This Court noted, in determining whether pre-trial publicity was inherently prejudicial:

[O]ur inquiry must focus upon whether any juror formed a fixed opinion of the defendant's guilt or innocence as a result of the pre-trial publicity. Pre-trial publicity will be deemed inherently prejudicial where the publicity is sensational, inflammatory, slanted towards conviction rather than factual and objective; revealed that the accused had a criminal record; referred to confessions, admissions or reenactments of the crime by the accused; or derived from reports from the police and prosecuting officers.

Commonwealth v. Marinelli, 690 A.2d 203, 213 (Pa. 1997) (quoting Commonwealth v. Paolello, 665 A.2d 439, 450 (Pa. 1995)).

If any of these factors exists, the publicity is deemed to be inherently prejudicial, and we must inquire whether the publicity has been so extensive, so sustained, and so pervasive that the community must be deemed to have been saturated with it. Finally, even if there has been inherently prejudicial publicity which has saturated the community, no change of venue is warranted if the passage of time has sufficiently dissipated the prejudicial effects of the publicity.

Chambers, at 103 (citations omitted).

Because appellant waived his right to a jury at the guilt phase, there was no danger any jurors would have a fixed opinion about his guilt; however, he argues he waived a jury at this stage because trial counsel failed to move for a change of venue. He claims the pervasive television and radio publicity about the crime and his apprehension in Florida was inflammatory and sensational, and revealed his prior criminal record; thus, he was afraid to be tried in the county where the residents were exposed to such media coverage.

The record belies this claim; although appellant's brother expressed concern that pre-trial publicity would make it impossible to pick a fair jury and that was why he was waiving his right to a jury, see N.T. Trial, 10/18/89, at 23, 37-38, appellant never voiced such concern, and he expressly affirmed his decision to waive a jury was his own, made freely, and that he was satisfied with counsel's performance. See id., at 5, 22, 24-26, 38-39. Additionally, trial counsel testified he feared a change of venue to a more remote area would have resulted in a venire panel which would have been more horrified by the facts of the crime than one from urban Philadelphia. N.T. PCRA Hearing, 9/13/99, at 179-81; id., at 180 ("We figured if we filed a motion for change of venue, the worst thing would happen is they would grant it."). Thus, as trial counsel's strategy was reasonable, appellant's claim concerning appellate counsel's ineffectiveness fails; remand for further development is unnecessary. McGill, at 1025.

Whether the Commonwealth's initiation of forfeiture proceedings deprived appellant of counsel of his choice.

Appellant contends he was denied his right to counsel of his choice when the Commonwealth seized assets he would have used to pay counsel. The Commonwealth initiated civil forfeiture proceedings against appellant for seizure of his personal and real property related to drug charges pending against him. Appellant claims he would have used these assets to pay the private attorney he had retained, but was instead forced to rely on appointed counsel, who was inadequately compensated and lacked the resources to defend a very complex, protracted matter involving multiple criminal prosecutions and forfeiture actions. T he PCRA court held this claim was not cognizable under the PCRA, as claims based on civil forfeiture proceedings are not included in § 9543(a)(3)'s grounds for relief. See PCRA Court Opinion, 3/25/04, at 15. However, appellant argues trial and appellate counsel were ineffective for failing to raise the claim; thus, it is a cognizable, legally discrete issue. See Collins, at 570-73.

Appellant relies on Commonwealth v. Hess, 617 A.2d 307 (Pa. 1992), which held application of the forfeiture statute, 42 Pa.C.S. § 6801(a)(6)(i)(A), to funds received by an attorney as a retainer to represent the defendant violated the defendant's right to counsel under Pa. Const. art. I, § 9. See Hess, at 313-15. In Hess, however, the funds were already paid to retain the attorney representing the defendant; here, appellant does not allege the funds were seized from those already paid to counsel of his choice. As appellant's underlying claim is meritless, trial counsel cannot be deemed ineffective, and remand for further development of the claim pertaining to appellate counsel is unwarranted. McGill, at 1025.

Whether trial counsel failed to conduct a professionally responsible investigation, failed to impeach Commonwealth witnesses, improperly stipulated to key pieces of Commonwealth evidence, pursued an implausible defense theory, and failed to test the Commonwealth's case.

In evaluating the series of claims in this issue, we are mindful that attorney performance is to be assessed without the distortion of hindsight; rather, we must reconstruct the circumstances under which counsel's decisions were made and evaluate counsel's conduct from his perspective at that time. See Strickland, at 689.

Appellant first claims trial counsel should have investigated and presented evidence of his drug abuse and mental health issues at the guilt phase; he points to statements of arresting officers concerning his intoxicated state, statements of friends, family, and former counsel regarding his long-standing drug addiction, and reports of defense mental health experts who testified at the PCRA hearing that he suffered from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and drug-induced psychosis at the time of the offense. He contends, based on the above evidence, trial counsel should have presented a diminished capacity defense, and trial counsel's presentation of a misidentification defense was unreasonable. However, appellant never admitted to killing the victims, a prerequisite for claiming diminished capacity. As appellant maintained, even at the PCRA proceedings, that he did not commit the murders, see N.T. PCRA Hearing, 9/7/99, at 75, the defense of diminished capacity was not available, and trial counsel was not ineffective for failing to raise it. See Commonwealth v. Johnson, 815 A.2d 563, 578-79 (Pa. 2002) (counsel not ineffective for failing to pursue diminished capacity defense where defendant denied killing victim).

Appellant contends trial counsel failed to conduct an adequate investigation of impeachment evidence of key Commonwealth witnesses. Specifically, he claims Greg Johnson, who identified appellant at trial as the shooter, told Ruben Brezeal and Gregory Moton he had not seen the shooter. See Affidavit/Declaration of Ruben Brezeal, 1/13/97, at ¶ 3; Affidavit/Declaration of Gregory Moton, 1/19/97, at ¶¶ 3, 7. Appellant claims Johnson told John Craig Haynes that he named appellant as the shooter because police were threatening to charge him with drug trafficking if he did not implicate appellant. See Affidavit/Declaration of John Craig Haynes, 3/27/97, at ¶¶ 2-3. Appellant claims Kim Glenn, Moton, and Brezeal all knew Johnson was capable of "doing some pretty sleazy things . . . pretty much anything[,]" and would do whatever he had to do to save himself. Affidavit/Declaration of Kim Glenn, 1/10/97, at ¶ 15; see also Affidavit Declaration of Gregory Moton, 1/19/97, at ¶ 4; Affidavit/Declaration of Ruben Brezeal, 1/13/97, at ¶ 6. Appellant also claims Brezeal could have impeached Yianna Pannell, who identified appellant as her rapist; Brezeal would have stated Pannell was confused about who raped her and could not recall the event clearly. See Affidavit/Declaration of Ruben Brezeal, 1/13/97, at ¶ 3.

To be entitled to relief on a claim of ineffectiveness for failure to call a witness, appellant must demonstrate: the witness existed, was available, and willing to cooperate; counsel knew or should have known of the witness; and the absence of the witness's testimony prejudiced appellant. Commonwealth v. Fletcher, 750 A.2d 261, 275 (Pa. 2000), overruled on other grounds. Trial counsel vigorously cross-examined Johnson and Pannell at trial, questioning the veracity of their identifications and suggesting motives for them to testify falsely; he painted the picture of a rivalry between appellant's drug ring and another the victims were involved with, describing an assault by appellant on members of the victims' organization just days before the shooting, thus supplying the victims with a motive to falsely implicate appellant as the shooter. Counsel argued none of the witnesses who identified appellant did so immediately, but rather only at other witnesses' urgings once they were told of appellant's prior assault. As the PCRA court found, appellant fails to demonstrate the testimony of the witnesses he now offers would have contributed anything "more than hearsay, conjecture and unsubstantiated rumors." PCRA Court Opinion, 3/25/04, at 24. Furthermore, trial counsel testified he was a ware of Brezeal, but declined to use him as a witness because he did not find him credible; Brezeal told counsel he would not testify unless he was paid. See N.T. PCRA Hearing, 9/13/99, at 154. Therefore, we cannot say the absence of these witnesses' testimony prejudiced appellant.

Appellant claims trial counsel was ineffective for proceeding with a misidentification defense when there was evidence pointing to the JBM, a drug organization which dominated the neighborhood where the shooting occurred, as being responsible for the shooting. Appellant points to statements from Kinard and Moton, who stated Haynes was a drug dealer and rival of the JBM, and opined the shooting was an attempt to get back at Haynes, who lived several doors down from the crime scene. See Affidavit/Declaration of Andre Kinard, 1/15/97, at ¶¶ 2-3, 7; Affidavit/Declaration of Gregory Moton, 1/19/97, at ¶¶ 5-7. Appellant also cites an FBI agent's statement that "[appellant] stated [the] reason why he left Philadelphia [was] that he heard Black Mafia was out to kill him. He didn't know where [the] rumor came from[,] and didn't have any names[,] or the reasons why[.]" Investigation Interview Record of Special Agent Ronald G. Risner, 11/21/88, at 3. Finally, appellant cites numerous newspaper articles detailing the drug war between the JBM and its rivals. See Appellant's Brief, at 81-82. He claims trial counsel should have been aware of the JBM's connection with the shootings and pursued this version of defense instead of arguing two Jamaicans were responsible for the shooting.

Counsel testified that after receiving little cooperation from people in the crime scene's neighborhood, he discovered information, corroborated by two police reports, placing two Jamaicans at the scene near the time of the shooting. See N.T. PCRA Hearing, 9/8/99, at 24; N.T. PCRA Hearing, 9/14/99, at 4-5. Appellant never said anything about the JBM being involved, and the evidence concerning the Jamaicans was "the only evidence [counsel] had that there was somebody else that did this, and [appellant] continually said he didn't." Id., at 5. Counsel opted to present the testimony of the taxi driver who dropped the Jamaicans off at the scene shortly before the shooting and that of a victim who gave a description of one of the perpetrators which matched that given by the taxi driver. Aside from the conjecture of Kinard's and Moton's statements, there is nothing directly linking the JBM to the shooting, and we cannot say trial counsel chose an unreasonable defense, given the dearth of witness cooperation he received.

Appellant claims trial counsel should not have stipulated to a police crime lab report which stated a jacket recovered from the vehicle he fled from contained human blood; he contends this stipulation undermined the misidentification defense by essentially conceding his presence at the crime scene. However, appellant overlooks the fact the police report containing the description of the jacket was admissible evidence, which would have been presented through a police department chemist's recitation of its facts. Trial counsel testified he stipulated to this evidence to avoid having the fact-finder hear such a gory recitation. See N.T. PCRA Hearing, 9/14/99, at 3-4. Trial counsel did not actually stipulate to appellant's presence at the scene; he merely agreed to the facts contained in the police report, which would have been admitted in a manner far more prejudicial to the defense had he not done so. Additionally, as the PCRA court noted, even if the report arguably placed appellant at the crime scene, it merely corroborated the overwhelming eyewitness testimony and was not the only proof of his culpability. See PCRA Court Opinion, 3/25/04, at 20. Accordingly, we cannot say such decision was without reasonable basis or that appellant was prejudiced by it.

Appellant claims trial counsel should not have stipulated to the results of a rape kit showing semen was found in Pannell's vagina and anus; no testable blood groups were found in the semen recovered from Pannell, so the Commonwealth never had the samples it collected from appellant analyzed to determine if they matched the rape kit sample. See N.T. PCRA Hearing, 9/8/99, at 46. Appellant contends, in light of the tests' inconclusiveness, trial counsel should have argued appellant did not commit the rape. He further contends his brother, Michael, admitted to having sex with Pannell that evening, and that other evidence pointed to Michael as the perpetrator. He argues trial counsel should have more vigorously pursued the theory that Michael, not appellant, committed the rape.

Trial counsel testified that, rather than challenge the Commonwealth's failure to have appellant's samples analyzed and have the results come back as "another nail in the coffin[,]" id., at 54, 56, he chose to stipulate to the rape kit's inconclusive results. All these results showed was that someone had sex with the victim; there was nothing linking appellant to the rape. Furthermore, trial counsel called Michael Birdsong to testify, purportedly, that he was the one who committed the crimes; when Michael invoked his Fifth Amendment rights and did not testify, appellant argued on direct appeal that he should have been granted a continuance to present Michael's testimony. We held, "[E]ven if Michael testified that it was he, not [a]ppellant, that committed the crimes, this testimony would have been of little value in light of the testimony of the many eyewitnesses who knew [a]ppellant and identified him as the shooter." Birdsong, at 35. Likewise, any challenge trial counsel could have raised regarding the rape kit or Michael's culpability would have paled in the face of the other evidence linking appellant to the crimes. Therefore, we cannot conclude trial counsel's performance was unreasonable or prejudicial to appellant.

As appellant's claims of trial counsel's ineffectiveness fail, there is no need to remand for development of the claims concerning appellate counsel. McGill, at 1025.

Whether appellant's joint trial with his brother was improper because of antagonistic defenses.

Appellant claims his brother's defense portrayed appellant as the exclusive driving force behind the crimes, and was so antagonistic to his defense that the two were irreconcilable and mutually exclusive; he argues this portrayal precluded him from presenting evidence in support of the § 9711(e)(7) mitigator (defendant's participation in homicidal act was relatively minor). He further contends his brother's questioning of Commonwealth witnesses emphasized their identification of appellant and the evidence of his other crimes, and asserts he was tainted by evidence the Commonwealth presented concerning his brother's tampering with a witness. Thus, appellant argues, trial counsel should have moved for severance.

The decision to sever co-defendants' trials lies within the trial court's discretion, and will not be disturbed absent an abuse thereof. Commonwealth v. King, 721 A.2d 763, 771 (Pa. 1998). Joint trials are favored when judicial economy will be served by avoiding the expensive and time-consuming duplication of evidence, and where the defendants are charged with conspiracy. Commonwealth v. Jones, 668 A.2d 491, 501 (Pa. 1995).

"[T]he mere fact that there is hostility between defendants, or that one may try to save himself at the expense of another, is in itself not sufficient grounds to require separate trials. In fact, it has been asserted that the fact that defendants have conflicting versions of what took place, or the extents to which they participated in it, is a reason for rather than against a joint trial because the truth may be more easily determined if all are tried together." King, at 771 (quoting Commonwealth v. Chester, 587 A.2d 1367, 1373 (Pa. 1991)) (emphasis added). A defendant claiming there is possibility of conflicting or antagonistic defenses "must show a real potential for prejudice and not just mere speculation." Jones, at 501.

Appellant fails to demonstrate he was prejudiced by being tried jointly with his brother. Each co-defendant attempted to minimize his own role in the crime and make the other appear to be the instigator; this is a common strategy which is a reason for, not against, a joint trial. King, at 771. As the PCRA court noted, appellant fails to establish how the outcome of his trial would have differed had he been tried separately, "when the undisputed evidence, including numerous eye-witnesses, placed [him] at the scene of the crime as the shooter and the rapist." PCRA Court Opinion, 3/25/04, at 19-20. Thus, appellant's underlying severance claim lacks merit, he cannot prevail on his claim of trial counsel's ineffectiveness, and remand is unnecessary for further development of this claim as it pertains to appellate counsel. McGill, at 1025.

Penalty Phase

Whether appellant's waiver of a sentencing jury was invalid.

Appellant claims he did not receive a proper colloquy informing him he could waive a jury at trial but still have one at sentencing, and he was not informed of potential aggravating and mitigating factors, the burden of proof regarding these factors, or the requirement that a jury's death verdict be unanimous. Appellant acknowledges his participation in a waiver colloquy prior to the guilt phase, but contends he should have received a separate colloquy prior to the penalty phase to determine if he still wanted to waive a jury at sentencing; he claims the prosecutor mislead him into believing if he waived a jury at the guilt phase, then he had to waive it at the sentencing phase as well.

"Under Pennsylvania law, a capital defendant tried without a jury in the guilt phase retains the right to a jury in the penalty phase . . . unless he specifically waives that right without objection by the Commonwealth." Commonwealth v. Fears, 836 A.2d 52, 70 (Pa. 2003) (citing 42 Pa.C.S. § 9711(b)). While this Court has not provided a mechanical listing of what must be included in a colloquy regarding waiver of a penalty phase jury, we have made clear:

[T]he colloquy must be an on-record dialogue, . . . calculated to insure the defendant comprehends the nature and significance of the right being waived. At the very least, . . . the defendant should be asked if he understands that he has the right to be sentenced by a penalty-phase jury, whether any waiver to that right has been based on promises or coercion and if he understands that under Pennsylvania law a penalty-phase jury must render a unanimous verdict.

Id. (citing Commonwealth v. O'Donnell, 740 A.2d 198, 213 (Pa. 1999)) (citations omitted).

In Commonwealth v. Mallory, 941 A.2d 686 (Pa. 2008), we addressed the issue of ineffectiveness in connection with the validity of a defendant's jury waiver. Although Mallory was not decided at the time the parties in the instant matter filed their briefs, it is instructive. In that case, the defendants executed extensive written jury waiver colloquies but did not request on-the-record oral colloquies, and the trial court did not conduct such colloquies. After their direct appeals were unsuccessful, the defendants filed PCRA petitions, each alleging his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to challenge the validity of his jury waiver on the grounds the trial court did not conduct an oral colloquy pursuant to Pa.R.Crim.P. 620. The PCRA court held the absence of such colloquies rendered the waivers invalid as a matter of law and concluded counsel were ineffective. The Superior Court reversed, finding the defendants failed to demonstrate prejudice as discussed in Commonwealth v. Lassiter, 722 A.2d 657 (Pa. 1998) (Opinion Announcing the Judgment of the Court) (defendants challenging validity of jury waiver must demonstrate outcome of joint trial would have been more favorable if conducted before jury). We accepted review to address the proper analysis of the prejudice prong of the ineffectiveness test in the context of the validity of a jury waiver, as Lassiter did not definitively resolve the issue.

In addressing whether the lack of an oral jury waiver colloquy, as contemplated by Pa.R.Crim.P. 620, warranted a presumption of prejudice, we made the following observations:

The essential elements of a jury waiver, though important and necessary to an appreciation of the right, are nevertheless simple to state and easy to understand. "The[] essential ingredients, basic to the concept of a jury trial, are the requirements that the jury be chosen from members of the community (a jury of one's peers), that the verdict be unanimous, and that the accused be allowed to participate in the selection of the jury panel." Commonwealth v. Williams, 454 Pa. 368, 312 A.2d 597, 600 (1973); accord Commonwealth v. Smith, 498 Pa. 661, 450 A.2d 973, 974 (1982).

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A waiver colloquy is a procedural device; it is not a constitutional end or a constitutional "right." Citizens can waive their fundamental rights in the absence of a colloquy; indeed, waivers can occur by conduct or by implication. . . . Moreover, the absence of an on-the-record colloquy concerning the fundamentals of a trial by jury does not prove, in an absolute sense, that a defendant failed to understand the right he waived by proceeding non-jury. Consider, for example, a criminally-accused lawyer who waives a jury. Or, consider a career criminal defendant with previous, first-hand experience with jury trials. Or, imagine a reasonably intelligent client whose lawyer informed him, off the record, of the three basics of a jury trial. The record colloquy contemplated by Pa.R.Crim.P. 620 serves a salutary prophylactic purpose, as it makes it plain that a jury waiver is knowing and voluntary, and it creates a record in the event of a later, collateral attack upon the waiver. For the same twin reasons, an on-the-record colloquy is a useful procedural tool whenever the waiver of any significant right is at issue, constitutional or otherwise, e.g., waiver of a trial, waiver of the right to counsel, waiver of the right to call witnesses, waiver of the right to cross-examine witnesses, waiver of rules-based speedy trial time limits, etc. But the colloquy does not share the same status as the right itself.

The right to a jury trial in criminal cases, unlike the Rule-based requirement of a waiver colloquy, does implicate constitutional concerns. If this case involved direct governmental denial of an explicit request for a jury — if appellants had demanded a jury and the trial judge said, "No" — appellants would have a valid claim that they were denied their constitutional right to trial by jury. But that is not the claim presented here. Appellants explicitly waived their rights to a jury, in writing, on the record. Appellants' shared collateral claim (the Lewises have an added burden concerning appellate counsel which we will address below) is that, notwithstanding their explicit written waiver colloquies, which were attested by their lawyers, the prosecutor and (in two of three cases) the trial judge, those waivers were the product of the ineffectiveness of their trial counsel. Specifically, they allege that their lawyers failed to object when the trial court failed to conduct an on-the-record oral waiver colloquy to supplement the written waivers. If they had been so queried in open court, all three appellants claim, they would have contradicted their written waivers and demanded a jury. T his not uncommon my-record-waiver-was-my-lawyer's-fault claim is far removed from the "constitutional, structural" error that would be at issue if a timely jury demand was wrongly denied.

Mallory, at 696-97.

We also stressed the importance of recognizing the distinct analysis required when a jury waiver colloquy claim is litigated through the guise of counsel ineffectiveness:

Recognizing that the claim here involves a collateral attack focusing upon the Sixth Amendment right to counsel, and that the collateral attack only indirectly implicates the distinct constitutional right to a jury trial and the Rule-based "right" to an oral waiver colloquy, is paramount to its proper evaluation. Of course, lawyers have an obligation to counsel their clients in conjunction with the waiver of basic rights, including the waiver of a jury; but the mere absence of a record oral waiver colloquy does not automatically prove that a right was relinquished unknowingly or involuntarily and that the trial lawyer was ineffective for causing the waiver. When a presumptively-valid waiver is collaterally attacked under the guise of ineffectiveness of counsel, it must be analyzed like any other ineffectiveness claim. Such an inquiry is not resolved by the mere absence of an oral waiver colloquy; instead, the analysis must focus on the totality of relevant circumstances. Those circumstances include the defendant's knowledge of and experience with jury trials, his explicit written waiver (if any), and the content of relevant off-the-record discussions counsel had with his client. See Commonwealth v. Allen, 557 Pa. 135, 732 A.2d 582, 590 (1999) (rejecting per se approach and holding that trial court should determine defendant's actual knowledge in guilty plea colloquy context by looking at totality of circumstances to distinguish whether plea was voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently made); Commonwealth v. DeGeorge, 506 Pa. 445, 485 A.2d 1089, 1091-92 (1984) (permitting "consideration of circumstances outside the content of the of-record colloquy in determining the validity of the waiver" when counsel allegedly was ineffective for failing to object to trial court's acceptance of defendant's jury waiver without first conducting on-the-record colloquy); see also Commonwealth v. O'Donnell, 559 Pa. 320, 740 A.2d 198, 215-19 (1999) (Castille, J., dissenting) (collecting and discussing cases).

Id., at 698. We then confirmed the propriety of the "totality of the circumstances" approach:

[A]bsence of an oral colloquy alone does not prove that a jury waiver was in fact unknowing or involuntary; rather, the PCRA court must look to the totality of the circumstances . . . including the discussions between the lawyers and their clients regarding the jury waiver. . . . The analysis regarding the underlying merits of appellants' ineffectiveness challenge must be more precise and must account for all relevant circumstances surrounding the waiver.

Id., at 704. Finally, we rejected the argument that collateral jury waiver allegations were among the circumstances in which prejudice may be presumed:

[T]o prove trial counsel ineffective, each appellant must show that his understanding of the [jury] waiver was constitutionally impaired by his lawyer's deficient performance, as well as proof that he would have elected a jury but for his lawyer's performance. Thus, we affirm the Lassiter OAJC to the extent it determined that, in circumstances like these, actual prejudice must be shown.

Id., at 702.

Here, unlike Mallory, there was an on-the-record oral colloquy; however, Mallory's summary of the burden of proof for a defendant who alleges counsel's ineffectiveness in connection with a jury waiver is controlling. Appellant must demonstrate he did not understand what he was waiving; that trial counsel caused his failure to understand; and that, but for counsel's ineffectiveness, he would have insisted upon a jury. He does not even attempt to address this requirement; furthermore, a review of the colloquy under the totality of the circumstances reveals appellant cannot prevail on his claim.

The trial court specifically told appellant: "At [the penalty] hearing, if it is just with a judge, you could have a jury hearing if you decided to go with a jury." N.T. Trial, 10/18/89, at 30. The prosecutor then commented: "You could have a jury who heard the trial of first degree murder also make a decision on the penalties. . . . Having a trial with the judge here, the judge will make that determination. . . ." Id. T his comment could be interpreted to mean that if appellant waived a jury at the guilt phase, he automatically did so at the penalty phase, too. The prosecutor later stated, however:

Knowing that that is a possibility, do you still wish to have this judge, and I am only talking about the death penalty phase here, that particular phase if we get to that?

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So you are giving up your right [to a jury] as to whether you did it and you are also giving up your right to a jury trial on the decision as to what penalty to impose. . . .

Id., at 31 (emphasis added).

These comments could be interpreted as referring to appellant's waiver of a penalty phase jury as being separate from his waiver of one at the guilt phase; as the dissent notes, the colloquy did include some potentially confusing points.

Read in its entirety, however, the record reflects appellant was informed of the essential requirements under O'Donnell; appellant participated in the colloquy, asked questions and conferred with counsel, and indicated he understood the right he was waiving and that his waiver had not been coerced. See id., at 28-36. Specifically, appellant assented when the prosecutor stated, "Just so you know . . . you can't say later I wanted a jury on the death penalty[,]" and "You are giving up your right today to have a jury . . . make up their mind as to what proper penalty under the law is. . . . The judge and the judge alone will make that determination." Id., at 33-34. Appellant assented when asked: "[D]o you still wish to have the judge hear this on her own without the jury?" and "You talked with your lawyer and said you understood what I said and want the judge to decide that aspect of it, death penalty phase without a jury." Id., at 34-35. Appellant also assented when the prosecutor explained that if 11 jurors decided appellant should receive the death penalty, "but one of them decided that life imprisonment was proper, you wouldn't get the death penalty." Id., at 35. Appellant assented again when the prosecutor asked, "Knowing that is the right you are giving up for purposes of the death penalty, do you wish for the Court to make that decision and not 12 individual people?" Id., at 36.

Appellant and his brother, who was colloquied with him, expressed their decision to waive a jury was motivated by their belief the media tainted the public against them. See Id., at 37-38. Furthermore, trial counsel recalled that prior to trial, he and the prosecutor met with the trial judge, who "wanted to know if this could be worked out" with "a life plea or anything else like that," N.T. PCRA Hearing, 9/8/99, at 22, but the prosecutor refused to accept anything but a plea to death. Trial counsel's recollection was that the trial judge "was absolutely, unconditionally appalled" at the Commonwealth's intransigence, and all members of the defense (both the defendants and their attorneys) agreed, after conferring together, that "our best shot for not getting death in this case was going to be with [the trial judge]." Id., at 22-23.

Trial counsel added he recalled fully explaining the concept of jury waiver to appellant, that he believed waiver of a jury at both phases of the trial was in appellant's best interests, and that all key members of the defense (himself, appellant, appellant's brother, and his brother's counsel) agreed on this point. Trial counsel testified appellant "didn't want a jury in the penalty phase. The penalty phase was exactly what we were scared of. We thought the district attorney's office was so outrageous and [the trial judge] was so upset by what the district attorney's office was doing [in refusing to accept a plea to life imprisonment] that this was his best shot for life." N.T. PCRA Hearing, 9/13/99, at 149-50. Trial counsel testified that to the best of his knowledge and recollection, he had explained to appellant that the jury waiver would mean the trial judge alone would make the decision at the penalty phase. Id., at 177. When asked if he agreed with appellant on the question of jury waiver, trial counsel replied, "Yes. We had long discussions about it." N.T. PCRA Hearing, 9/14/99, at 6-7.

Crucially, at no time during the PCRA hearings, which ultimately stretched over several months, did appellant testify to contradict or challenge trial counsel's testimony, or even to claim he did not understand what was he was waiving. Instead, PCRA counsel premised the claim upon the waiver colloquy alone. See N.T. PCRA Hearing, 12/5/00, at 7-22. The record and uncontradicted testimony, however, reveal the jury waiver was motivated precisely by a fully-informed desire that the trial judge preside over the penalty phase. The strategy, as so identified, obviously was reasonable.

Appellant has not demonstrated, beyond a bald allegation of prejudice, that trial counsel's ineffectiveness caused him to waive a jury at the penalty phase. See Harrington v. Richter, 131 S.Ct. 770, 790-92 (2011) (if all that can be shown is "merely that the defense strategy did not work out as well as counsel had hoped," ineffectiveness claim should not be granted). Appellant's brief merely states, without support in case law or the record, he suffered prejudice because of allegedly erroneous and confusing statements made during the colloquy. He does not point to any deficient performance on the part of trial counsel, and, as there was a reasonable basis for trial counsel's strategy, the claim regarding appellate counsel's ineffectiveness is meritless, and there is no need to remand for further development. McGill, at 1025.

Whether appellant's waiver of mental health testimony was not knowing, intelligent, and voluntary.

Trial counsel planned to call Dr. Allan Tepper, a psychologist who evaluated appellant the night before the penalty phase, to present mitigating mental health testimony. However, immediately after Dr. Tepper arrived in court, appellant informed counsel he did not wish to have this expert testify. N.T. Penalty Phase, 10/27/89, at 669. The trial court colloquied appellant to establish the voluntariness of his decision to forego Dr. Tepper's testimony, and was satisfied such decision was knowing and informed. Id., at 669-70. Appellant claims his waiver of Dr. Tepper's mental health testimony was not valid because trial counsel did not retain this expert until the eve of the penalty phase, did not provide adequate background information about appellant to this expert, and did not explain to appellant the substance of this expert testimony and its value as mitigating evidence. Appellant contends although appellate counsel argued on direct appeal that the trial court abused its discretion in permitting this waiver, appellate counsel failed to proffer facts showing why the waiver was invalid, i.e., trial counsel's inadequate preparation.

On direct appeal, this Court concluded the trial court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to reopen the penalty phase so that Dr. Tepper could testify, as appellant's waiver was voluntary, and he failed to present any information regarding the nature of the proposed testimony or the mitigating circumstances to which it would have been relevant. See Birdsong, at 33-34. Appellant essentially contends his failure to present the information necessary to prevail on this claim was the result of trial counsel's ineffectiveness in preparing the expert and in conveying to appellant the import of this witness's testimony. However, trial counsel testified he stressed the importance of Dr. Tepper's testimony to appellant, telling him without this expert's testimony, he would probably get the death penalty; trial counsel stated he "absolutely, unconditionally, tried to get him to let Dr. Tepper testify." N.T. PCRA Hearing, 9/13/99, at 128; see also id., at 126-35. The only reason appellant gave counsel for not wanting Dr. Tepper to testify was he was afraid Dr. Tepper would make him "look dumb." Id., at 123. Despite trial counsel's strenuous attempts to convince appellant otherwise, he failed to do so; appellant's refusal to heed counsel's advice does not make counsel ineffective. Thus, the underlying claim of trial counsel's ineffectiveness fails, and remand for further development of this claim with respect to appellate counsel's stewardship is unnecessary. McGill, at 1025.

Whether trial counsel was ineffective for failing to investigate, prepare, and present mitigating evidence in support of a diminished capacity defense at trial and as mitigation at the penalty phase.

Appellant claims trial counsel was ineffective for failing to investigate and present evidence regarding his drug addiction, traumatic and abusive childhood, and mental health issues such as PTSD and drug-induced psychosis. Appellant asserts the evidence of his mental health issues and drug abuse would have supported a diminished capacity defense in the guilt phase; he further asserts he would not have waived a jury at the guilt phase had he known a diminished capacity defense was available. Finally, he contends the evidence of his addiction, dysfunctional childhood, intellectual deficiencies, and mental illness should have been presented in the penalty phase in support of the § 9711(e)(2), (e)(3), and (e)(8) mitigators.

At the penalty phase, trial counsel presented the testimony of Aisha Johnson, the mother of appellant's two-year-old son, and Altrecia Berry, Johnson's mother. Berry testified appellant was a good person and a good father; she had never known him to be violent. N.T. Penalty Phase, 10/27/89, at 660. Johnson testified appellant was a good father, but that he had a drug problem; when he was not high, he was nice and gentle, but when he was high, he became violent and nasty. Id., at 663-66. Trial counsel planned to call Dr. Tepper, but as previously noted, appellant indicated he did not want this expert to testify. Id., at 669. Trial counsel pled for appellant's life in his closing statement, emphasizing appellant's drug use in support of the § 9711(e)(3) mitigator, and pointing out appellant had been offered no choice other than to enter a guilty plea to a death sentence. Id., at 676. Trial counsel also contrasted other capital cases where the defendants had received life sentences, and argued vehemently for a life sentence. Id., at 677-79.

At the PCRA hearing, appellant presented the testimony of experts, friends, and family, who he asserted should have been called at the penalty phase, as well as that of trial and appellate counsel. Specifically, appellant's mother, brothers, and sister testified about appellant's dysfunctional family history, which included a traumatic fire he witnessed at a young age, physical and verbal abuse by their alcoholic father, poverty, and involvement with gangs and drugs by appellant and his brothers. N.T. PCRA Hearing, 1/5/00, at 149-79, 205; N.T. PCRA Hearing, 1/6/00, at 54-79, 178, 186-87, 190-91. Appellant's childhood friend testified to these same facts, and specifically mentioned appellant suffered from hallucinations and suffered a head injury in a gang fight, after which his personality changed. Id., at 206-08, 211-15, 216-18. A former girlfriend of appellant's, who was also the mother of one of his children, testified appellant was sweet when she first knew him, but had changed; however, he was very supportive of their daughter. Id., at 108-10. She stated appellant appeared to be high when she saw him shortly after the murder, and she confirmed his dysfunctional upbringing and the fire he witnessed as a child. Id., at 113, 117-18, 121-22. Appellant's niece testified to his good character, stating he was like a father to her. N.T. PCRA Hearing, 1/5/00, at 140-43. All of these witnesses, except appellant's mother, stated they would have testified at the penalty phase, but they were not contacted. Id., at 144-45; N.T. PCRA Hearing, 1/6/00, at 81-82, 124, 194, 222. However, the testimony of these witnesses also revealed family communication concerning appellant's incarceration and upcoming trial was not always ongoing, as family members were living in different states, one brother was incarcerated, and appellant had distanced himself from them. N.T. PCRA Hearing, 1/5/00, at 184-91, 209; N.T. PCRA Hearing, 1/6/00, at 100-01, 196-97.

Appellant's former girlfriend, Aisha Johnson, one of the two witnesses called at the penalty phase, testified the only phone contact she had with counsel prior to the penalty phase concerned a matter pertaining to appellant's property. She stated counsel's investigators never met with or called her, but admitted these events were over ten years ago, and she did not recall whether she was contacted. Id., at 149-50, 167-68. According to Johnson, counsel did not speak to her about her penalty phase testimony until right before it began, and he only spoke with her for five minutes, not asking her anything about appellant's upbringing or his change of behavior when he was on drugs. Id., at 148-49, 151, 153, 162. She said appellant was different when he was on drugs. Id., at 169.

Trial counsel testified he had been practicing law for nine years when he was appointed to represent appellant, and he did everything he could possibly do to defend appellant. N.T. PCRA Hearing, 9/8/99, at 39; N.T. PCRA Hearing, 9/13/99, at 36. He worked with two investigators to gather information in support of appellant's defense; they were in touch with him several times a day, apprising him of their progress. Id., at 34-36. Although the investigators spoke to appellant or Aisha Johnson daily by phone, seeking names of potential penalty phase witnesses, many of these potential witnesses refused to help. N.T. PCRA Hearing, 9/8/99, at 26. Counsel stated appellant's mother was contacted, but refused to come to appellant's trial, even when counsel spoke with her on the phone. Id., at 28; N.T. PCRA Hearing, 9/13/99, at 41-42. Counsel could not recall if he contacted appellant's father, but thought his investigators had. N.T. PCRA Hearing, 9/8/99, at 24; N.T. PCRA Hearing, 9/13/99, at 43. Counsel did not know if the investigators spoke with appellant's siblings. Id., at 46-48. Counsel could not recall with certainty if he obtained appellant's school and correctional records, but thought Dr. Tepper had reviewed them. Id., at 51, 111, 113, 116.

Regarding appellant's drug abuse, counsel thought Aisha Johnson, the mother of appellant's son, was the best witness to testify about appellant's personality changes when he was under the influence of drugs. Id., at 87. Counsel repeatedly stated he did not believe appellant's drug use was at issue, and he did not present additional evidence regarding this because there was no dispute appellant had a severe drug problem and was under the influence of drugs most of the time; the Commonwealth did not contest this evidence. Id., at 65-66, 69, 79-80, 83, 90, 104; N.T. PCRA Hearing, 9/14/99, at 9. Additionally, Dr. Tepper would have testified about appellant's drug use. N.T. PCRA Hearing, 9/13/99, at 66-67.

Counsel further testified he chose Dr. Tepper as the key witness for the penalty phase because he had a long-standing relationship with this expert and believed him to be the best witness; the Commonwealth would not cross-examine him extensively, as it used him to train prosecutors for capital cases, and Dr. Tepper was not only a psychologist but also an attorney, and thus aware of the issues, case law, and death penalty statute's requirements in relation to his testimony. Id., at 118-19. In addition to testifying about appellant's history of drug abuse, Dr. Tepper would have testified appellant had a low IQ. Id., at 122. Counsel testified Dr. Tepper was present and ready to testify at the penalty phase, and appellant knew the importance of this testimony; counsel explained to appellant that without it, he would most likely get the death penalty. Id., at 62, 126, 128, 184; N.T. PCRA Hearing, 9/14/99, at 45-46. However, appellant suddenly objected, telling counsel he did not want Dr. Tepper's testimony presented because it would make him appear stupid. N.T. PCRA Hearing, 9/13/99, at 123, 126-28. Counsel "absolutely, unconditionally, tried to get him to let Dr. Tepper testify[,]" id., at 128, but could not persuade appellant to change his mind. Finally, counsel testified that throughout his representation of appellant, he had no problem talking to appellant, and they had no problem understanding each other when discussing whether to waive a jury. Id., at 144, 146.

One of the investigators who worked with trial counsel confirmed appellant's mother was contacted but refused to come for trial, the majority of people contacted to be character witnesses for the penalty phase did not want to get involved, she spoke to appellant daily and they never had problems understanding each other, and appellant was very active in the preparation of his defense and understood what was at stake. N.T. PCRA Hearing, 1/4/00, at 21-22, 85-88.

One of appellant's PCRA counsel testified that in conducting her investigation for the PCRA proceedings, she was told by appellant's family that the defense investigators never contacted them; the investigator she spoke with said they had not contacted the family, as trial counsel would have been the one to do that. N.T. PCRA Hearing, 1/7/00, at 60-61.

Dr. Michael Scott Maher, a forensic psychiatrist who evaluated appellant for the PCRA hearing, testified he reviewed appellant's school and prison records, pre-sentence investigations from prior offenses, affidavits from friends and family, police reports, and Dr. Tepper's notes, and after evaluating appellant, concluded appellant's PTSD and polysubstance abuse at the time of the offense impaired appellant's capacity to conduct his behavior according to law, as well as impaired his capacity to understand the nature of his behavior and its wrongfulness. N.T. PCRA Hearing, 1/4/00, at 100-07.

Dr. James Larsen, a forensic psychologist who evaluated appellant for the PCRA hearing, testified that after he viewed the same materials as Dr. Maher and met with appellant, he concluded appellant was a polysubstance abuser with PTSD and a borderline IQ; he further opined these conditions, combined with drug-induced psychosis at the time of the offense, established the § 9711(e)(2) and (e)(3) mitigators, as Dr. Maher had concluded. N.T. PCRA Hearing, 1/5/00, at 49-53.

Dr. Tepper testified he evaluated appellant for three hours. Although he conceded he had limited time to conduct his evaluation with limited background information (he did not remember receiving background documents from counsel), he recalled being familiar with the case's facts and circumstances. Id., at 7, 10, 12-13, 29-30. He testified he would not have independently requested appellant's juvenile and prison records. Id., at 13-14. He noted appellant's low IQ and drug use were apparent, and explained his practice was not to ask for the defendant's version of the crime if counsel said not to; here, he did not recall counsel instructing him not to, so he probably would have asked appellant, and it was appellant's wish not to speak about it. Id., at 18, 22-23. He did not diagnose appellant as having PTSD, but acknowledged his awareness of his dysfunctional upbringing. Id., at 26, 28.

The Commonwealth presented the testimony of Dr. John Sebastian O'Brien, a forensic psychiatrist who reviewed appellant's records, the affidavits and reports of Drs. Maher, Larsen, and Tepper, and the affidavits of appellant's family and friends. N.T. PCRA Hearing, 1/7/00, at 107-08. D r. O'Brien was used as a consultant only to opine whether the records provided a basis for the other doctors' conclusions, and he did not examine appellant. He acknowledged appellant had a borderline IQ and a mixed substance abuse disorder, but noted appellant's low IQ did not prevent him from being a fully functioning adult who ran different businesses and owned several properties and vehicles. Id., at 112, 115. Dr. O'Brien disagreed with the finding that appellant suffered from PTSD; he opined appellant had PTSD as a child, but this disorder had resolved itself by the time he reached adulthood. Id., at 113-16. Dr. O'Brien further disagreed with the conclusion appellant suffered from a substance-induced psychotic disorder; he opined the "difficulties" appellant experienced as a result of his substance abuse were manifestations of voluntary substance intoxication, not psychosis. Id., at 116-18, 129. Finally, Dr. O'Brien concluded appellant would have been able to understand the wrongfulness of his conduct and to conform his conduct to the law's requirements at the time of the crime, and he had not suffered from an extreme psychological or emotional disturbance, so the § 9711(e)(2) and (e)(3) mitigators were not established. Id., at 143-45.

In arguing trial counsel was ineffective for failing to investigate and present the mitigating evidence summarized above, appellant relies on Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362 (2000) and Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510 (2003), which held capital counsel is obligated to thoroughly investigate and prepare mental health and other mitigating evidence, Williams, at 396; counsel cannot meet this obligation by relying on "only rudimentary knowledge of [the defendant's] history from a narrow set of sources." Wiggins, at 524. In Commonwealth v. Williams, 950 A.2d 294 (Pa. 2008), this Court noted:

Under prevailing constitutional norms as explicated by the United States Supreme Court, capital counsel has an obligation to pursue all reasonable avenues for developing mitigating evidence. Counsel must conduct a thorough pre-trial investigation, or make reasonable decisions rendering particular investigations unnecessary. Strategic choices made following a less than complete investigation are reasonable precisely to the extent that reasonable professional judgment supports the limitation of the investigation. In undertaking the necessary assessment, courts are to make all reasonable efforts to avoid distorting effects of hindsight. Nevertheless, courts must also avoid " post hoc rationalization of counsel's conduct."

Id., at 303-04 (citations and footnote omitted).

In Bobby v. Van Hook, 130 S.Ct. 13 (2009), the United States Supreme Court further clarified what Strickland requires regarding the investigation and preparation of penalty phase mitigating evidence:

The Sixth Amendment entitles criminal defendants to the "`effective assistance of counsel'" — that is, representation that does not fall "below an objective standard of reasonableness" in light of "prevailing professional norms." That standard is necessarily a general one. . . . Restatements of professional standards, we have recognized, can be useful as "guides" to what reasonableness entails, but only to the extent they describe the professional norms prevailing when the representation took place.

Id., at 16 (citations omitted).

Williams and Wiggins did not establish a new federal constitutional standard by which to measure counsel's stewardship in preparing for the penalty phase; they simply applied Strickland's well-settled ineffectiveness standard to later cases involving the specific question of counsel's duty to investigate mitigating evidence in a capital case. T his standard is a general one, and must be flexible enough to consider the prevailing professional norms at the time of counsel's performance. See Strickland, at 689 ("A fair assessment of attorney performance requires that every effort be made to eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight, to reconstruct the circumstances of counsel's challenged conduct, and to evaluate the conduct from counsel's perspective at the time.").

Viewing trial counsel's penalty phase investigation under the prevailing professional norms at the time of his stewardship, we cannot conclude appellant was prejudiced by counsel's performance. See Rollins, at 441 (ineffectiveness claim may be denied by showing petitioner's evidence fails to meet single one of three prongs for claim). Although the only mitigating evidence actually presented was that appellant had a drug problem but was otherwise a good person, the record supports the PCRA court's conclusion that appellant's family — who would have testified about his dysfunctional, abusive upbringing — was not willing to appear on behalf of appellant, and trial counsel's efforts to present expert mental health evidence were thwarted by appellant's refusal to permit such testimony. Appellant's family testified they would have been penalty phase witnesses but were not contacted; counsel and his investigator testified effort was made to contact them, but no one wanted to get involved. T he PCRA court, as the sole arbiter of credibility, found the latter testimony credible, and we cannot disturb this finding. See Abu-Jamal, at 99 (credibility issues are within sole domain of trier of fact). Accordingly, trial counsel was not ineffective for failing to present testimony by appellant's family.

Regarding Dr. Tepper, we have already determined appellant voluntarily chose to forego having this expert testify. Therefore, even if the amount of time for evaluation and background information trial counsel gave Dr. Tepper was not reasonable, appellant cannot demonstrate he was prejudiced by counsel's stewardship. Despite appellant's claim to the contrary, his decision to preclude Dr. Tepper's testimony was not motivated by a perception that this expert was ill-prepared or conducted an inadequate assessment; his choice was driven by his desire not to have his low intelligence revealed, see N.T. PCRA Hearing, 9/13/99, at 123, a fact which was evident in appellant's school and correctional records. According to trial counsel, had Dr. Tepper testified, he would have brought to light not only appellant's limited intelligence, but also his family background and its impact on his development. Although Dr. Tepper did not agree with Drs. Maher and Larsen's diagnosis of PTSD and substance-induced psychosis, it is doubtful the information in appellant's school and correctional records would have altered Dr. Tepper's conclusion. The school records reveal appellant's severe emotional, disciplinary, and academic problems, but do not indicate any psychological disorders or suggest counseling other than placement in special education. T he correctional records reflect low intelligence, immaturity, substance abuse, poor impulse control, and aggressive behavior, but specifically state, "There are no indications of any psychotic thought processes in this individual. Diagnostically he would appear to be a Personality Disorder, Passive-Aggressive Type." 1978 Mental Health Evaluation by Marvin Strauss, Ph.D., Defendant's Exhibit 28; see also 1978 Pre-sentence Investigation by James Donaldson, Defendant's Exhibit 28. Thus, we cannot say trial counsel's investigation and preparation of mental health mitigating evidence, even if unreasonable, prejudiced appellant. As appellant's underlying claim of trial counsel's ineffectiveness fails, remand for further development of this claim concerning appellate counsel is unwarranted. McGill, at 1025.

Whether appellant's prior juvenile adjudications were improperly considered as prior felony convictions under aggravating circumstance 42 Pa.C.S. § 9711(d)(9 ).

Appellant claims trial counsel was ineffective for stipulating to three juvenile adjudications which the Commonwealth used to support the § 9711(d)(9) aggravator (defendant has significant history of felony convictions involving use or threat of violence to person); he argues the law at the time of his trial did not permit the use of juvenile adjudications in adult criminal proceedings, and the use of these adjudications violated his due process rights and constituted an ex post facto violation.

At the time of appellant's trial, the Juvenile Act provided:

§ 6354. Effect of adjudication

(a) General rule. — An order of disposition or other adjudication in a proceeding under this chapter is not a conviction of crime. . . .

(b) Effect in subsequent judicial matters. — The disposition of a child under this chapter may not be used against him in any proceeding in any court other than at a subsequent juvenile hearing, whether before or after reaching majority, except:

(1) in dispositional proceedings after conviction of a felony for the purposes of a presentence investigation and report; or

(2) if relevant, where he has put his reputation or character in issue in a civil matter.

42 Pa.C.S. § 6354. Commonwealth v. Baker, 614 A.2d 663 (Pa. 1992), addressed the issue of whether juvenile adjudications could be introduced to support the § 9711(d)(9) aggravator under the former version of the Juvenile Act, which was in effect when appellant was tried. This Court held such adjudications were admissible as convictions for purposes of capital sentencing, because such sentencing requires an analysis of the defendant's entire background, character, and record, id., at 675-76, and we have reiterated this holding. See Commonwealth v. Moore, 937 A.2d 1062, 1068 (Pa. 2007); Carson, at 274-75. Thus, appellant's claim is meritless, and remand for further development of this claim with respect to appellate counsel is unwarranted. McGill, at 1025.

PCRA Proceedings

Appellant asserts the PCRA court impeded his right to present material evidence when it refused to issue certificates of materiality to subpoena two out-of-state Commonwealth trial witnesses; he claims these witnesses would have described the Commonwealth's favorable treatment of its witnesses, thus showing their bias and supporting his Brady claim. However, PCRA counsel admitted these witnesses would not recant their trial testimony against appellant, N.T. PCRA Hearing, 10/26/99, at 32-33, and both witnesses appeared unwilling to cooperate with the defense, id., at 34-35; therefore, the PCRA court concluded their purported testimony that they were given housing and transportation to Maryland "would not make a substantial difference in the jury's finding of credibility as to these witnesses." Id., at 42. Thus, this evidence was not material, as it would not have changed the outcome of the case; we perceive no error in this ruling.

Appellant claims he was prejudiced by the Commonwealth's unreasonable delay in responding to his PCRA petition; he asserts two witnesses died and another became unavailable between the time he filed his petition and the PCRA hearing. Appellant asserts his father, who died prior to the hearing, would have testified concerning mitigation evidence of appellant's dysfunctional childhood that should have been presented at the penalty phase, as well as testified in support of appellant's claim the trial judge was biased against him and his family. Appellant asserts his brother, Michael, who became disabled prior to the hearing and was thus unavailable, would have testified about mitigating evidence of appellant's childhood and would have admitted it was he, not appellant, who committed the rape. Appellant asserts the trial judge, who also died prior to the hearing, would have been a relevant witness concerning the bias claim.

The testimony of appellant's father would have been cumulative of other family members' testimony at the PCRA hearing. Thus, appellant was not prejudiced by the delay he attributes to the Commonwealth, during which time this purported witness died. Appellant's brother, Michael, was called as a trial witness, but exercised his right against self-incrimination. Birdsong, at 35 (citing N.T. Trial, 10/26/89, at 578-79). As previously noted, this Court concluded on direct appeal that this witness's testimony would not have been helpful to appellant; many eyewitnesses who knew appellant identified him as the shooter. Id. Thus, this issue concerning appellant's brother's purported testimony was previously litigated; as appellant does not couch it in terms of ineffectiveness, no further review is appropriate.

Appellant's claim the trial judge's testimony would have established her bias rings hollow in the face of the trial record; the claim was based on the fact the trial judge presided over juvenile proceedings involving appellant's siblings years before appellant's trial. As previously noted, the trial judge was not required to recuse herself on this basis, and the record reflects she gave appropriate consideration to appellant's recusal motion. Thus, appellant's claims of prejudice by the Commonwealth's delay in filing its response to his PCRA petition are baseless.

Finally, appellant claims the PCRA court displayed bias against him by repeatedly interrupting PCRA counsel, refusing to allow counsel to lodge full objections, accusing counsel of stalling, commenting on the credibility of a witness, commenting about the proceedings, interfering with PCRA counsel's questioning of witnesses, and permitting expert testimony by unqualified Commonwealth witnesses. See Appellant's Brief, at 18-21 (citing N.T. PCRA Hearing, 1/5/00, at 62; N.T. PCRA Hearing, 1/6/00, at 15; N.T. PCRA Hearing, 9/13/99, at 64; N.T. PCRA Hearing, 10/26/99, at 45; N.T. PCRA Hearing, 1/7/00, at 16; N.T. PCRA Hearing, 1/14/00, at 3-6). Appellant claims these instances entitle him to a new hearing before a different judge.

Appellant overlooks the fact that many of the PCRA court's comments were made in response to PCRA counsel's repeated attempts to circumvent court rulings and ask redundant questions. A court's expression of frustration with counsel's behavior does not evidence a settled bias which would warrant recusal. See Abu-Jamal, at 89-90. Furthermore, "[a]dverse rulings alone do not . . . establish the requisite bias warranting recusal, especially where the rulings are legally proper." Id., at 90 (citations omitted). Our review of the record reveals no instance where the PCRA court's frustration impaired its ability to preside impartially; therefore, appellant is not entitled to relief.

Conclusion

Having found appellant is not entitled to relief on his claims, we affirm the order of the PCRA court denying his petition for collateral relief.

Order affirmed; jurisdiction relinquished. The Prothonotary is directed to transmit the record to the Governor pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S. § 9711(i).

Justice BAER and McCAFFERY and Justice ORIE MELVIN join the opinion.

Chief Justice CASTILLE files a concurring opinion.

Justice SAYLOR files a dissenting opinion in which Justice TODD joins.