Opinion
March 17, 1975.
June 24, 1975.
Criminal Law — Jury trial — Waiver — Knowing and intelligent waiver — Commonwealth v. Williams, 454 Pa. 368 (1973) to be applied prospectively only — Defendant having burden of proving invalid waiver in pre-Williams cases — Colloquy conducted by defense counsel rather than court.
1. A defendant's conviction in a trial which occurred before Commonwealth v. Williams, 454 Pa. 368 (1973) cannot be reversed for failure to comply with the technical and prophylactic Williams colloquy requirements.
2. A silent or partial record on a jury waiver, for cases tried before Williams, should be reversed only if the defendant can demonstrate the waiver was involuntary or unknowing, and the burden of demonstrating that his waiver was constitutionally infirm rests upon the defendant.
3. Defendant's contention that because he was advised of the possibility of a hung jury, he was unaware that the jury could also acquit him, was Held to be without merit.
4. Defense counsel is not prohibited from conducting the jury trial waiver colloquy, although it is better practice for the court to conduct the colloquy.
Before WATKINS, P.J., JACOBS, HOFFMAN, CERCONE, PRICE, VAN der VOORT, and SPAETH, JJ.
Appeal, No. 192, Oct. T., 1975, from judgment of sentence of Court of Common Pleas, Trial Division, of Philadelphia, March T., 1972, Nos. 597 and 598, in case of Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. James Alston. Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Indictments charging defendant with assault and battery, aggravated assault and battery, burglary, larceny, receiving stolen goods and aggravated robbery. Before McGLYNN, JR., J., without a jury.
Finding of guilty of assault and battery, burglary and larceny and judgment of sentence entered thereon. Defendant appealed.
Robert H. Dickman, and Goldberg Frankel, for appellant.
Jonathan D. Schiffman, Mark Sendrow, and Steven H. Goldblatt, Assistant District Attorneys, Abraham J. Gafni, Deputy District Attorney, and F. Emmett Fitzpatrick, District Attorney, for Commonwealth, appellee.
Submitted March 17, 1975.
Appellant contends that he did not validly waive his right to trial by jury.
Appellant was convicted on May 3, 1972, by a judge sitting without a jury, of assault and battery, burglary, and larceny. Appellant was sentenced on October 18, 1972, to a term of one to two years' imprisonment on the charge of assault and battery and to four to ten years' imprisonment on the remaining charges. An appeal to our Court was filed November 8, 1972, by the voluntary defender, but it was withdrawn and discontinued on July 26, 1973. Following this discontinued appeal, appellant filed a series of petitions for post-conviction relief, all but one apparently without the aid of counsel, the last of which was filed on February 7, 1974. This last petition was dismissed by the lower court on March 13, 1974, whereupon appellant took an appeal to our Court with the aid of appointed counsel. On August 12, 1974, pursuant to a joint petition by appellant's counsel and the Commonwealth, the case was remanded to the trial court for the sole purpose of determining whether the discontinuance of appellant's direct appeal constituted a knowing waiver of appellant's right to appeal. An evidentiary hearing was held by the lower court on October 2, 1974. As a result of this hearing, appellant was granted the right to file a direct appeal, nunc pro tunc, from judgment of sentence, which appeal is now before our Court.
Appellant's sole contention on appeal is that his waiver of jury trial was not knowing and intelligent. As appellant's trial occurred before Commonwealth v. Williams, 454 Pa. 368, 312 A.2d 597 (1973), his conviction cannot be reversed for failure to comply with the technical and prophylactic Williams colloquy requirements. "[A] silent or partial record on a jury waiver, for cases tried before Williams, should be reversed only if the appellant can demonstrate the waiver was involuntary or unknowing. The burden of demonstrating that his waiver was constitutionally infirm rests upon the appellant." Commonwealth v. Lockhart, 227 Pa. Super. 503, 508, 322 A.2d 707, 709 (1974). Here, appellant cites only two alleged irregularities. First, appellant points to the fact that his trial counsel advised him that "[i]f one juror disagreed with the other eleven you could not be convicted . . . That doesn't mean you would not be found not guilty, you would have a new trial some other place, some other time." Appellant invites us to believe that, because he was advised of the possibility of a hung jury, he was unaware that the jury could also acquit him. This hypothetical possibility of a misunderstanding of a correct statement of law does not amount to proof that appellant's jury waiver was not voluntary. Second, appellant contends that the colloquy was fatally defective because it was conducted by defense counsel, rather than by the court. Although it may be better practice for the court to conduct the colloquy, we have never held that the defense counsel is prohibited from doing so. See Commonwealth v. Ingram, 455 Pa. 198, 200, 316 A.2d 77, 78 (1974), dealing with the guilty plea colloquy: "Either defense counsel or the district attorney may conduct the necessary questioning, if in the presence of the court, to its satisfaction, and on the record."
Note that a statement to this effect, i.e., that the verdict of the jury must be unanimous, is not only permitted, but required, under Commonwealth v. Williams, supra.
As appellant has not met his burden of proving that his pre- Williams jury waiver was not knowingly and intelligently made, his conviction should be affirmed.
On the facts presented, appellant cannot be granted relief on direct appeal. We do not determine whether appellant may present other evidence of involuntariness, if such evidence exists, to the lower court, as part of the PCHA proceeding which is apparently still pending below. See Commonwealth v. Sansbury, 229 Pa. Super. 60, 323 A.2d 820 (1974).
Judgment of sentence affirmed.