BLACK, Circuit Judge:

Following decades of civil-rights litigation regarding discriminatory employment practices, the district court for the Northern District of Alabama assumed a direct supervisory role over the Personnel Board of Jefferson County in 2002. Incident to its supervisory function, the district court appointed two individuals to the three-member Board when vacancies arose in 2007. Shortly thereafter, the Alabama legislature passed Act 408, which entirely reconstituted the composition of the Board. In September 2008, the district court declared Act 408 void ab initio and affirmed that the court-appointed members would serve the remainder of their terms. The City of Birmingham now appeals this decision. This Court holds that it does not have jurisdiction to consider this matter because the appealed order, an interlocutory injunction, has since merged with a subsequent final order that neither party challenges. The City's appeal is therefore dismissed.

I. BACKGROUND

In the 1970s, the United States, the NAACP, and a class of African-American municipal employees (the Martin Class) brought civil rights lawsuits against the City of Birmingham (the City), the Personnel Board of Jefferson County (the Board), and several other state actors and municipalities. The plaintiffs alleged that the defendants engaged in racially and sexually discriminatory employment practices in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and 42 U.S.C. § 1981, among other provisions. In 1976, the first claims went to trial, and the district court ruled in favor of the plaintiffs, finding that the Personnel Board's firefighter and police-officer entrance examinations impermissibly discriminated against African-Americans.

A second set of claims challenging additional entrance examinations and other hiring practices went to trial shortly thereafter. But, before the district court reached a verdict, the parties entered into comprehensive consent decrees designed to develop and implement constitutional, nondiscriminatory employment practices. These initial decrees, finalized in 1981, included several gender-and race-conscious provisions, including hiring and promotional quotas. The implementation of these 1981 Consent Decrees in turn prompted civil-rights lawsuits throughout the 1980s. In this resulting litigation, several non-black male litigants collaterally challenged the constitutionality of the new gender- and race-based quotas, alleging the decrees amounted to reverse discrimination.

In 1990, a class representing these non-black male employees (the Wilks Class) intervened in the present litigation and, along with the United States, moved the court to modify the 1981 Consent Decrees to address the allegedly unconstitutional employment quotas. As a result, in 1991, the district court ordered the City to cease relying on annual quotas as soon as it either reached its long-term diversity goals or developed nondiscriminatory screening procedures Similarly, the court ordered the Board to cease using quotas when it developed nondiscriminatory employment examinations. Until those goals were achieved, however, both the City and the Board were to continue to rely on employment and promotional practices that granted preferential treatment to African-Americans and women. The Wilks Class and the United States then appealed this district-court order to the Eleventh Circuit.

In 1994, this Court held that the district court's 1991 modification of the 1981 Con-sent Decrees could not withstand constitutional strict-scrutiny analysis, given the decrees' use of explicit racial and gender quotas to achieve impermissibly inflexible long-term goals. Accordingly, this Court reversed the 1991 order in relevant part and mandated that the district court substantially revise the 1981 Consent Decrees. This Court, however, did not merely remand the case for further proceedings; rather, it took the opportunity to reprimand the Board for a consistent failure to take seriously the task of developing constitutionally permissible policies. To that end, this Court bemoaned the "casual pace the Board has passed off as progress for thirteen years," and emphasized that the consent decrees were not "a security blanket to be clung to, but a badge of shame, a monument to the Board's past and present failure to treat all candidates in a fair and non- discriminatory manner." Ensley Branch, 31 F.3d at 1577-78. In the hopes that this sharp language would provide the spark the Board had lacked throughout the previous decade, this Court instructed the district court to "set prompt deadlines for the City and the Board to develop and implement valid job-selection procedures," and commanded the parties to comply "forthwith." Id. at 1575, 1577.

On remand, the district court ordered the City and the Board to develop and institute employment selection procedures that either "have no adverse impact on the basis of race or sex" or are "job related . . . and consistent with business necessity, in accordance with Title VII." Despite this Court's clear mandate and the district court's renewed directives, the Board nevertheless failed to take any serious steps toward compliance throughout the remainder of the 1990s. As a result, the Wilks Class filed a motion for civil contempt against the Board in 1998.

The turn of the millennium brought a vigorous but ultimately unsuccessful effort by Judge C. Lynwood Smith, Jr., to resolve the then quarter-century-old litigation. After nearly two years of this renewed push, Judge Smith determined that the Board remained resolutely uninterested in cooperating; consequently, in 2002, he granted the Wilks and the Martin/Bryant Classes' joint motion for civil contempt. In its opinion, the district court explained that "the Board members failed to apprehend their legal obligations, or take any steps — much less meaningful steps — to ensure compliance." As a result of the Board members' delinquency, the district court placed the Personnel Board in receivership, thereby vesting the Board's power almost entirely in a court-appointed Receiver.

In the years that followed, the Receiver made significant progress toward achieving this Court's 1994 Ensley Branch mandate. As a result of this success, the district court determined that it could gradually reduce its supervisory role by incrementally shifting the receiver's power back to a three- member board. This transition was governed by the 2004 Transition Plan, which permitted the Board to regain many of its functions and directed that the district court would ultimately extricate itself from the Board's operations. Until the transition was complete, however, the court retained a significant oversight role, which included the ability to appoint board members if necessary.

When two Board-member positions, including the chairmanship, became vacant in 2007, the district court exercised its appointment power to fill the vacancies. In the spring, the court appointed Alfred F. Smith, Jr., as chairman; in the summer, it appointed Ann D. Florie as a Board member. Shortly thereafter, and perhaps in response to the district court's appointments, the Alabama legislature passed Act 408, a statute that entirely reconstituted the composition of the Board. The Act increased the number of Board members from three to seven, and specifically required that two of the seven seats be filled by African-Americans. The Alabama governor signed the Act into law in May 2008.

Following the law's enactment, the district court ordered that the three-member Board remain in place for thirty days to avoid the outright confusion that would have resulted had Act 408 taken immediate effect. The following week, the Wilks Class, later joined by the Board itself, filed a motion challenging the constitutionality of the Act, arguing that the race-based provisions violated the Equal Protection Clause, and that the Act as a whole violated the Supremacy Clause. As a result, on June 3, 2008, the district court directed the three- member Board to continue to serve until the constitutionality of the Act could be fully adjudicated, explaining that "it makes little sense for Act No. 2008-408 to be implemented while its constitutionality is in question." The Martin/Bryant Class and the City then responded to the Wilks Class and Board's motions, and the district court considered the parties' contentions over the following months.

By the end of the summer, the district court had reached a decision and was ready to rule on the constitutionality of Act 408. In September 2008, the district court entered an order (the September Order) declaring the Act "void ab initio as violative of the Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution." The court then directed that the "three current members of the board governing the functions of the Personnel Board of Jefferson County shall continue to serve until their respective terms expire, or until they are otherwise relieved of their duties by further order of this court." The City of Birmingham appealed from this September Order, arguing that Act 408 did not violate the Supremacy Clause, but rather advanced the purpose of the previous federal-court orders.

Two months later, while the City's appeal was pending before this Court, the district court entered a final order (the November Order) that, after more than three decades of conflict and litigation, finally terminated the Personnel Board's consent decree. The district court explained that the Board had "complied with its Consent Decree in good faith," had "demonstrated a good faith commitment to continued compliance with federal law," and had "implemented policies, practices, and procedures which make it unlikely that the Board will repeat its former violations . . ., making it unnecessary for this Court to provide further judicial supervision." Although the district court terminated its supervisory function, the court nevertheless directed that the two Board members appointed in 2007 and reaffirmed by the September Order, "shall serve the remainders of their unexpired terms." The district court then certified this judgment as a final order pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(b), and no party appealed.

II. DISCUSSION

Before considering the merits of the City's arguments, this Court must first establish whether it has jurisdiction to hear this appeal. Like all jurisdictional questions, the issue is reviewed de novo. See United States v. Lopez, 562 F.3d 1309, 1311 (11th Cir. 2009).

In its September Order, the district court determined that Act 408 was void ah initio and that it therefore did not affect the appointments of Mr. Smith and Ms. Florie to the Board. The court then ordered that those two board members would serve the remainder of their six-year terms. The September Order thus meets the classic definition of an injunction: it was "a clear and understandable directive from the district court, . . . enforceable through contempt proceedings, and it . . . [gave] some or all of the substantive relief sought in the complaint." See Sierra Club v. Van Antwerp, 526 F.3d 1353, 1358 (11th Cir. 2008). As a result, the district court's order constituted an interlocutory injunction regarding the Board members' appointments: it was a non-final order mandating that Mr. Smith and Ms. Florie would continue their terms of service.

Ordinarily, only final judgments of a district court are appealable to the United States Courts of Appeals, whereas interlocutory orders are not. See 28 U.S.C. § 1291 ("The courts of appeals . . . shall have jurisdiction of appeals from all final decisions of the district courts of the United States. . . ."). But, § 1292 provides an exception to § 1291's final-judgment rule: § 1292 permits the federal circuit courts to hear appeals from "[i]nterlocutory orders of the district courts of the United States, . . . granting, continuing, modifying, refusing or dissolving injunctions. . . . "§ 1292(a)(1). Thus, because the September Order provided injunctive relief — that is, it mandated that the Board members continue to serve their respective terms — § 1292 initially granted this Court jurisdiction over the City's appeal, despite the fact that the September Order was not a final judgment.

Intervening events can affect an appellate court's jurisdiction over an interlocutory appeal, however. In November 2008, the district court issued a subsequent order declaring that the Board had satisfied the requirements of its consent decree and had adequately demonstrated its commitment to maintaining constitutional employment procedures. That judgment also reaffirmed the September Order's directive — that is, the district court again declared that Mr. Smith and Ms. Florie were to serve the remainder of their respective terms as Board members. This November Order, containing the very same injunctive relief as did the September Order, constituted a final judgment, as evidenced by the district court's certifying it as such under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(b).

Thus, with the entry of the November Order, the district court finalized the September injunction; it is this crucial change in circumstances that ultimately prevents this Court from hearing an appeal from that initial September Order. In essence, the November Order stripped this Court of its jurisdiction over the City's appeal because, when a final injunction incorporates the same relief as an interlocutory injunction, an appeal is properly taken only from the final order. See Burton v. Georgia, 953 F.2d 1266, 1272 n. 9 (11th Cir. 1992) ("Once a final judgment is rendered, the appeal is properly taken from the final judgment, not the preliminary injunction,"); SEC v. First Fin. Group of Tex., 645 F.2d 429, 433 (5th Cir. Unit A May 1981) ("Once an order of permanent injunction is entered . . ., the order of preliminary injunction is merged with it, and appeal is proper only from the order of permanent injunction.").

As a result of the September Order's merger with the final November Order, this Court no longer has jurisdiction to hear the City's appeal.

III. CONCLUSION

The City appeals an interlocutory injunction that has since merged with a final order. Because a challenge is proper only from that final order, this appeal is dismissed for lack of jurisdiction.

DISMISSED.