Opinion
March 28, 1974.
June 21, 1974.
Criminal Law — Practice — Suppression of evidence — In-court identification untainted by improperly suggestive out-of-court identification — Photographic identification by witnesses at trial clear and convincing.
1. In this case, a victim of a robbery who struggled with the defendant in the course of the robbery which occurred in the afternoon, and a witness who came to the assistance of the victim identified the defendant in court. A pretrial photographic identification of the defendant was conceded by the Commonwealth to be improperly suggestive. It was Held that the in-court identification of the defendant was clear and convincing and in no way tainted by the improper out-of-court identification.
Criminal Law — Trial — Waiver of jury — Knowing and voluntary waiver — Defendant not advised of rights to jury of his peers and to participate in selection of jury — Commonwealth v. Williams, 454 Pa. 368 (1973) not given retroactive application.
2. Defendant's contention that he is entitled to a new trial as he was not apprised that members of the jury were to be drawn from the community (a jury of one's peers) and that he had a right to participate in the selection of the jury panel, was Held to be without merit.
3. A waiver of a jury trial is invalid if the court does not insure that a defendant knows of his rights to participate in choosing a jury of his peers: Commonwealth v. Williams, 454 Pa. 368 (1973).
4. Commonwealth v. Williams is not to be given retroactive application.
5. A silent or partial record on a jury waiver, for cases tried before Commonwealth v. Williams, may be reversed only if the defendant can demonstrate that the waiver was involuntary or unknowing and the burden of proving this is upon the defendant.
Before WATKINS, P.J., JACOBS, HOFFMAN, CERCONE, PRICE, VAN der VOORT, and SPAETH, JJ.
Appeal, No. 520, Oct. T., 1973, from judgment of sentence of Court of Common Pleas, Trial Division, of Philadelphia, Dec. T., 1971, No. 993, in case of Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Willie James Sansbury. Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Indictments charging defendant with assault and battery, aggravated robbery, carrying a firearm on a public street, carrying a concealed deadly weapon, and wantonly and playfully pointing a firearm. Before RICHETTE, J., without a jury.
Finding of guilty of assault and battery, aggravated robbery and carrying a firearm on a public street and judgment of sentence entered thereon. Defendant appealed.
John Bartle and John W. Packel, Assistant Defenders, and Vincent J. Ziccardi, Defender, for appellant.
David Richman, Assistant District Attorney, and F. Emmett Fitzpatrick, District Attorney, for Commonwealth, appellee.
Submitted March 28, 1974.
Defendant, Willie James Sansbury, appeals from the judgment of sentence of the lower court on grounds relating to suppression of evidence and waiver of jury trial.
At a non-jury trial defendant was found guilty of assault and battery, aggravated robbery and carrying a firearm on a public street, but not guilty on other charges brought against him.
At defendant's pre-trial suppression hearing the lower court suppressed the victim's out-of-court identification of defendant based on mug shots, but denied suppression as to the in-court identification of defendant by the victim and a witness.
The trial was held immediately after the suppression hearing, and upon defendant's agreement, the suppression hearing testimony was incorporated into and made part of the trial record itself.
The facts of the case are as follows: On November 5, 1971, around 4:30 in the afternoon, Timothy Powers, a bartender at Club 20 at North Gratz Street, Philadelphia, was robbed by two men while he was seated in an automobile parked near the place of his employment. The two men were identified by Powers as the defendant and one Willie Davis. Willie Davis shot and wounded Powers in the process of the robbery and also stabbed him with a knife. At one point defendant also held the gun on Powers. The robbery lasted a full five minutes during which time Sansbury and Davis threatened Powers constantly with physical harm. During this time Powers had the opportunity to fully observe the defendant for identification purposes.
A Mr. Dowling, who was seated in the Club 20 bar, when informed that Powers was being robbed, rushed outside to assist him but was prevented from doing so when defendant pointed a gun at him and ordered him to stop, causing Dowling to return to the bar. But witness Dowling did have sufficient opportunity to observe Sansbury for the purpose of identification.
Since the district attorney conceded that the photographic identification in this case was improperly suggestive, we will consider defendant's contention that the court erred in not suppressing the in-court identification of defendant. There was no evidence in the case that the in-court identification of the defendant by Powers, the victim, and Dowling, the witness, were in any way tainted by the out-of-court identification. United States v. Wade, 388 U.S. 218 (1967). Dowling identified defendant prior to the time any photographic identification was made of defendant. Powers was in a hand-to-hand struggle with the defendant and Willie Davis for 5 minutes during daylight hours and, in addition, was familiar with defendant, having seen him 7 or 8 times on prior occasions near the area of the bar. His in-court identification of defendant was clear and convincing. Murphy v. Waterfront Commission, 378 U.S. 52 (1964); United States v. Wade, supra.
See also Simmons v. United States, 390 U.S. 377 (1968); Stovall v. Denno, 388 U.S. 293 (1967); Gilbert v. California, 388 U.S. 263 (1967).
The defendant also contends that the record does not establish that his waiver of a jury trial was made knowingly and voluntarily. The pertinent portion of the record indicates that in the colloquy conducted by defense counsel, defendant was not apprised that members of the jury were to be drawn from the community (a jury of one's peers) and that he had a right to participate in the selection of the jury panel. Defendant contends, therefore, the decision of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court in the recent case of Commonwealth v. Williams, 454 Pa. 368 (1973) entitles him to a new trial. The Williams case held that the waiver is invalid if the court does not insure that a defendant knows of his rights to participate in choosing a jury of his peers. However, the instant case was tried prior to the decision in Williams; and as we stated in a detailed manner on the principle of retroactivity in our case of Commonwealth v. Lockhart, 227 Pa. Super. 503 (1974), the Williams decision is not to be given retroactive application. Thus, at this stage of the proceedings, the defendant's proper recourse is to petition for a hearing under the Post Conviction Hearing Act.
As with the rule stated in Commonwealth ex rel. West v. Rundle, 428 Pa. 102 (1968), a silent or partial record on a jury waiver, for cases tried before Williams, should be reversed only if the defendant can demonstrate that the waiver was involuntary or unknowing. The burden rests upon the defendant to show that his waiver was constitutionally infirm.
The judgment of sentence of the lower court is affirmed.