OPINION

Opinion by Justice CASTILLO.

Appellant, City of Port Isabel, Texas ("CPI"), appeals from the trial court judgment following a bench trial in favor of appellees, HP Pinnell, Trustee of Pinnell Trust ("Pinnell"), and The Town of South Padre Island, Texas ("SPI"). In thirteen issues, CPI challenges the trial court's judgment declaring a series of annexation ordinances to be void, and permanently enjoining CPI from (1) enforcing the ordinances, and (2) enacting any future ordinances to annex (a) the Pinnell property, (b) areas located entirely in the Laguna Madre, or (c) areas not contiguous or adjacent to CPI's city limits or within its extra-territorial jurisdiction prior to passage of the ordinances in issue. We affirm as modified.

I. Background A. The Original Annexation Ordinances

In issue is a series of annexation ordinances CPI passed between June 2003 and April 2004. CPI is a home-rule municipality located on the mainland of Texas, bordering a body of water known as the Laguna Madre. SPI is a general law municipality located on South Padre Island ("the Island"). The Laguna Madre lies between CPI and the Island. The Pinnell property is located on the Island, north of SPI, and consists of 460 acres. The only means of access to and from the Island (other than by water or air) is the Queen Isabella Memorial Causeway which is two and one-half miles long. The distance across the Laguna Madre from CPI on the mainland to the Island varies from two and one-half miles at the causeway, to six-seven miles farther to the North. The Pinnell property is located approximately six miles across the Laguna Madre from CPI.

In June 2003, CPI passed annexation ordinance No. 625. This ordinance annexed an area extending around and contiguous to a portion of CPI's city limits, from its north to east sides. The territory encompassed by this ordinance consists principally of an area in the Laguna Madre, and an adjacent thin strip of land. This ordinance has not been invalidated.

From July through November of 2003, CPI passed three more ordinances, each designed to annex 5-mile tracts located entirely in the Laguna Madre. The first of these was purported to be contiguous to that territory annexed by ordinance No. 625; the others annexed blocks of territory in a line extending toward the north, each allegedly contiguous to the next. Together, the ordinances extended CPI's boundary fifteen miles over the water.

B. The Re-Annexation Ordinances

None of the parties dispute that a controversy arose over whether CPI's 5-mile annexations were valid. To quiet these claims of invalidity, CPI decided to re-annex the total area annexed by ordinance Nos. 627, 628, and 633 in 1-mile increments. CPI held public hearings relating to these re-annexations on January 26 and 27, 2004.

On February 4, 2004, CPI's city manager sent Pinnell a notice that CPI intended to annex the Pinnell property, and that relevant hearings would be held March 8 and 9, 2004. On February 23, 2004, Pinnell requested SPI to expand its extraterritorial jurisdiction ("ETJ") to include the Pinnell property. SPI accepted Pinnell's request and, on March 8, 2004, adopted SPI ordinance No. 04-04. SPI and Pinnell contend and the trial court found that ordinance No. 04-04 became effective on the date of Pinnell's request, which was February 23, 2004, the day before the reannexations undertaken by CPI.

On February 24, 2004, CPI held thirty-four consecutive "mini" meetings lasting a total of approximately forty-three minutes, directed to adopting seventeen new ordinances, Nos. 636-652, dealing with re-annexation of the territory in the Laguna Madre. The last of these, ordinance No. 652, annexed territory that brought the Pinnell property within one mile of CPI's then-extended city limits, and consequently within its then ETJ. Because this action conflicts with rights alleged by SPI over its ETJ as extended by ordinance No. 04-04, this dispute ensued.

On March 29, 2004, Pinnell filed suit seeking declaratory and injunctive relief against CPI. Pinnell's petition asked the court to declare (1) CPI's annexation ordinances void ab initio, and (2) the Pinnell property part of SPI's ETJ and therefore not subject to annexation by CPI. Pinnell also sought injunctive relief, asking the trial court to permanently enjoin CPI from enforcing existing ordinances and from enacting future annexation ordinances in the Laguna Madre and on the Island.

C. Annexation of the South Tip of the Island

While this litigation was pending, on March 31, 2004, CPI enacted ordinance No. 656, which annexed an area that extended over the Laguna Madre and included territory on the south end of the Island. Although ordinance No. 656 was not a re-annexation ordinance, it was also invalidated by the trial court's judgment.

On April 1, 2004, SPI joined the suit as an intervenor.

D. The Correction Ordinances

In their petitions, Pinnell and SPI complained that the re-annexations undertaken by CPI contained numerous errors and thus their legal descriptions were inadequate. To diffuse these complaints and rectify any alleged problems, CPI enacted three more ordinances on April 7, 2004, to clarify those legal descriptions.

Specifically, Pinnell and SPI claimed that ordinance No. 636 was not contiguous to CPI's city limits, even as extended by 625, and that since all remaining ordinances were dependent on No. 636 for its contiguity to CPI, all were void. In response, CPI enacted ordinance No. 658 to close a gap and bring the annexed territory adjacent to CPI's extended city limits.

Pinnell and SPI also claimed that the legal description in ordinance No. 641 failed to define a boundary on its eastern side. They further claimed that, even assuming ordinance Nos. 636-4340 were valid, the remaining areas (Nos. 642-652) depended upon ordinance No. 641 for contiguity to CPI's city limits and were consequently invalid. In response, CPI enacted ordinance No. 659 to provide an eastern boundary and close the territory defined in the ordinance.

Finally, Pinnell and SPI claimed that a gap existed between territory annexed by ordinance Nos. 642 and 643, and that this gap invalidated all successive ordinances including Nos. 644-652. In response, CPI enacted ordinance No. 660 to correct the problem and close the gap.

E. Ordinance No. 657 and the Pinnell Property

On April 9 or 10, 2004, after suit had been filed and SPI had joined as an intervenor, CPI passed ordinance No. 657 to annex the Pinnell property itself. Ordinance No. 657 annexes territory contiguous to and within CPI's ETJ as extended by ordinance No. 652.

Validity of ordinance No. 657 depends upon the validity of the annexations of all the other re-annexation ordinances for contiguity to CPI's city limits. Pinnell and SPI claim that all the ordinances, including No. 657, were void ab initio for a variety of reasons. They therefore contend the Pinnell property was and is not contiguous to CPI's city limits, and remains outside of its one-mile ETJ.

Pinnell and SPI additionally argue the Pinnell property already lay within SPI's ETJ at the time ordinance No. 657 was passed, by virtue of SPI's ordinance No. 04-04, and that CPI is therefore precluded from accessing that property, regardless of the validity of the other ordinances.

F. Subsequent Trial Court Proceedings

On October 1, 2004, CPI filed a plea to the jurisdiction asserting that the trial court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over the action. The trial court denied CPI's plea on October 18, 2004. The case was tried to the bench in January 2005. CPI brought an interlocutory appeal from the trial court's denial of CPI's plea to the jurisdiction; the trial court was affirmed by this Court on March 24, 2005. The trial court's final judgment, finding in favor of Pinnell and SPI on all claims, issued on April 6, 2005.

The final judgment provides that: (1) CPI's annexation ordinance Nos. 627, 628, 633, 636-652, 658-660 and 657 were void ab initio; (2) the Pinnell property became a part of SPI's ETJ on February 23, 2004; (3) CPFs notices for meetings held February 24 and April 7, 2004, failed to satisfy legal requisites; (4) SPI sued in good faith to enforce provisions of the Open Meetings Act; and (4) CPI is permanently enjoined from either enforcing these ordinances or enacting similar annexation ordinances in the future. The trial court subsequently entered fifty-nine pages of Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law on May 27, 2005. This appeal ensued.

II. Issues on Appeal

CPI presents thirteen issues for review, asking this Court to find that the trial court erred in:

(1) granting a prospective permanent in-junction precluding CPI from adopting certain future annexation ordinances (issue one),

(2) concluding that Pinnell and SPI had standing to complain about CPFs ordinances at the southern (issue two) and northern ends of the Island (issue three),

(3) declaring that legal descriptions for each ordinance in issue were inadequate (issue four),

(4) concluding that SPFs ETJ was extended effective February 23, 2004, when SPI failed to secure CPFs consent to extend into its ETJ (issue five),

(5) concluding that SPI ordinance No. 04-04 was not void ab initio and operated to extend SPFs ETJ over noncontiguous property (issue six) and that SPI could therefore prevail on the merits (issue seven),

(6) concluding that SPI had standing to assert procedural irregularities related to the Open Meetings Act to collaterally attack the annexation ordinances (issue eight),

(7) concluding that CPFs actions on February 24, 2004, failed to satisfy posting requirements of the Open Meetings Act (issue nine),

(8) interpreting and applying sections 43.054 and 43.045 of the local government code (issue ten),

(9) adopting the controlling adjacency concept to give SPI standing to complain (issue eleven),

(10) permitting SPI and Pinnell to make collateral attacks on the ordinances based upon procedural irregularities (issue twelve), and

(11) awarding attorneys' fees and court costs to Pinnell and SPI (issue thirteen).

III. Standard of Review

A party may challenge findings of fact on legal and factual sufficiency grounds. BMC Software Belgium, N.V. v. Marchand, 83 S.W.3d 789, 794 (Tex. 2002). Un-challenged fact findings are binding on the appellate court. Hotel Partners v. KPMG Peat Marwick, 847 S.W.2d 630, 632 (Tex.App.-Dallas 1993, writ denied). As the trier of fact, the trial judge may draw reasonable inferences from the evidence. Id. We may not disregard the trial court's findings of fact on appeal if the record contains some evidence of probative value from which these inferences may be drawn, or unless the findings are so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be manifestly wrong. Id.

Although a party may not challenge a trial court's conclusions of law for factual sufficiency, we review the conclusions the trial court draws from the facts to determine their correctness. Id. We conduct a de novo review when applying the law to the facts. El Puerto de Liver-pool, S.A. de C.V. v. Servi Mundo Llantero S.A. de C.V., 82 S.W.3d 622, 639 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 2002, pet. dism'd w.o.j.) (op. on reh'g) (en banc).

Statutory construction is a question of law, and we review a trial court's interpretation of statutes under a de novo standard of review. Tex. Dep't of Transp. v. Needham, 82 S.W.3d 314, 318 (Tex. 2002). In construing a statute, we must attempt to determine and to give effect to the Legislature's intent. Id. In doing so, we look first to the plain and common meaning of the language of the statute. Id.; see TEX. GOV'T CODE ANN. § 311.011 (Vernon 2005). We may not construe a provision of a statute so as to render another provision absurd or meaningless. See Chevron Corp. v. Redmon, 745 S.W.2d 314, 316 (Tex. 1987); Mueller v. Beamalloy, Inc., 994 S.W.2d 855, 860 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, no pet.).

Standing is also a question of law which we review de novo. Mayhew v. Town of Sunnyvale, 964 S.W.2d 922, 928 (Tex. 1998); City of Fort Worth v. Tuckness, 165 S.W.3d 425, 427 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2005, no pet.); Byrd v. Estate of Nelms, 154 S.W.3d 149, 155 (Tex.App.-Waco 2004, pet. denied). As a component of subject matter jurisdiction, the issue of standing is reviewed by the same standard applicable to subject matter jurisdiction or a plea to the jurisdiction. Brown v. Todd, 53 S.W.3d 297, 305 (Tex. 2001); Tex. Ass'n of Bus. v. Tex. Air. Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d 440, 445-46 (Tex. 1993). Whether a court has subject matter jurisdiction is a question of law. Tex. Dep't of Parks Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 226 (Tex. 2004).

CPI raises no issues challenging the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence to support the trial court's findings of fact.

IV. Standing — South End

We note at the outset the trial court's general conclusions of law that both Pinnell and SPI have standing to assert each of the claims alleged in this suit.

In its second issue, CPI contends that neither Pinnell nor SPI have standing to challenge annexation ordinance Nos. 627, 637 (composed of two tracts), and 656, involving territory near the south end of the island. CPI urges that Pinnell has no land-holding interest on the south end of the island, and the area encompassed within ordinance No. 656 lies entirely outside the ETJ of SPI. CPI contends the trial court's invalidation of these ordinances is a misapplication of the law, and an improper extension of City of Missouri City v. Senior, 583 S.W.2d 444, 446 (Tex.Civ.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1979, writ ref'd n.r.e.).

A municipality may only annex an area in its extraterritorial jurisdiction. TEX. LOC. GOV'T CODE ANN. § 43.051 (Vernon 1999). Further, a municipality may not annex land in another municipality's ETJ without that municipality's consent. City of Murphy v. City of Parker, 932 S.W.2d 479, 481 (Tex. 1996). However, the ordinances contested in this second issue do not encroach on SPI's ETJ. All are also allegedly contiguous to CPI's ETJ as extended first by the valid ordinance No. 625, and then by No. 637. None touch on a point of land within CPI or its ETJ.

A similar challenge was raised in the earlier interlocutory appeal as to all of the ordinances as a unit. See City of Port Isabel, Texas, v. Pinnell, 161 S.W.3d 233, 238 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 2005, no pet.). This Court determined that Pinnell and SPI had standing to bring suit because (1) they attacked the ordinances as void ab initio, and (2) they satisfied the requirement for a special burden. Id. at 238-39. A special burden was shown because, through No. 657 (which was dependant upon the other ordinances), Pinnell would be subject to taxation by both SPI and CPI, and SPI's ETJ would be encroached. Id. at 239. Pinnell and SPI therefore had standing to challenge all ordinances upon whose validity No. 657 rested. Id. (citing City of Northlake v. E. Justin Joint Venture, 873 S.W.2d 413, 416-17 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 1994, writ denied)); Senior, 583 S.W.2d at 446.

As we noted in the interlocutory appeal, Senior provides that the parties may challenge ordinances upon which an offending ordinance is dependent. Senior, 583 S.W.2d at 446. Here, ordinance No. 657 is initially dependent upon the first ordinances in the chain, Nos. 626 and 637. However, while No. 656 is clearly dependent upon the validity of No. 637, it has no bearing upon whether or not No. 657 survives as a valid ordinance, as No. 656 is not in the northward-extending chain of annexation or re-annexation ordinances. We agree with our prior analysis in the interlocutory appeal, City of Port Isabel, 161 S.W.3d at 239-40, and overrule CPI's second issue as to ordinance Nos. 627 and 636. However, we conclude that this analysis does not apply to No. 656. Neither SPI nor Pinnell have shown the requisite special burden as to ordinance No. 656.

Using the same argument that validity of No. 657 is not dependent upon validity of the southeast smaller tract of No. 637 (which is not in the northward chain), CPI would have us separate our analysis of No. 637, to find viable that portion of the ordinance related to the smaller tract. CPI cites to no case law that would permit us to assess piecemeal the validity of only portions of ordinances. We decline to do so.

We sustain CPFs second issue as to No. 656 only. However, we note that validity of No. 656 clearly remains dependent and contingent upon the validity of ordinance No. 637, which may properly be challenged in this suit.

V. Standing — North End

In its third issue, CPI contends that Pinnell and SPI have no standing to challenge any ordinances extending to the north in the chain, other than No. 657, the ordinance actually annexing the Pinnell property. For the reasons set forth above, we reject this contention and over-rule CPFs third issue on appeal.

VI. Standing via the Controlling Adjacency Concept

In its eleventh issue, CPI contends that the trial court erred in applying the controlling adjacency concept to give SPI standing to complain. CPI urges that (1) the concept is inapplicable in the circumstances, and (2) it has been replaced by the Municipal Annexation Act and the first-in-time rule.

The trial court's judgment recites that the 5-mile annexation and 1-mile re-annexation ordinances were void ab initio because they purported to annex areas which "were not contiguous or adjacent to the city limits or located within the extra-territorial jurisdiction of CPI. The Findings of Fact relating to "controlling adjacency" recite that in February 2004, Padre Shores, Ltd., just north of SPI, within its ETJ and adjacent to it, requested that SPI extend its ETJ to include all of the Padre Shores property. Later that same month, Pinnell sent his written request to SPI requesting that the Pinnell property, which is north of and adjacent to the Padre Shores property, also be included in SPI's ETJ. Findings include that the Pinnell property is separated by a vast expanse of open water from CPI and is not adjacent to CPI as a matter of law and, even if it were, "SPI would have controlling adjacency over the Pinnell Trust Property. . . ."

CPI urges first that "controlling adjacency" has been obviated by the Municipal Annexation Act and the concept adoption of extraterritorial jurisdiction. In Fox Dev. Co., Inc. v. City of San Antonio, 468 S.W.2d 338, 339-40 (Tex. 1971), Fox brought a collateral attack against a type of "spoke" city ordinance purporting to extend city limits to include a proposed subdivision within the city's ETJ. Id. at 339. Fox argued the ordinance was void, in that the area in question was not "territory lying adjacent to" the City. Id. The court determined that the 1963 Municipal Annexation Act controlled, was consistent with prior court decisions, and made provision for annexation of "contiguous unincorporated areas." Id, at 340 (emphasis added) (citing Municipal Annexation Act, 58th Leg., R.S., ch. 160, § 3, 1963 Tex. Gen. Laws 447, 447-48) (current version at TEX. LOG. GOV'T CODE ANN. §§ 41.021-.022 (Vernon 1999)). Adjacency remains the primary issue. "Controlling adjacency" rests "upon the disproportionate touching of the respective city boundaries." Id.

Here, the trial court invalidated the ordinances for other reasons, and then reached its conclusions as to "controlling adjacency" only as a contingency. The CPI ordinances were defeated because they, among other things, were not "adjacent" to the city limits of CPI. Only if ordinance No. 652 were valid, then disproportionate lengths of the Pinnell property touched the respective boundaries or ETJ of the cities. The trial court found a greater contact with SPI, and therefore that SPI had "controlling adjacency."

CPI argues that since none of its boundaries ever touched SPI, the controlling adjacency concept is inapplicable. This is not the proper measure; rather, it is whether the boundary of the territory being annexed touches more of SPI's boundary than CPI's boundary. If the CPI ordinances are invalid, the Pinnell property lies within the ETJ of SPI, although it does not "touch" the city boundary of SPI (assuming the validity of SPI's ordinance No. 04-04). If the ordinances are valid, then it lies within the ETJ of CPI and touches the boundaries of CPI's city limits.

We find no case law applying the concept of controlling adjacency to contact with an ETJ. However, the law clearly provides that "[a]s a general rule, a city may not annex land in another city's ETJ without that city's consent." City of Murphy v. City of Parker, 932 S.W.2d 479, 481 (Tex. 1996); see TEX. Loc. GOV'T CODE ANN. § 42.022(c) (Vernon 1999).

We conclude that although the concept of "controlling adjacency" has generally been subsumed within that of ETJ, in certain circumstances it may still be an applicable concept. Here, since SPI has standing to raise its other claims and since controlling adjacency was relied upon only as a contingency argument, we conclude that, whether or not this concept ultimately controls, SPI had the standing to raise the argument. We overrule CPI's eleventh issue on appeal.

VII. Standing and The Open Meetings Act

In its eighth issue, CPI argues that SPI had no standing to assert procedural irregularities with respect to notice postings under the Open Meetings Act to collaterally attack the annexation ordinances.

A. The Law

The Texas Open Meetings Act (the "Act") was passed in 1967 to assure "that the public has the opportunity to be informed concerning the transactions of public business." Act of May 8, 1967, 60th Leg., ch. 271, R.S., § 7, 1967 Tex. Gen. Laws 597, 598 (current version at TEX. GOV'T CODE ANN. § 551.001 et seq. (Vernon 2004 Supp. 2006)). The Act is designed to provide openness at every stage of a governmental body's deliberations. Acker v. Texas Water Com., 790 S.W.2d 299, 300 (Tex. 1990); San Antonio v. Fourth Court of Appeals, 820 S.W.2d 762, 765 (Tex. 1991). "Every regular, special, or called meeting or session of every governmental body shall be open to the public." TEX. GOV'T CODE ANN. § 551.002 (Vernon 2004); Acker, 790 S.W.2d at 300. All such meetings require advance written notice of their date, time, place and subject. TEX. GOV'T CODE ANN. § 551.041 (Vernon 2004).

Our review is directed to ensuring that the purposes of the Act are served. Fourth Court of Appeals, 820 S.W.2d at 765. If a "reader" is given notice, the requirement of the Act is satisfied and its purpose served. Id. If the contents of a notice are undisputed, its adequacy is a question of law. Weatherford v. City of San Marcos, 157 S.W.3d 473, 486 (Tex.App.-Austin 2004, pet. denied) (citing City of San Angelo v. Texan Natural Res. Conservation Comm'n, 92 S.W.3d 624, 629 (Tex.App.-Austin 2002, no pet.)).

B. The Trial Court's Findings

The trial court's judgment states that the "notices posted by Defendant [CPI] for the meeting of the city commission to be held on February 24, 2004 and April 7, 2004 failed to meet the requirements of § 555.041 of the Texas Government Code." Relevant findings of fact provide as follows:

16. On December 23, 2003, [CPI] sent a single notice to property owners, public entities providing services and railroad companies that it intended to annex 17 areas consisting of 16,059.8 acres [sic].

17. On January 12, 2004, [CPI] sent a single notice to public school districts that it intended to annex 17 areas consisting of 16,059.8 acres [sic].

18. On January 12, 2004, and again on January 15, 2004, [CPI] published a notice that it intended to hold a single public hearing on January 26, 2004 and a single public hearing on January 27, 2004 relating to the annexation of the 17 areas. . . .

19. On January 26, 2004, [CPI] held the first of two single public hearings relating to the annexation of 17 areas. . . .

20. On January 27, 2004, [CPI] held the second of two single public hearings relating to the annexation of 17 areas. . . .

21. On February 4, 2004, almost three weeks before the purported annexation of the 17 areas . . . [CPI] sent a notice to HP Pinnell that it intended to annex the Pinnell Trust Property.

22. On February 20, 2004, the city secretary of [CPI] posted 34 notices of 34 meetings of the [CPI] city commission to be held approximately 1 minute apart beginning at 6:00 p.m. on February 24, 2004 to consider and adopt 17 ordinances relating to the proposed annexation of 17 areas. . . .

23. On February 24, 2004, during a 46-minute period, . . . [CPI] held 34 meetings and adopted 17 ordinances, . . . Nos. 636 through 652, on first and second reading, purporting to annex 17 separate areas. . . .

13.1.1. The city charter of [CPI] requires that before any ordinance can become effective it must have two readings to be held at two separate meetings of the city commission.

13.1.2. On or about February 20, 2004, the city secretary of [CPI] simultaneously posted notices for 34 city commission meetings all to be held on February 24, 2004. The meetings were to be held one minute apart with the first meeting set to begin at 6:00 p.m. . . .

13.1.3. The notice for the first meeting to be held on February 24, 2004, stated under new business that there would be a first reading of "Ordinance 626. . . ." This meeting was scheduled to begin at 6:00 p.m.

13.15. The notice for the second meeting of February 24, 2004 stated that there would be discussion and potential action to approve the second and final reading of Ordinance No. 636. This second meeting was to begin at 6:02 p.m. [There follow a series of findings reflecting that the [CPI] notices reflected the same sequence with respect to the other sixteen ordinances in issue on that same date, each ordinance being addressed in two separate, consecutive one-minute meetings.]

13.1.54. An interested person who saw only one of the notices posted for the meetings to be held on February 24, 2004 by the [CPI] city commission would not have been placed on notice of the intentions and possible actions to be taken by the city commission of [CPI], i.e., that it intended to pass 17 ordinances all on the same date.

13.1.55. An interested person who reviewed these notices would not have been aware that all of the ordinances under consideration involved possible annexation of land that was more than one mile from the City's then existing city limits . . . [or] 13.1.56 . . . land that did not touch the then existing city limits of [CPI].

13.1.57. The act of posting 34 notices of meetings to be held 1 minute apart precluded essential public deliberation that would have advised an interested member of the public of the consequences of each meeting.

[There follows a series of findings related to the correction ordinances.]

Relevant Conclusions of Law are as follows:

13.2.3. The Notices posted on February 20, 2004 for the meetings of the [CPI] city commission to be held on February 24, 2002, failed to substantially comply with the notice requirements of § 555.041 of the Texas Government Code. . . . [T]he Notices contained false and misleading statements of the city commission's intent and the proposed action to be taken at the meetings involved. . . .

13.2.4. Because the notices failed to comply with § 555.041 of the Texas Government Code, the court declares the actions taken by [CPI] in adopting Ordinances 636 to 652 to be void pursuant to § 555.041 of the Texas Government Code.

13.2.5 The actions taken by [CPI] in claiming to hold separate city commission meetings one minute apart for purposes of having two readings of Ordinance Nos. 636 to 652 was an abuse of discretion, against public policy and in violation of its city charter and § 555.041 of the Texas Government Code. . . . [There follow comparable findings relating to the correction ordinances, as well as a concluding finding, 13.2.8, that since all ordinances were void, Ordinance No. 657 was void because "it was not and is not adjacent or contiguous to the [CPI] city limits as they existed at the time of the adoption of said ordinance."]

General Conclusions of Law include:

3. As the owner of the Pinnell Trust property which [CPI] purported to annex by the adoption of Ordinance No. 657, and because [CPI] claimed and claims said property is subject to ad valorem taxation and regulation by [CPI], HP Pinnell, Trustee of the Pinnell Trust, suffers a peculiar and special burden and is directly affected by Ordinance No. 657, as well as the other annexation ordinances on which that ordinance is directly dependent.

4. The claims alleged by HP Pinnell . . . and [SPI] challenging the validity of the [CPI] annexation ordinances . . . constitute a collateral attack on those ordinances and are claims that those ordinances are void ab initio rather than merely voidable.

5. [SPI] has standing to bring this suit to challenge the validity of [CPFs ordinances] . . . because [SPI] was also claiming that this same property was in its ETJ.

C. CPFs Challenge

CPI first contends, in its eighth issue, that Pinnell and SPI had no standing to raise objections to procedures or notices provided for under the Act. CPI urges that because any such irregularities would render the ordinance voidable only, and not "void," it is subject to attack solely by quo warranto proceedings. Alexander Oil Co. v. City of Seguin, 825 S.W.2d 434, 436 (Tex. 1992). Therefore, the trial court erred in finding that Pinnell and SPI had authority to launch their private collateral attack on the ordinances.

This argument is inextricably intertwined with CPFs twelfth issue, in which it contends the trial court erred in permitting SPI and Pinnell to make a collateral attack based on procedural irregularities, because the only viable method was by quo warranto proceeding. We address these issues together.

D. Analysis

"The only proper method for attacking the validity of a city's annexation of territory is by quo warranto proceeding, unless the annexation is wholly void." Alexander Oil, 825 S.W.2d at 436 (citing Hoffman v. Elliott, 476 S.W.2d 845, 846 (Tex. 1972) (per curiam)). Through quo warranto proceedings, "the State acts to protect itself and the good of the public generally, through the duly chosen agents of the State who have full control of the proceeding." Id. (citing Fuller Springs v. State ex rel. City of Lufkin, 513 S.W.2d 17, 19 (Tex. 1974)). This requirement also avoids the "specter of numerous successive suits by private parties attacking the validity of annexations." Id. Therefore, the State must bring the action to question irregular use of the delegated annexation authority. Id.

The sole exception to the State's bringing quo warranto proceedings is where an ordinance is void ab initio for reasons other than a problem with notice under the Act. See Alexander Oil, 825 S.W.2d at 435 (finding that suit could not be brought by a private party to challenge a city's failure to comply with notice requirements relating to annexation ordinances). A complaint based solely on a failure to comply with notice requirements under the Act may not be brought collaterally by Pinnell and SPI. Id. at 436. However, where the annexation ordinances are "wholly void," such an attack is not precluded. Hoffman, 476 S.W.2d at 846 ("If the annexation be wholly void because not authorized by law or color of law, a collateral attack is permissible by private parties who suffer some burden peculiar to themselves."). In our earlier opinion, we similarly concluded that because Pinnell and SPI alleged that the ordinances were void ab initio for a variety of reasons, their challenges were not limited simply to procedural issues and were therefore permissible. City of Port Isabel, 161 S.W.3d at 238-39. We overrule CPI's eighth and twelfth issues.

VIII. Chapter 212 and Validity of the Five-Mile Ordinances

In its fifth issue, CPI contends the trial court erred in finding that CPI's ETJ did not extend for five miles because section 212 of the Texas Local Government Code provides:

In this subchapter:

(1) "Extraterritorial jurisdiction" means a municipality's extraterritorial jurisdiction as determined under Chapter 42, except that for a municipality that has a population of 5,000 or more and is located in a county bordering the Rio Grande River, "extraterritorial jurisdiction" means the area outside the municipal limits but within five miles of those limits.

TEX. LOG. GOV'T CODE ANN. § 212.001(1) (Vernon 1999). SPI and Pinnell contend chapter 212 is inapplicable, as it applies only to subdivision regulation and not to annexations.

A. Statutory Interpretation and Intent

Matters of statutory interpretation are questions of law, over which we exercise de novo review. Tex. Dep't Transp. v. Needham, 82 S.W.3d 314, 318 (Tex. 2002). The primary rule of statutory interpretation is that a court must look to the intent of the legislature and must construe the statute so as to give effect to that intent. Lee-Hickman's Invs. v. Alpha Invesco Corp., 139 S.W.3d 698, 700 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 2004, no pet.) (per curiam) (citing City of Austin v. L.S. Ranch, Ltd., 970 S.W.2d 750, 752 (Tex.App.-Austin 1998, no writ)). It is a rule of statutory construction that every word of a statute must be presumed to have been used for a purpose. Cameron v. Terrell Garrett, Inc., 618 S.W.2d 535, 540 (Tex. 1981). Likewise, every word excluded from a statute must also be presumed to have been excluded for a purpose. Id. Only when it is necessary to give effect to the clear legislative intent may we insert additional words or requirements into a statutory provision. Id.

B. The Annexation Statutes Vis-a-Vis Regulation of Subdivisions

Chapter 212 of the local government code deals with regulation of subdivisions. TEX. LOC. GOV'T CODE ANN. § 212.001, et seq. (Vernon 1999 Supp. 2006). Such regulations originated in 1927 with the adoption of chapter 231, and called for the provision of plats for any subdivision within five miles of city limits. Act of March 14, 1927, 40th Leg., R.S., ch. 231, 1927 Tex. Gen. Laws 342. This law was subsequently amended and codified as article 974a, TEX.REV.CIV. STAT. ANN. art. 974a (Vernon 1963), and was again amended in 1987 to make specific provision for cities with a population of 5,000 or more that also lay within a county bordering on the Rio Grande River:

For a city that has a population of 5,000 or more . . . and that lies within a county that borders on the Rio Grande River, the provisions of Chapter 231 . . . (Article 974a) . . . that relate to the area within five miles of the city do actually apply to that area within five miles of the city. This is the case regardless of the fact that those provisions as they apply to other cities, are superseded by other law and are construed as applying to the extraterritorial jurisdiction of the city, as determined under the Municipal Annexation Act, rather than to the area within five miles of the city."

Act of June 1, 1987, 70th Leg., R.S., ch. 1102, § 9, 1987 Tex. Gen. Laws 3768, 3772 (currently codified in chapter 212).

By contrast, the Municipal Annexation Act, originating in 1963, specifically addresses types of municipalities, their authority to annex, and the nature and the extent of their ETJ. See Municipal Annexation Act, 58th Leg., R.S., ch. 160, 1963 Tex. Gen. Laws 447, 447-48. This act provides that the ETJ of a municipality of CPI's population is the unincorporated area that is contiguous to the corporate boundaries of the municipality and "within one mile of those boundaries. . . ." TEX. Loc. GOV'T CODE ANN. § 41.021 (Vernon 1999).

CPI correctly notes that it is a city with a population of 5,000 or more, located in Cameron County, which borders the Rio Grande River. It is clearly authorized to regulate subdivisions up to a distance of five miles. However, the legislative history denotes a clear distinction between authority to annex and authority to regulate subdivisions. We do not agree that section 212 creates a 5-mile ETJ for all purposes, including annexation; in fact, it is specifically limited to "this subchapter." TEX. Loc. GOV'T CODE ANN. § 212.001 (Vernon 1999). In construing a statute, we give effect to the Legislature's intent, Cameron, 618 S.W.2d at 540, looking to the plain and common meaning of the language used. Needham, 82 S.W.3d at 318; see TEX. GOV'T CODE ANN. § 311.011 (Vernon 2005). We presume every word was used for a purpose. Cameron, 618 S.W.2d at 540. We therefore conclude that the intent of the Legislature, in adopting section 212, was not to extend a city's ETJ for annexation purposes.

Therefore, we conclude that the trial court did not err in finding that (1) "the definition of ETJ in § 212.001, Texas Local Government Code , applies only to the application of those rules and ordinances and not to annexation," and (2) the 5-mile ordinances, Nos. 627, 628 and 633, are "void ab initio" on this basis. We over-rule CPI's fifth issue on appeal.

IX. Chapter 43 and Validity of the 5-Mile and the 1-Mile Ordinances

Closely intertwined with this analysis of section 212 of the local government code is CPI's tenth issue, wherein CPI contends the trial court erred in applying sections 43.054 and 43.0545 of the local government code. TEX. LOC. GOV'T CODE ANN. §§ 43.054-.0545 (Vernon Supp. 2006). These sections address limitations on a city's efforts to annex territory.

Section 43.054 provides that a city such as CPI, with a population of less than 1.6 million, may not annex a publicly or privately owned area, including a strip of area following the course of a road, highway, river, stream or creek, unless the width of the area at its narrowest point is at least 1,000 feet. TEX. Loc. GOV'T CODE ANN. § 43.054(a) (Vernon Supp. 2006). Section 43.0545 provides that a municipality may not annex an area located in its extraterritorial jurisdiction only because the area is contiguous to municipal territory that is less than 1,000 feet in width at its narrowest point. Id. § 43.0545(a).

The trial court's judgment provides that the ordinances in issue were void ab initio, in that they purport:

. . . to annex areas which either (I) were not contiguous or adjacent to the city limits or located within the extraterritorial jurisdiction of [CPI], as such city limits and extraterritorial jurisdiction existed prior to the adoption [of the ordinances], or (ii) would only be contiguous or adjacent to the city limits or located within the extraterritorial jurisdiction of [CPI] because of said [ordinances, which] are also void ab initio.

Key Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law provide:

2.1.1. The area annexed as Parcel 2 by Ordinance 625 [the first ordinance, not invalidated, which lies adjacent to the land on which CPI is located] lies almost entirely within the Laguna Madre, except for a small area of land on the southern tip which is less than 1,000 feet in width at its narrowest point after excluding the area in the Laguna Madre.

[Successive ordinances] are located in the ETJ of CPI solely because the first is contiguous to Parcel 2 described in ordinance No. 625, "lie entirely within the Laguna Madre, include no land in addition to that body of water, and are less than 1,000 feet in width at their narrowest point after excluding the area in the Laguna Madre." They are not adjacent or contiguous to the corporate boundaries of [CPI] and were not and are not located within the ETJ of [CPI] Conclusion 2.2. Each of Ordinance Nos. 627, 628 and 633 [the 5-mile ordinances] was and is void ab initio because each of said ordinances purported to annex areas located entirely within the Laguna Madre which [CPI] was and is prohibited from annexing under § 43.0545, Texas Local Government Code.

6.1. Findings. The area[s] annexed by [the 5-mile ordinances and the 1-mile ordinance Nos. 636-652] lie entirely within the Laguna Madre, include no land in addition to that body of water, and are less than 1,000 feet in width at their narrowest points after excluding the area in the Laguna Madre. The areas are located in the ETJ of [CPI], if at all, only because they are contiguous to purported municipal territory described in [the preceding ordinance].

6.2.1. Conclusion of Law. Each of Ordinance Nos. 636 through 652 was and is void ab initio because each of said ordinances purported to annex areas located entirely within the Laguna Madre which [CPI] was and is prohibited from annexing under § 43.0545, Texas Local Government Code.

The trial court similarly found all of the correction ordinances (Nos. 658-660) to be void ab initio because, among other reasons, "none of the areas purportedly annexed . . . were or are adjacent or contiguous to [CPI] city limits."

We agree with CPI that the language of section 43.0545(a) does not in itself impose a limitation based upon the character of the total area being annexed, including whether or not it is water. TEX. LOC. GOV'T CODE ANN. § 43.0545(a) (Vernon Supp. 2006). However, CPI then asserts that the annexed territory clearly exceeds the 1,000 feet and that any findings to the contrary are in error. In doing so, CPI ignores the plain language of section 43.0545(e) which clearly states that, for purposes of this section, "roads, highway, rivers, lakes, or other bodies of water are not included in computing the 1,000-foot distance unless the area being annexed includes land in addition to a road, highway, river, lake or other body of water." TEX. LOC. GOV'T CODE ANN. § 43.0545(e) (Vernon Supp. 2006).

The record establishes adequate basis for the trial court's findings that, although the total length of contiguous abutment between the ordinances may have exceeded 1,000 feet, there is no contiguous connection that is at least 1,000 feet in width at its narrowest point, after excluding the water. See id. Those findings, which are not separately identified or challenged by CPI except by the general statement set out above, find the requisite land connection was missing and that, therefore, the ordinances were void ab initio. We agree that ordinances purporting to annex only open areas of water, without any of the requisite contiguous land, defeat the intent of the statute. We conclude the trial court did not err in either its findings of fact or conclusions of law, and overrule CPI's tenth issue on appeal.

X. Adequacy of Legal Descriptions

In issue four, CPI contends the trial court erred in declaring that legal descriptions for each ordinance were inadequate. The findings of fact and conclusions of law point out errors in the legal descriptions of the ordinances and state that all re-annexation ordinances lacked appropriate bearing sources. Then, the trial court identifies fatal defects in the legal descriptions of ordinance Nos. 636, 641, and 643. Specifically, even assuming the ordinances were otherwise valid: (1) there was a gap between the territory included in No. 636 and the easternmost boundary of No. 625, such that No. 636 was neither adjacent nor contiguous to CPI's city limits; (2) the legal description for No. 641 lacked any eastern border; and (3) there was a gap of more than one mile between the territory annexed by ordinance Nos. 642 and 643, placing No. 643 beyond the ETJ of CPI. Consequently, since the respective ordinances are neither adjacent nor contiguous to CPI's city limits (whether or not the ordinances in between are presumed to be valid), the ordinance with a fatal defect in its legal description is void ab initio, as are all following ordinances dependent upon it for their connection to CPI's city limits, up to and including No. 657 which purported to annex the Pinnell property.

It is undisputed that CPI enacted three correction ordinances, No. 658, 659, and 660, to address these problems. The trial court found these correction ordinances to be void ab initio for several reasons, including that their efforts to make "clarification and non-substantive corrections" were ineffective to validate the prior ordinances, and were themselves void ab initio.

CPI contends the trial court erred in finding that the annexation ordinances lack a proper bearing source. Further, even if this were true, CPI, relying on State ex rel. Averitt v. Wofford, 90 Tex. 514, 39 S.W. 921, 923 (1897), urges that the trial court was obligated to look to the "intent" of the legislation and give effect thereto. CPI argues that the application of standard rules of construction must be reasonable to carry into effect the intent of the enacting body, which here was clearly to annex territory alleged to be contiguous to CPI.

However, even if we were to set aside the findings or conclusions of law relating to the identification of bearing sources (or the absence thereof), CPI fails to address any of the other allegedly fatal defects, including the gaps between the territories described in the various ordinances. CPI presents no argument that the correction ordinances are either valid or served to resurrect other dependent ordinances which may have failed based on those defects. CPI contends only that we are to enforce its clear "intent" to annex.

We note that a city annexation ordinance containing a description which does not close is void; any effort to establish an intent to include a call or "close" the territory, or by analogy a gap, will not validate the ordinance. State ex rel. Rose v. City of La Porte, 386 S.W.2d 782, 788-89 (Tex. 1965).

Omitted calls may not be added to an annexation ordinance by showing that the enacting body intended the call to be included. In the Rose case [ 386 S.W.2d at 788], the members of the city council and the mayor attempted to testify as to their intent. In the instant case, the surveyor went to the deed records, which were not referred to in the ordinance or petition, to determine the city council's intent. Neither is an acceptable procedure. The description in the ordinance must be relied upon to the exclusion of extraneous records, unless referred to in the ordinance, or unless a latent ambiguity arises from extraneous facts.

In the instant case there are numerous errors patent in the ordinance. There is too much extraneous information which needs to be supplied in order to close the boundaries. After employing the appropriate rules of construction and considering the testimony of the surveyors, the trial court did not err in concluding that field notes contained in ordinance 102 did not close. The court also correctly held that the area annexed by ordinance 116 was not adjacent to the corporate limits of the city and was therefore void.

Senior, 583 S.W.2d at 448 (citations omitted). Similarly, defects in the ordinances before us, separate and apart from the lack of a bearing source, defeat them and all ordinances dependent upon them.

We conclude the trial court did not err in finding the legal descriptions to be defective, invalidating the ordinances, and rendering them void ab initio, whether because they lacked a bearing source or because of other defects causing them and all ordinances dependent thereon for contiguity to CPI to fail. Since an independent defect is alleged that No. 636, the first in the chain, failed to be contiguous to No. 625, all are necessarily void. Further, we do not consider that a correction ordinance enacted some months later, even if effective to correct a defect, is effective to resurrect other dependent ordinances which were invalidated when the defective ordinance failed. An ordinance that is void ab initio is not void upon a declaration from the trial court, but rather ab initio. It therefore does not spring back into existence simply because some other ordinance may be "corrected." We conclude the trial court committed no error, and overrule CPI's fourth issue on appeal.

XI. Validity of SPI Ordinance No. 04-04

In issues five, six and seven, CPI challenges the validity of SPI's ordinance No. 04-04. The trial court's judgment recites: "The [ETJ] of [SPI] was expanded, effective as of February 23, 2004, to include that certain property . . . owned by [Pinnell.]." Its findings recite this expansion of SPI's ETJ was proper pursuant to section 42.022(b) of the local government code. TEX. LOC. GOV'T CODE ANN. § 42.022(b) (Vernon 1999).

CPI urges No. 04-04 is void because it (1) expanded SPI's ETJ improperly into the ETJ of CPI (based either upon its alleged 5-mile ETJ or upon the ETJ of the re-annexation ordinances), (2) CPI never gave its consent, (3) the Pinnell tract was not then contiguous to SPI's ETJ, and, in any event, (4) SPI has no standing. We have previously addressed the standing issue. Because CPI's 5-mile and 1-mile ordinances are void ab initio for other reasons, such that CPI's ETJ was not extended and its annexation of the Pinnell property by CPI was never effected, we need not reach these issues.

XII. The Open Meetings Act and Posting Requirements

In issue nine, CPI contends that the trial court erred in concluding that actions taken on February 24, 2002, in the series of council meetings, failed to satisfy posting requirements of the Open Meetings Act. Because we have concluded that the ordinances were void ab initio for other reasons, we do not reach this issue. See TEX.R.APP. P. 47.1.

XIII. The Prospective Injunction

In its first issue, CPI contends that the trial court erred in issuing a permanent injunction that, among other things, would prohibit CPI from enacting future annexation ordinances.

A. The Judgment and Findings

After concluding that the ordinances in issue are void ab initio, the trial court's judgment, provides:

(6) [Pinnell and SPI] are entitled to relief permanently enjoining [CPI] from:

(a) annexing the Pinnell Trust Property, or any portion thereof, collecting any ad valorem taxes from [Pinnell] . . .

(b) annexing any areas located entirely within that body of water known as the Laguna Madre which do not also include, in addition to that body of water, land which is at least 1,000 feet in width at is narrowest point after excluding the area in the Laguna Madre;

* * *

IT IS FURTHER, ORDERED, ADJUDGED, DECREED and DECLARED that, to the extent that any subsequent ordinances adopted by the city commission of [CPI] purport to annex areas which either (i) were not contiguous or adjacent to the city limits or located within the extraterritorial jurisdiction of [CPI], as such city limits and extraterritorial jurisdiction existed prior to the adoption of said Ordinance Nos. 627, 628, and 633, 636 through 652, 658 through 660, and 657, or (ii) would only be contiguous or adjacent to the city limits or located within the extraterritorial jurisdiction of [CPI] because of said Ordinance Nos. 627, 628, and 633, 636 through 652, 658 through 660, and 657, said subsequent ordinances are also void ab initio.

IT IS FURTHER, ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and DECREED that [CPI] should be and hereby is commanded to permanently desist and refrain from:

(1) annexing that certain property . . . owned by [Pinnell] . . . or exercising any jurisdiction, extraterritorial or otherwise, over that certain property described in Exhibit "A" to the Judgment . . .

(2) annexing any areas located entirely within that body of water known as the Laguna Madre which do not also include, in addition to that body of water, land which is at least 1,000 feet in width at is narrowest point after excluding the area in the Laguna Madre;

The trial court concluded:

14.1.6. Absent the granting of injunctive relief, there is an imminent threat of harm and an imminent harm that [CPI] will continue to circumvent the requirements of Chapter 43 of the Texas Local Government Code and seek means to accomplish the annexation of areas in and across the Laguna Madre and on the Island including the Pinnell Trust Property.

14.1.7. Absent the granting of injunctive relief, [Pinnell and SPI] will suffer irreparable injury in that the Pinnell Trust Property and property within the ETJ of [SPI] will be annexed by [CPI] and subject to ad valorem taxes and regulations.

14.2.3. To provide adequate protection to [Pinnell and SPI], and in the absence of any claim or showing that injunctive relief should be limited in duration [Pinnell and SPI] are entitled to permanent injunctive relief from a continuation by [CPI] of its repeated and longstanding unlawful actions to annex areas within and across the Laguna Madre and onto the Island in an effort to annex the Pinnell Trust Property and areas within the ETJ of [SPI].

B. Analysis 1. The General Rule

CPI argues that the trial court's implementation of a prospective injunction to prohibit future annexations, i.e., future municipal legislative acts, is a violation of the separation of powers doctrine under the Texas Constitution. CPI stresses the distinction between enjoining enforcement of an existing ordinance and enjoining the passage of a prospective ordinance. SPI and Pinnell contend that such a prospective injunction is appropriate and permissible where a governmental defendant has demonstrated its intent to repeat or continue the injurious action, and where it has been shown that irreparable harm will result from enactment of the ordinance.

The enactment of an ordinance by the legislative body of a city is a sovereign act of government. City of Dallas v. Couchman, 249 S.W. 234, 239 (Tex.Civ.App.-Dallas 1923, writ ref'd). "The power to annex is committed to the political branches of state government; it is a legislative prerogative." Alexander Oil, 825 S.W.2d at 438. Because our system of government is crafted to have three separately defined branches of government, "no one of them, and least of all the judicial department, should attempt to exceed the limits set about it and invade by such interference the domain of another." Couchman, 249 S.W. at 239. The ability of a court to enjoin the future enactment of ordinances, including annexation ordinances, has therefore long been strictly circumscribed:

As before stated, the record clearly establishes that the ordinance has not been finally enacted, and that it is still pending before the board of commissioners, to be finally considered and acted upon. The decree of the court, therefore, enjoins a legislative act of the board of commissioners. It is well settled . . . that the enactment of a void ordinance will not be enjoined, although its invalidity clearly appears, unless it also clearly appears that the mere enactment of the ordinance of itself will work irreparable injury without the intervention of some wrongful act under its authority.

Id. "The restraining of the passage of an ordinance is a legislative act, and such restraint cannot be exercised by the courts." City of Monahans v. State ex rel. Cook, 348 S.W.2d 176, 179 (Tex.Civ.App.-El Paso 1961, writ refd n.r.e.); see City of Rusk v. Cox, 665 S.W.2d 233, 237 (Tex.App.-Tyler 1984, writ ref/d n.r.e.) (concluding that finding an injunction necessary to provide relief against enforcement does mean that a court may enjoin a city from enacting future zoning ordinances); Universal City v. City of Selma, 514 S.W.2d 64, 73 (Tex.Civ.App.-Waco 1974, writ ref'd n.r.e.) ("The proper practice, therefore, is to wait until the ordinance is passed and the city attempts to operate under it before seeking relief against it. . . .") .

2. The Exception

A sole exception to this general rule exists where irreparable injury will result from the mere passage of the ordinance. Couchman, 249 S.W. at 239. More is required than the mere enactment of the void ordinance, even one invalid on its face; it must also clearly appear "that the mere enactment of the ordinance of itself will work irreparable injury without the intervention of some wrongful act under its authority." Id.; Spinks Indus., Inc. v. City of Fort Worth, 452 S.W.2d 799, 800 (Tex.Civ.App.-Fort Worth 1970, no writ). The fact that an ordinance is void alone works no injury. Id. Only after acts are impending or steps are already being taken to directly cause harm does the basis for relief exist, and only then may the authority of a court be invoked to restrain the injury. Couchman, 249 S.W. at 239; see Monahans, 348 S.W.2d at 179. Where passage of the ordinance will cause no irreparable harm or injury beyond the power of redress by subsequent judicial proceedings, judicial interference is not warranted, even if the proposed ordinance disregards some constitutional restraint. City of Houston v. Houston Gulf Coast Bldg. and Constr. Trades Council, 697 S.W.2d 850, 852(Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1985, no writ); see A A Constr. Co. v. City of Corpus Christi, 527 S.W.2d 833, 835 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 1975, no writ).

3. Application

The trial court could not enjoin CPI's future enactment of annexation ordinances unless those enactments, in and of themselves, would cause irreparable harm that could not be redressed by subsequent judicial proceedings. City of Houston, 697 S.W.2d at 852. Based on its conclusion that CPI will continue its annexation efforts, the trial court issued findings of fact 14.1.6 and 14.1.7, cited above, which purport to find irreparable harm. Pinnell urges that, inasmuch as these findings of fact were not challenged by CPI, this Court is bound by them and must affirm the injunction. "When findings of fact are filed and are unchallenged . . . they occupy the same position and are entitled to the same weight as the verdict of a jury." McGalliard v. Kuhlmann, 722 S.W.2d 694, 696 (Tex. 1986). However, findings of fact are binding on an appellate court only so long as the contrary is not established as a matter of law, or if there is evidence to support the finding. Id.

Moreover, the question of whether a threat of imminent harm exists to warrant injunctive relief is a legal question for the court — not a factual question. GTE Mobilnet of South Tex., Ltd, v. Pascouet, 61 S.W.3d 599, 620 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, pet. denied) (citing State v. Tex. Pet Foods, Inc., 591 S.W.2d 800, 803-04 (Tex. 1979) ("The jury does not determine the expediency, necessity, or propriety of equitable relief. . . . The determination of whether to grant an injunction based upon the ultimate issues of fact found by the jury is for the trial court, exercising chancery powers.")).

CPI challenges both the trial court's authority and its legal conclusion that injunctive relief is appropriate to prevent future annexation ordinances. These are questions of law. The findings of fact actually identify no "irreparable harm" other than that the ordinance may pass and ultimately subject property owners to ad valorem taxes and regulations. We find this alleged "irreparable harm" to be indistinguishable from the threat of enactment of the ordinance, which is the conduct to which the related conclusion of law is directed. "[E]nactment of a void ordinance will not be enjoined . . . unless it also clearly appears that the mere enactment of the ordinance of itself will work irreparable injury without the intervention of some wrongful act under its authority." Spinks, 452 S.W.2d at 800.

The findings identify no independent wrongful act, injury, exigent circumstance, or harm other than the likely passage of future ordinances. As a matter of law, passage of an ordinance, in itself, does not constitute irreparable harm. Id. Accordingly, we are not bound by the findings of "fact." McGalliard, 722 S.W.2d at 696.

We conclude the circumstances before us do not fit within the identified exception to the general rule. Couchman, 249 S.W. at 239; Spinks, 452 S.W.2d at 800; Monahans, 348 S.W.2d at 179. Accordingly, the trial court had no authority to invade the legislative functions of CPI. We conclude the trial court erred to the extent it sought to enjoin the future passage of annexation ordinances, and we sustain CPFs first issue on appeal.

XIV. Attorney Fees

In issue thirteen, CPI contends the trial court abused its discretion in awarding attorney fees to Pinnell and SPI, and particularly to SPI. CPI contends error (1) in awarding fees to Pinnell and SPI, particularly because (2) the trial court commented at the hearing that SPI's participation was not "necessary" to full prosecution of the lawsuit. CPI argues the trial court's decision to award fees was based on its desire to end this litigation, rather than any conclusion that the fees were reasonable and just, and the court therefore abused its discretion.

A party may recover attorney fees only if provided by statute or by contract. Gulf States Util. Co. v. Low, 79 S.W.3d 561, 567 (Tex. 2002) (citing Dallas Cent. Appraisal Dist. v. Seven Inv. Co., 835 S.W.2d 75, 77 (Tex. 1992)). In a declaratory judgment proceeding, "reasonable and necessary attorneys' fees" may be awarded as are "equitable and just." TEX. CIV. PRAC. REM. CODE ANN. § 37.009 (Vernon 1997) (emphasis added); Allstate Ins. Co. v. Hallman, 159 S.W.3d 640, 643 (Tex. 2005).

The reasonable and necessary requirements are questions of fact to be determined by the fact finder, but the equitable and just requirements are questions of law for the trial court to decide. Ridge Oil Co. v. Guinn Invs., Inc., 148 S.W.3d 143, 161 (Tex. 2004). "Unreasonable fees cannot be awarded, even if the court believes them just, but the court may conclude that it is not equitable or just to award even reasonable and necessary fees." Id. at 161-62 (citing Bocquet v. Herring, 972 S.W.2d 19, 21 (Tex. 1998)). A judge's decision to award or not award attorney's fees is reviewed on appeal for an abuse of discretion. Id., at 163. To find an abuse of discretion, the trial court must have acted without reference to any guiding rules or principles, such that the act was arbitrary or unreasonable. Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 241-12 (Tex. 1985). Merely because a trial court may decide a matter within its discretion in a different manner than an appellate court would in a similar circumstance does not demonstrate that an abuse of discretion has occurred. Id. at 242.

A separate hearing on the issue of attorney fees was held on April 6, 2005. Counsel for both Pinnell and SPI testified on the issue. Despite the trial court's comments as to whether or not SPI was a "necessary party," it is undisputed that SPI was a party to the litigation. Adequate evidence was before the trial court to enable it to award the fees as it did, including that the awards were reasonable, necessary and the amounts were just and equitable. Evidence included the attorneys' qualifications to give a legal opinion on the issue, the time spent, hourly rate, and total amount. Counsel for CPI had the opportunity to conduct cross-examination. Nothing precluded the trial court, despite its rhetorical comments, from awarding the fees which were fully supported by the record. We conclude that, in making the awards as it did, the trial court did not abuse its discretion or act without reference to any guiding rules or principles, such that the act was arbitrary or unreasonable. Downer, 701 S.W.2d at 241 — 12. We overrule CPI's issue thirteen on appeal.

XV. Conclusion

We overrule CPI's issues on appeal except as to its first issue and the prospective injunction. We modify the judgment of the trial court to exclude the prospective portion of the injunction, and affirm as modified.