ORDER

ANTOON, District Judge.

Plaintiffs have filed a Motion to Remand (Doc. 13) arguing that the removal of this case from state court was untimely under the requirements of 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b). Plaintiffs urge me to apply the "first-served rule" and remand to state court because one of the Defendants, Tony Manzolillo, failed to join in the removal within thirty days from the date the first Defendant was served. Defendants contend, however, that the case was properly removed under the "last-served rule" because Defendant Manzolillo joined in the removal within thirty days of the date on which he was served. Having considered the parties' arguments on this point, the Motion to Remand must be denied.

Facts and Procedural Background

Plaintiffs originally filed suit in circuit court in Volusia County on November 15, 2005, asserting claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and Florida common law. On February 1, 2006, Lisbeth Bochette became the first of the five Defendants served; within the following two weeks Defendants Melinda King and Holly Bernard were also served. On March 1, 2006 — twenty-eight days after Defendant Bochette was served — Defendants Bochette, King, and Bernard filed a Joint Notice of Removal (Doc. 1) asserting that the other two Defendants (Manzolillo and Frye) would join in the removal once they were served. At the time the Joint Notice of Removal was filed, the removing Defendants did not know that Defendant Manzolillo had been served just hours earlier. Instead of immediately filing the return of service on Defendant Manzolillo in this court, Plaintiffs waited more than thirty days from the date the first Defendant had been served to file the return in state court.

On March 13, 2006, thirteen days after Defendant Manzolillo was served, Defendants Manzolillo and Frye filed their Joinder in Notice of Removal (Doc. 8) consenting to and joining in the removal noticed by the other Defendants. Thus, Manzolillo's consent was filed after the thirty-day period following service on Defendant Bochette, but well before the expiration of the thirty-day period from the time he himself was served.

Analysis

Plaintiffs argue that 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b) requires that the notice of removal "be filed within thirty days of the date that the first defendant who can remove is served" and that "all then served defendants join in or consent to the removal within that thirty day period." (Doc. 13 ¶¶ 4, 5.) The statute does not contain such a requirement, and, in fact, does not directly address cases involving multiple defendants at all. Instead, the relevant portion of the statute provides:

The notice of removal of a civil action or proceeding shall be filed within thirty days after the receipt by the defendant, through service or otherwise, of a copy of the initial pleading setting forth the claim for relief upon which such action or proceeding is based, or within thirty days after the service of summons upon the defendant if such initial pleading has then been filed in court and is not required to be served on the defendant, whichever period is shorter.

The statute clearly explains that a single defendant must seek removal within thirty days of service, but it provides no guidance as to when the time for removal begins to run for subsequently served defendants. When multiple defendants must join in petitions for removal is a question that Congress has left to the courts. The courts, however, have resolved the problem of multiple defendants in an inconsistent fashion — with some adopting the "first-served rule" and others following the "last-served rule." When applied, these rules produce very different results.

The genesis of the "first-served rule" was Getty Oil Corp. v. Insurance Co. of North America, 841 F.2d 1254 (5th Cir. 1988). InGetty, the Fifth Circuit reasoned that the thirty-day removal period begins to run when the first defendant is served, even though the statute itself is silent regarding multiple defendants. Getty concluded:

In cases involving multiple defendants, the thirty-day period begins to run as soon as the first defendant is served. . . . It follows that since all served defendants must join in the petition, and since the petition must be submitted within thirty days of service on the first defendant, all served defendants must join in the petition no later than thirty days from the day on which the first defendant was served.

Other circuits have rejected the "first-served rule." Marano Enters. of Kan. v. Z-Teca Rests., L.P., 254 F.3d 753, 755-57 (8th Cir. 2001); Brierly v. Alusuisse Flexible Packaging, Inc., 184 F.3d 527, 532-33 (6th Cir. 1999); McKinney v. Bd. of Trs. of Mavland Cmty. Coll., 955 F.2d 924, 926-28 (4th Cir. 1992). InMcKinney, the Fourth Circuit adopted the "last-served rule," holding that under 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b), each individual defendant has "thirty days from the time they are served with process or with a complaint to join in an otherwise valid removal petition." 955 F.2d at 928. The McKinney court observed that the purpose of the removal process is to protect defendants, and this purpose "could be rather easily overcome by tactical maneuvering by plaintiffs," who could wait until the thirty-day period had almost run before serving other defendants. Id. "This cannot be what Congress had in mind. Congress created the removal process to protect defendants. It did not extend such protection with one hand, and with the other give plaintiffs a bag of tricks to overcome it." Id. (internal citation and quotation omitted). The Eleventh Circuit, addressing a different removal-related issue, has endorsed this reasoning, Legg v. Wyeth, 428 F.3d 1317, 1325 (11th Cir. 2005), and observed an admonishment from the United Stated Supreme Court that "the Federal courts should not sanction devices intended to prevent a removal to a Federal court where one has that right, and should be equally vigilant to protect the right to proceed in the Federal court." Id. (citing Wecker v. Nat'l Enameling Stamping Co., 204 U.S. 176, 186 (1907)).

The Sixth and Eighth Circuits have gone even further in protecting the rights of defendants. They have interpreted § 1446(b) as allowing each defendant thirty days from service to file a notice of removal, regardless of whether other defendants have so filed. Marano, 254 F.3d 753 (holding "that the later-served defendants . . . had thirty days from the date of service on them to file a notice of removal with the unanimous consent of their co-defendants, even though the first-served co-defendants did not file a notice of removal within thirty days of service"); Brierly, 184 F.3d 527 (holding same).

The Eleventh Circuit has yet to weigh in on the first-served-last-served debate, Kimbrough v. City of Cocoa, No. 6:05-cv-4710, 2005 WL 1126651, at *4 (M.D. Fla. May 5, 2005);Adams v. Charter Commc'ns VII, LLC, 356 F. Supp. 2d 1268, 1272 (M.D. Ala. 2005), and the district courts within this circuit have followed both approaches. See Kimbrough, 2005 WL 1126651, at *4 ("last-served rule"); Smith v. Health Ctr. of Lake City, Inc., 252 F. Supp. 2d 1336, 1345-46 (M.D. Fla. 2003) ("first-served" rule); Collings v. E-Z Serve Convenience Stores, Inc., 936 F. Supp. 892, 895 (N.D. Fla. 1996) ("last-served" rule); Faulk v. Superior Indus. Int'l, Inc., 851 F. Supp. 457, 459 (M.D. Fla. 1994) ("first-served" rule); Noble v. Bradford Marine, Inc., 789 F. Supp. 395, 397 (S.D. Fla. 1992) ("first-served" rule). In the absence of controlling authority, I have considered both rules. Although the "first-served rule" has merit to the extent that it provides predictability and quicker determination as to whether a case will be litigated in state or federal court, the "last-served rule" is more consistent with the plain reading of § 1446(b) and is more likely to produce equitable results.

As already noted, § 1446(b) is written in terms of a single defendant and makes no mention as to how time for removal should be calculated in cases with multiple defendants. The statute simply provides "notice of removal in a civil action or proceeding shall be filed within thirty days after the receipt by the defendant. . . ." 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b) (emphasis added). The most reasonable construction of this provision is that each defendant — not just the first-served — has thirty days in which to seek removal. If Congress had intended that the thirty-day removal period for all defendants to commence with service upon the first defendant, it could have made that intent clear. Kimbrough, 2005 WL 1126651, at *5. The courts that hold a later-served defendant is barred from removal if thirty days have passed since the first defendant was served can only reach that conclusion by reading the words "first served" into the statute. Accord Collings, 936 F. Supp. at 894;Brierly, 184 F.3d at 533. Those courts take unjustified liberty with the plain meaning of the text.

Policy considerations also weigh in favor of adopting the "last-served rule." Congress enacted the statutory scheme of removal to protect defendants and to achieve fairness in determining the forum in which a case will be litigated.McKinney, 955 F.2d at 927-28. Fixing a deadline for all defendants based on the time the first defendant is served invites mischief from a plaintiff inclined to wait until the end of the removal period to serve other defendants. It is unlikely that Congress intended that the balances it built into the removal process would be used by plaintiffs to play games of "gotcha" — allowing plaintiffs to manipulate the process in their favor.

Even when plaintiffs are well-intentioned and do not manipulate the timing of service to frustrate removal, the "first-served rule" is still problematic. Defendants may still be served late into the first-served defendant's thirty-day removal period and those later-served defendants may be rushed in their decision to seek removal. Forcing defendants to make that important decision without time for careful consideration is inconsistent with 28 U.S.C. § 1446(a), which now provides that petitions for removal are subject to Rule 11. This is "further reason to allow all defendants a full thirty days to investigate the appropriateness of removal. Otherwise, later served defendants will either have to forego removal or join hurriedly in a petition for removal and face possible Rule 11 sanctions." McKinney, 955 F.2d at 928.

Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, I find that the "last-served rule" announced in McKinney applies in this case. All defendants in this case have joined in the removal: Defendants Bochette, King and Bernard via their March 1, 2006 Notice of Removal and Defendants Manzolillo and Frye by their Joinder in Notice of Removal filed on March 13, 2006. Both the Notice and Joinder were filed by each Defendant within thirty days of each being served. Thus, the removal under the later-served rule is proper and remand must be DENIED. DONE and ORDERED in Chambers, Orlando.