Kelly C. Broniec, Judge

FOR APPELLANT: James V. O'Brien, Andrew S. Buchanan, Buchanan, Williams & O'Brien, PC, 2240 South Brentwood, St. Louis, Missouri 63144.

FOR RESPONDENT: Susan M. Herold, Rynearson, Suess, Schnurbusch & Champion, LLC, 500 North Broadway, Suite 1550, St. Louis, Missouri 63102, Paul N. Rechenberg, Rechenberg Law, LLC, 215 Chesterfield Business Parkway, Chesterfield, Missouri 63005.

Kelly C. Broniec, Judge

Autumn Babb ("Autumn"), in her individual capacity and as Plaintiff Ad Litem for her recently deceased husband, Charles Babb ("Charles") (Autumn and Charles are hereinafter collectively "Appellants"), appeals from the judgment of the Circuit Court of St. Louis County, which granted Tiffany Bartlett's ("Bartlett") motion to dismiss Appellants’ claims against her for lack of personal jurisdiction. This lawsuit was commenced by Appellants in April of 2020, and arises from personal injuries Charles allegedly sustained in a vehicular accident with Bartlett that occurred in California in May of 2018. However, due to Charles's death in August of 2021, Autumn was substituted as Plaintiff Ad Litem for Charles in this matter in September of 2021, shortly before oral argument and submission of this case. In her sole point on appeal, Autumn argues that the circuit court erred in finding that Bartlett was not subject to personal jurisdiction under Missouri's "long-arm" statute because, even though Charles, Autumn, and Bartlett were Oklahoma residents at all relevant times and the accident occurred in California, Bartlett purportedly engaged in certain conduct enumerated in the statute and it was foreseeable that Bartlett could be haled into a Missouri court for the claims asserted against her in this lawsuit.

We affirm.

I. Factual and Procedural Background

Viewed in the light most favorable to Autumn, and giving her the benefit of all reasonable inferences therefrom, the record on appeal reveals the following facts:

On April 7, 2020, Appellants filed their original three-count Petition against Bartlett and her employer, Meier Environmental Services and Associates, Inc. d/b/a Mesa, Inc. ("Mesa") (Bartlett and Mesa are hereinafter collectively "Respondents"), alleging that on or about May 31, 2018, Bartlett was negligent in the operation of a commercial motor vehicle that caused serious physical injury to Charles (the "2018 Incident"), and that Meier is legally responsible for Bartlett's alleged negligence under various legal theories (the "Original Petition"). The Original Petition alleged that Charles, Autumn, and Bartlett are all "citizens of the State of Oklahoma," whereas Mesa is a Missouri corporation with its principal place of business in St. Louis County, Missouri. However, the Original Petition failed to allege where the 2018 Incident occurred, which drew a motion for more definite statement from Respondents for failure to allege jurisdictional prerequisites for a Missouri circuit court to exercise jurisdiction over Respondents. Before Respondents’ motion for more definite statement could be called and heard, Appellants filed their First Amended Petition on August 12, 2020, which was identical to the Original Petition except that it alleged the 2018 Incident occurred in the state of California.

On August 14, 2020, Bartlett filed her motion to dismiss the claims against her in the First Amended Petition for lack of personal jurisdiction (the "Motion to Dismiss"). Specifically, Bartlett argued that the First Amended Petition alleged no basis for the circuit court to exercise personal jurisdiction over her under Missouri's long-arm statute, § 506.500, in that the 2018 Incident did not occur in Missouri and requiring her to defend this action in Missouri would violate the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

However, before the Motion to Dismiss could be called and heard, Appellants filed their motion for leave to file their Second Amended Petition, which was identical to the First Amended Petition in all material respects except that it added the following allegations that purportedly supported personal jurisdiction over Bartlett in Missouri:

• That Bartlett contracted with Mesa in Missouri to lease her tractor to Mesa and work as an over-the-road truck driver carrying loads for Mesa's customers (the "Agreement");

• That in the Agreement Bartlett agreed to venue and personal jurisdiction in the Circuit Court of St. Louis County for claims relating to her work for Mesa;

• That in the Agreement Bartlett agreed to indemnify and hold Mesa harmless for liability arising from the claims asserted therefrom and agreed to venue and personal jurisdiction in the Circuit Court of St. Louis County for this purpose;

• That in the Agreement Bartlett agreed she would fully assist in the investigation and documentation of any accidents or legal action involving her work for Mesa (including this action), and that upon request by Mesa, she would attend hearings, trials, and depositions; and

• That Bartlett worked "extensively" in Missouri picking up and delivering loads for Mesa customers.

In addition, in their written response in opposition to the Motion to Dismiss, Appellants argued that Bartlett was subject to personal jurisdiction under Missouri's long-arm statute because Bartlett: (1) transacted business in Missouri; (2) entered into a contract in Missouri; and (3) contracted to insure a person, property, or risk in Missouri, as set forth in sub-divisions (1), (2), and (5) of § 506.500.1. In further opposition to the Motion to Dismiss, Appellants also submitted copies of the following two documents received through discovery: (1) the Independent Contractor Agreement & Equipment Lease Agreement , by and between Bartlett and Mesa, whereby Bartlett agreed to provide certain "transportation services" to Mesa as an independent contractor (the "IC Agreement"); and (2) the Vehicle Lease Agreement , by and between Mesa Trucking, LLC and Bartlett, whereby Mesa Trucking leased to Bartlett the tractor and trailer involved in the 2018 Incident (the "Lease Agreement"). Appellants also submitted an affidavit whereby Charles attested, inter alia , that the tractor Bartlett was driving at the time of the 2018 Incident was marked with the insignia "Mesa, Inc., Ballwin MO," as well as displayed Mesa's identification numbers issued by the United States Department of Transportation ("USDOT") and the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration ("FMSCA").

On September 24, 2020, the circuit court granted Appellants’ motion for leave to file their Second Amended Petition. On that same date, the circuit court granted Bartlett's Motion to Dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction over her, specifically stating that this motion was taken as being filed in response to the Second Amended Petition; thus, the claims against Bartlett in the Second Amended Petition were dismissed without prejudice (the "Original Dismissal Order"). Therefore, the Original Dismissal Order resolved all claims asserted by Appellants against Bartlett in Counts I and III, leaving only Appellants’ claims against Mesa in Counts I, II, and III.

On October 5, 2020, Appellants filed their motion to reconsider the dismissal of their claims against Bartlett in the Second Amended Petition (the "Motion to Reconsider"), which also alternatively asked the court to designate the Original Dismissal Order as final for purposes of appeal pursuant to Rule 74.01(b).

On November 9, 2020, Appellants were granted leave to file their Third Amended Petition, which was substantially similar to the Second Amended Petition, but included additional allegations purporting to support Mesa's vicarious liability for Bartlett's actions in connection with the 2018 Incident.

On January 11, 2021, the circuit court issued an Order and Judgment addressing the Motion to Reconsider (the "Amended Dismissal Order"), which amended the Original Dismissal Order to include a certification, pursuant to Rule 74.01(b), that there is no just reason to delay immediate appeal of the decision to grant Bartlett's Motion to Dismiss. The Amended Dismissal Order denied the Motion to Reconsider in all other respects.

On February 16, 2021, Appellants timely filed their notice of appeal with respect to the dismissal of their claims against Bartlett in the Second Amended Petition, and this appeal followed.

Following full briefing by the parties to this Court, this appeal was originally docketed for oral argument and submission on September 8, 2021. However, on September 2, 2021, pursuant to § 507.100, RSMo 2021, Autumn filed a Suggestion of Death with this Court, which stated that Charles had died on August 29, 2021. The Suggestion of Death further stated that Autumn had requested that the circuit court in this matter appoint her as Plaintiff Ad Litem, pursuant to § 537.021, "for the purpose of pursuing [Charles's] personal injury claims that survive his death," as well as stated that Autumn had filed a motion for leave to file a Fourth Amended Petition to assert those surviving claims. Accordingly, by Order dated September 3, 2021, this appeal was removed from this Court's docket of September 8, 2021, and was to be reset if and when a proper party was substituted for Charles.

On September 22, 2021, Autumn filed her Motion for Substitution of Party and to Reset Oral Argument with this Court (the "Motion for Substitution"), which represented that on September 15, 2021, the circuit court below had granted her motion for leave to file a Fourth Amended Petition in this matter naming her as Plaintiff Ad Litem to pursue the personal injury claims that survive Charles's death, and also represented that a Fourth Amended Petition had been filed in the circuit court below on September 21, 2021, a copy of which was attached to the Motion for Substitution. The Motion for Substitution further represented that on September 16, 2021, the circuit court below had ordered the appointment of Autumn as Plaintiff Ad Litem. Finally, Autumn requested that she be substituted as the Plaintiff Ad Litem for Charles in this appeal and requested that this appeal be reset for oral argument.

By Order dated September 28, 2021, this Court granted Autumn's Motion for Substitution, and thus Autumn was substituted as Plaintiff Ad Litem for Charles for purposes of this appeal. In addition, this matter was reset for oral argument on this Court's November 2021 docket.

II. Standard of Review

"When a defendant raises the issue of personal jurisdiction in a motion to dismiss, the plaintiff has the burden to show that the trial court's exercise of jurisdiction is proper." Consolidated Elec. & Mechanicals, Inc. v. Schuerman , 185 S.W.3d 773, 775 (Mo. App. E.D. 2006). Whether a plaintiff has presented sufficient evidence to establish a prima facie case of personal jurisdiction over a defendant is a question of law that we review on appeal de novo. Bryant v. Smith Interior Design Group, Inc. , 310 S.W.3d 227, 231 (Mo. banc 2010). In reviewing the granting of a motion to dismiss a petition, all facts in the petition are deemed true and the plaintiff is given the benefit of all reasonable inferences. See id. "A reviewing court evaluates personal jurisdiction by considering the allegations contained in the pleadings to determine whether, if taken as true, they establish facts adequate to invoke Missouri's long-arm statute and support a finding of minimum contacts with Missouri sufficient to satisfy due process." Id.

When a motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction is based on facts not appearing in the record, as in this case, "the trial court may hear it on affidavits presented by the parties, or the court may direct that the matter be heard wholly or partly on oral testimony or deposition." Lindley v. Midwest Pulmonary Consultants, P.C. , 55 S.W.3d 906, 909 (Mo. App. W.D. 2001) (quoting Conway v. Royalite Plastics, Ltd. , 12 S.W.3d 314, 318 (Mo. banc 2000) ).

When affidavits are presented, the trial court may believe or disbelieve any statements made within those affidavits. It is within the sole discretion of the trial court to make such factual determinations. [The appellate court] must affirm the trial court's ruling regarding jurisdiction if the affidavits submitted by the defendants in support of their motions to dismiss show they did not commit any act sufficient to invoke the jurisdictional provisions of the Missouri [l]ong [a]rm [s]tatute.

Id. (alterations in original) (quoting Chromalloy American Corp. v. Elyria Foundry Co. , 955 S.W.2d 1, 4 (Mo. banc 1997) ). However, "[t]his standard of review does not convert the motion to dismiss into a motion for summary judgment as ‘the trial court's inquiry is limited to an examination of the petition on its face and the supporting affidavits to determine the limited question of personal jurisdiction.’ " Id. at 909-10 (quoting Capitol Indem. Corp. v. Citizens Nat'l Bank , 8 S.W.3d 893, 898 (Mo. App. W.D. 2000) ). "The merits of the underlying action are not considered." Id. at 810. "To demonstrate that a cause of action arose out of an activity covered by the long[-]arm statute, however, ‘a plaintiff must make a prima facie showing of the validity of its claim. A plaintiff need not prove all of the elements that form the basis of the defendant's liability, but must show that acts contemplated by the statute took place.’ " Id. (quoting Conway , 12 S.W.3d at 318 ).

Upon review, we must "affirm the trial court's ruling regarding jurisdiction when the properly filed affidavits and depositions show [defendants] did not commit any act sufficient to invoke personal jurisdiction." Andra v. Left Gate Property Holding, Inc. , 453 S.W.3d 216, 224-25 (Mo. banc 2015) (internal quotation marks omitted) (alterations in original). However, "the sufficiency of the evidence to make a prima facie showing that the trial court may exercise personal jurisdiction is a question of law to be reviewed de novo on appeal." Id. at 225 (internal quotation marks omitted). "Review of the evidence must be on a case-by-case basis that cannot be ‘simply mechanical or quantitative’ but instead ‘must depend rather upon the quality and nature of the activity[.]’ " Id. (quoting Int'l Shoe Co. v. Washington , 326 U.S. 310, 319, 66 S. Ct. 154, 90 L. Ed. 95 (1945) ) (alteration in original).

When the trial court does not state any specific grounds on which an order of dismissal is based, as here, we must "presume dismissal was based upon one of the grounds presented, and will affirm the dismissal if any ground can sustain the court's action." Lindley , 55 S.W.3d at 911.

III. Discussion

This case involves probing the outer limits of Missouri's long-arm statute—specifically, whether an Oklahoma resident who allegedly injured another Oklahoma resident in a vehicle accident that occurred in California is subject to personal jurisdiction in Missouri for claims only sounding in tort, where the individual defendant's sole connection to Missouri are the contracts she entered into with two Missouri corporations that only tangentially relate, if at all, to the vehicle accident that occurred in California. In short, we recognize that while the reach of Missouri's long-arm statute is indeed long, it is not that long, and thus we hold that Bartlett is not subject to personal jurisdiction in Missouri under the specific facts of this case.

A. Personal jurisdiction under Missouri's long-arm statute

As a preliminary matter, "[w]hen personal jurisdiction is contested, it is the plaintiff who must shoulder the burden of establishing that defendant's contacts with the forum state were sufficient." Casework, Inc. v. Hardwood Assoc., Inc. , 466 S.W.3d 622, 626 (Mo. App. W.D. 2015). "Missouri courts employ a two-step analysis to evaluate personal jurisdiction." Id. (quoting Walters Bender Strobehn & Vaughan, P.C. v. Mason , 397 S.W.3d 487, 498 (Mo. App. W.D. 2013) [hereinafter Strobehn ]). Specifically, "[t]o subject a non-resident defendant to the long[-]arm jurisdiction of Missouri, the plaintiff must plead and prove two elements: first, that the suit arose from any of the activities enumerated in Section 506.500 RSMo ..., the Missouri long[-]arm statute; and second, that the defendant has sufficient minimum contacts with Missouri to satisfy due process requirements." Schuerman , 185 S.W.3d at 776 (citing Capitol Indem. Corp. , 8 S.W.3d at 899 ). Missouri's long-arm statute provides, in pertinent part, as follows with respect to the specific acts that may subject a defendant to personal jurisdiction in Missouri:

Any person or firm, whether or not a citizen or resident of this state, or any corporation, who in person or through an agent does any of the acts enumerated in this section, thereby submits ... to the jurisdiction of the courts of this state as to any cause of action arising from the doing of any of such acts:

(1) The transaction of any business within this state;

(2) The making of any contract within this state;

* * *

(5) The contracting to insure any person, property or risk located within this state at the time of contracting....

§ 506.500.1 (emphasis added); see also Schuerman , 185 S.W.3d at 776.

In addition to the "arising from" language contained in sub-section .1 of § 506.500, sub-section .3 of the statute similarly provides the following limitation on causes of action that may be asserted when personal jurisdiction is sought thereunder: "Only causes of action arising from acts enumerated in this section may be asserted against a defendant in an action in which jurisdiction over him is based upon this section." § 506.500.3 (emphasis added).

With respect to the second element for obtaining personal jurisdiction under § 506.500, "[t]he due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment further requires that a non-resident defendant have sufficient minimum contacts with the forum state so that the maintenance of the suit does not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice." Schuerman , 185 S.W.3d at 776 (citing Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz , 471 U.S. 462, 476, 105 S. Ct. 2174, 2184, 85 L. Ed.2d 528 (1985) ).

In conducting our analysis of whether Missouri's long-arm statute applies in this case, we are also guided by the following generally-applicable principle:

The legislature, in enacting [ § 506.500 ], sought to extend the jurisdiction of Missouri courts to numerous classes of out-of-state defendants who could not have been sued in Missouri under the preexisting law. It also intended to provide for jurisdiction, within the specific categories enumerated in the statutes, to the full extent permitted by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

State ex rel. Metal Service Center of Georgia, Inc. v. Gaertner , 677 S.W.2d 325, 327 (Mo. banc 1984) (citing State ex rel. Deere & Co. v. Pinnell , 454 S.W.2d 889 (Mo. banc 1970) ). Missouri courts also recognize that, "[a] particular purpose was to confer jurisdiction over nonresidents who enter into various kinds of transactions with residents of Missouri." Id.

B. Analysis

Our determination of whether Bartlett is subject to personal jurisdiction under Missouri's long-arm statute initially requires us to determine whether Autumn has met her burden of making a prima facie showing that Bartlett engaged in any of the specific acts enumerated in § 506.500.1 and that the causes of action against Bartlett in the Second Amended Petition "arose from" those acts. Only if we find that Autumn has met this burden must we then analyze whether Bartlett had sufficient "minimum contacts" with Missouri to satisfy due process requirements. See Lindley , 55 S.W.3d at 914 (declining to address whether a defendant had sufficient minimum contacts with Missouri because the court found that the plaintiff failed to make a prima facie showing that the defendant had transacted business in Missouri, as alleged in the plaintiffs’ response to the defendant's motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction).

In their opposition to the Motion to Dismiss, Appellants argued that Bartlett engaged in the following acts enumerated in § 506.500.1: (1) transacted business in Missouri; (2) entered into a contract in Missouri; and (3) contracted to insure Mesa in Missouri by virtue of her agreement to indemnify Mesa in the IC Agreement. However, as further explained below, we find that either Bartlett did not engage in these acts within the meaning of § 506.500.1, or to the extent she did, the causes of action against her in the Second Amended Petition do not "arise from" those acts. Because the "transaction of business" argument logically follows the "making of a contract" argument in this case, we address the "making of a contract" argument first.

1. Making of a contract in Missouri

With respect to Autumn's argument that Bartlett made a contract in Missouri, we initially recognize that, "[f]or purposes of the long-arm statute, a contract is made where acceptance occurs." Casework , 466 S.W.3d at 626 (quoting Strobehn , 397 S.W.3d at 498 ).

In this case, Autumn relies on the existence of the IC Agreement and the Lease Agreement in support of her "making of a contract" argument pursuant to § 506.500.1(2). Although the Second Amended Petition itself does not specifically identify these two contracts therein, they were subsequently submitted to the circuit court in connection with Appellants’ written briefing in opposition to Bartlett's Motion to Dismiss, which evidence can be considered for purposes of determining a motion to dismiss based on personal jurisdiction. Lindley , 55 S.W.3d at 909. However, even if we accept the existence of these two contracts, the Second Amended Petition contains no factual allegations that they were actually "made" in Missouri (i.e., that acceptance occurred in Missouri). Rather, ¶ 4 of the Second Amended Petition simply makes the following legal conclusion: "Defendant Bartlett contracted with Defendant Mesa in Missouri to lease her tractor to Mesa and work as an over-the-road truck driver carry [sic ] loads for Mesa customers." That said, Appellants correctly point out that ¶ 26 of the Lease Agreement expressly states that it was executed in Missouri by virtue of Bartlett "countersign[ing]" it in Missouri. However, the IC Agreement contains no similar provision regarding where it was made, and Appellants’ briefing in opposition to the Motion to Dismiss likewise contained no evidence regarding where acceptance of the IC Agreement purportedly occurred. Therefore, Autumn has failed to meet her burden of showing that the IC Agreement was actually "made" (i.e., accepted) in Missouri.

However, even if, arguendo , Bartlett had accepted the IC Agreement in Missouri, it is important to note that Appellants are not a party to it; likewise, Appellants are not a party to the Lease Agreement. In addition, at oral argument, Autumn's counsel conceded that she is not claiming third-party beneficiary status for herself or Charles with respect to either contract. This is important because Autumn references several provisions of these contracts in support of her "making of a contract" argument, including most notably the forum selection clause in each contract. The forum selection clause in the IC Agreement provides as follows:

Subject to the provisions of Paragraph 9, above, any claim or cause of action arising or relating to this Agreement

shall be brought in the Circuit Court of St. Louis County, Missouri, or, if appropriate, in the Federal District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri, Eastern Division, and the Parties hereby agree to submit to such jurisdiction.

The forum selection clause of the Lease Agreement provides as follows: "The parties agree to submit to the jurisdiction of the State and of the federal courts in the state of Missouri." Thus, although Autumn concedes that neither she nor Charles are third-party beneficiaries of these contracts (and the forum selection clauses therein), she suggests that she should nonetheless benefit from these contracts—directly or indirectly—for purposes of establishing personal jurisdiction under § 506.500.

We conclude that because Appellants were neither parties to nor third-party beneficiaries of the IC Agreement and the Lease Agreement, she can neither directly invoke the forum selection clauses and other cited provisions contained in these contracts nor indirectly benefit from them for purposes of establishing personal jurisdiction over Bartlett pursuant to § 506.500.

Autumn appears to suggest that because of the forum selection clause in each contract, Bartlett should reasonably anticipate being haled into a Missouri court. However, there are two problems with this foreseeability argument. First, the forum selection clause in each contract only applies to claims against Bartlett brought by the other party to each agreement (i.e., Mesa and Mesa Trucking), and thus does not apply to claims brought against Bartlett by non-parties to those agreements, such as are pled in the Second Amended Petition by Appellants. Therefore, although Bartlett had every reason to anticipate being haled into a Missouri court for claims brought against her by Mesa arising from the IC Agreement or for claims brought by Mesa Trucking arising from the Lease Agreement, she had no reason to anticipate being haled into a Missouri court by Oklahoma residents for claims arising from a vehicle accident that occurred in California. Second, the rule regarding whether a defendant should reasonably anticipate being haled into a Missouri court only applies to the second prong of the long-arm analysis—whether Bartlett had "minimum contacts" with Missouri to satisfy due process. However, the foreseeability issue is not germane to our current determination regarding the first prong of the long-arm analysis—whether the claims in the Second Amended Petition "arise from" Bartlett's purported making of the IC Agreement and the Lease Agreement in Missouri. As further discussed below, the claims against Bartlett simply do not "arise from" these contracts.

It defies reason that the tort claims against Bartlett (involving an ordinary vehicle accident that occurred in California) could "arise from" these two contracts, given that the contracts themselves have absolutely nothing to do with the tort claims against Bartlett. We recognize that Autumn has essentially argued that the 2018 Incident would not have occurred if Bartlett had not entered into the IC Agreement because Bartlett was allegedly hauling a load for Mesa at the time of the 2018 Incident. However, even if we accept this tenuous "but for" causation analysis, this would not be enough to establish that Autumn's negligence claims against Bartlett "arose from" the IC Agreement or the Lease Agreement for purposes of determining personal jurisdiction under § 506.500.1. In short, something more is required.

Bartlett has directed us to Greenwood v. Sherfield , 895 S.W.2d 169, 174 (Mo. App. S.D. 1995), which generally recognized that, for purposes of determining whether a tort claim arose from a written contract (and thus, whether the claim was subject to the arbitration provision in the contract), "[t]he relationship between the tort claim and the contract is not satisfied simply because the dispute would not have arisen absent the existence of the contract between the parties." Bartlett also directs us to Service Vending Co. v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. , 93 S.W.3d 764, 768-69 (Mo. App. S.D. 2002), which similarly recognized that "[a] forum selection clause in a contract does not control the site for litigation of a tort claim simply because the dispute that produced the tort claim would not have arisen absent the existence of the contract."

As an initial matter, we acknowledge that Greenwood and Service Vending Co. do not present perfect analogies with respect to the specific and narrow issue presented in this case. That said, we believe that the general principle announced in Greenwood and Service Vending Co. provides the proper starting point for addressing the foregoing issue raised in this case, as the issues in those cases were sufficiently analogous. Autumn essentially asks us to accept the premise that the 2018 Incident would not have occurred absent the existence of the IC Agreement and/or the Lease Agreement. Autumn then argues that this "but for" causation, alone, is sufficient to determine that her tort claims against Bartlett "arose from" those contracts such that personal jurisdiction is established under the "making of a contract" provision of Missouri's long-arm statute. However, in following the principle from Greenwood and Service Vending Co. , we conclude that, for purposes of determining whether a claim "arose from" a contract relied upon as the basis for personal jurisdiction under § 506.500.1(2), the plaintiff must allege and prove something more than that the events giving rise to the claims asserted would not have occurred absent the existence of the contract(s) at issue, especially negligence claims otherwise totally unrelated to the contract(s) at issue. In this case, Autumn's "making of a contract" argument fails, in large part, because she has failed to establish that her negligence claims against Bartlett "arose under" either the IC Agreement or the Lease Agreement because the most she can say about those claims, for purposes of determining long-arm jurisdiction pursuant to § 506.500.1(2), is that the 2018 Incident would not have occurred in the absence of these agreements.

Moreover, Autumn has cited no Missouri case which found personal jurisdiction based on the making of a contract under facts even remotely similar to those in this case, and our research has found no such Missouri case. For these reasons, we determine that Autumn's tort claims against Bartlett in the Second Amended Petition do not "arise from" the IC Agreement or the Lease Agreement for purposes of Missouri's long-arm statute. In addition, because Appellants are neither parties to nor third-party beneficiaries of either agreement, the allegation in the Second Amended Petition that "Bartlett agreed to venue and personal jurisdiction in St. Louis County Circuit Court for claims relating to her work for Mesa" also does not support Autumn's "making of a contract" argument under § 506.500.1(2). 2. Transaction of any business in Missouri

With respect to Autumn's argument that Bartlett transacted business in Missouri, we initially note that "Missouri courts have consistently held that the requirement of ‘transaction of any business within this state’ must be construed broadly and may consist of a single transaction if that is the transaction sued upon." Lindley , 55 S.W.3d at 910 (quoting State ex rel. Metal Serv. Ctr. v. Gaertner , 677 S.W.2d 325, 327 (Mo. banc 1984) ).

In this case, Autumn's "transaction of business" argument pursuant to § 506.500.1(1) appears to primarily rely on the allegation that Bartlett carried numerous loads for Mesa customers pursuant to the IC Agreement. Specifically, ¶ 8 of the Second Amended Petition alleges that Bartlett "worked extensively in Missouri including picking-up [sic ] and delivering loads for Mesa customers." However, even if we accept that Bartlett had previously "worked extensively in Missouri," including picking up and delivering loads for Mesa customers, there are absolutely no allegations in the Second Amended Petition, and no supporting evidence in the record, establishing that the tort claims against Bartlett actually "arose from" this conduct.

In particular, Bartlett notes that there are no allegations or evidence that the particular load she was hauling at the time of the 2018 Incident was either picked up in or delivered to Missouri. However, even if this load had been picked up in or delivered to Missouri, that fact would not alter our conclusion. The origin or destination of the load, given the other facts and circumstances of this case, is purely incidental to the cause of the 2018 Incident. The core claim against Bartlett in the Second Amended Petition alleges ordinary negligence in connection with her operation of her tractor-trailer, including that she failed to keep a careful lookout, failed to maintain control of the vehicle, was distracted, and failed to properly maintain the tractor and/or trailer. Therefore, the origin or destination of the load Bartlett happened to be carrying at the time of the 2018 Incident has absolutely nothing to do with these issues in the case, and this fact will not impact the outcome of the negligence claims against Bartlett in any way.

We also note that Autumn has cited no Missouri case which found personal jurisdiction based on the transaction of business in Missouri under facts even remotely similar to those in this case, and our research has found no such Missouri case. Rather, this case is very similar to Lindley v. Midwest Pulmonary Consultants, P.C. , wherein the Western District of this Court held that an individual defendant, a medical doctor and Kansas resident, was not subject to personal jurisdiction in Missouri under § 506.500 for claims of medical malpractice that were committed exclusively in Kansas. 55 S.W.3d at 913-14. The plaintiffs in Lindley argued that the defendant doctor was nonetheless subject to personal jurisdiction under Missouri's long-arm statute because he purportedly "transacted business" in Missouri by virtue of the following facts: (1) he was licensed to practice medicine in Missouri; (2) he was employed by a Missouri corporation at all relevant times; (3) his services, although performed exclusively in Kansas, were billed from Missouri (i.e., from his Missouri employer); and (4) payment for his services was made to Missouri (i.e., to his Missouri employer). See id. at 908-09. However, the Western District in Lindley ultimately rejected the plaintiffs’ personal jurisdiction argument, noting that "[n]othing done in Kansas was intended to have an effect in Missouri." Id. at 911. In addition, the Western District noted that the plaintiffs "assert[ed] no facts demonstrating that [the defendant doctor]’s connection as an employee of a Missouri entity affected their actions or those of [the defendant doctor] in the care and treatment of [the plaintiff]." Id. at 912. The Western District also specifically noted that the fact the defendant doctor was licensed in Missouri did not in any way affect the care he provided, and further, the injured plaintiff failed to show that he chose the defendant doctor due to his ability to practice in Missouri. Id. Accordingly, the Western District concluded its analysis as follows: "The [plaintiffs’] claim for medical malpractice arose from care provided only in Kansas by a Kansas caregiver. The [plaintiffs] failed to make a prima facie case demonstrating that the suit arose from any of the activities enumerated in the long-arm statute." Id. at 914 (emphasis added).

The facts in this case, however, are not even as compelling as they were in Lindley , and thus warrant the same result—a finding that Bartlett did not "transact any business" in Missouri within the meaning of § 506.500.1(1). First, like in Lindley , no reasonable argument can be made that Bartlett's conduct in connection with the 2018 Incident was intended to have, or actually did have, any effects or consequences in Missouri because: (a) the 2018 Incident occurred in California; and (b) Appellants were Oklahoma residents at all relevant times. Second, no reasonable argument can be made that Bartlett's status as an independent contractor of a Missouri corporation affected her or Mesa's actions in general or affected Bartlett's conduct in connection with the 2018 Incident in particular. This is especially true because, unlike the close doctor-patient relationship between the defendant and plaintiff in Lindley , there are no allegations or evidence of a similar close relationship between Bartlett and Charles. That said, we recognize that in his affidavit submitted in opposition to Bartlett's Motion to Dismiss, Charles attested to the fact that he was a fellow "over-the-road truck driver" for Mesa pursuant to a similar independent contractor agreement, and he also hauled many loads for Mesa customers that were either picked up in or delivered to Missouri. However, these facts do not alter our analysis, as Charles and Bartlett's status as fellow independent contractors of the same Missouri company does not create a special relationship that would reasonably be expected to alter Bartlett's actions toward Charles as they relate to her general duties of care as a truck driver on public roads and elsewhere, which duties of care she owed to everyone. Finally, in the same way the fact that the defendant doctor in Lindley was licensed to practice medicine in Missouri did not in any way affect the care and treatment he provided to the plaintiff patient in Kansas, the fact that Bartlett's tractor displayed Mesa's USDOT and FMSCA numbers in no way affected her conduct in connection with the 2018 Incident.

For the foregoing reasons, the claims against Bartlett in the Second Amended Petition did not "arise from" her alleged prior work for Mesa customers in Missouri, regardless of the origin or destination of the load she was carrying at the time of the 2018 Incident and the other facts Autumn relies on. Accordingly, we conclude that Bartlett did not "transact any business" in Missouri within the meaning of § 506.500.1(1).

3. Contracting to insure any person, property or risk located in Missouri

With respect to Autumn's argument that Bartlett is subject to personal jurisdiction by virtue of agreeing to indemnify Mesa in the IC Agreement, we also find this argument to be without merit. Specifically, Autumn relies on the following provision in ¶ 8(C) of the IC Agreement:

Except as otherwise provided herein, [Bartlett] shall be solely and exclusively responsible for any and all claims, demands and/or causes of action arising from or relating to [Bartlett's] performance of Services hereunder and/or [Bartlett's] acts and/or omissions, including but not limited to, claims for wrongful death and/or personal injuries, claims arising from vehicular accidents, claims for property damage, claims for costs of remediation and cleaning up any spills, discharges of cargo of other debris from accidents and/or any other claims asserted by any third party(ies) arising from or relating to [Bartlett's] acts or omissions. In the event any claim or demand is asserted against [Mesa] arising from or relating to [Bartlett's] performance of Services hereunder and any such claim is submitted to [Mesa's] insurance provider, [Bartlett] hereby covenants and agrees to pay the deductible associated with any such claim.

Sub-division (5) of § 506.500.1 provides for personal jurisdiction in Missouri for any person, firm, or corporation who performs the following act: "The contracting to insure any person, property or risk located within this state at the time of contracting; ...." The operative phrase in this provision is "contracting to insure," but Autumn has cited no authority supporting her proposition that an indemnification clause contained within a larger independent contractor agreement, such as the IC Agreement, constitutes a "contract to insure" within the meaning of § 506.500.1(5). However, we need not decide whether the relevant portion of ¶ 8(C) of the IC Agreement constitutes a "contract to insure" (and expressly decline to do so) because we conclude that Autumn's "contracting to insure" argument suffers the same fatal flaw as her prior two arguments under § 506.500.1—the claims against Bartlett in the Second Amended Petition simply do not "arise from" Bartlett's indemnification agreement in ¶ 8(C) of the IC Agreement.

First, as discussed above in connection with Autumn's broader "making of a contract" argument under § 506.500.1(2), Appellants are neither parties to, nor third-party beneficiaries of, the IC Agreement, including ¶ 8(C) contained therein. Thus, to the extent Bartlett "contracted to insure" any person, property, or risk by virtue of ¶ 8(C), Appellants cannot invoke or otherwise indirectly benefit from that contract provision. Accordingly, for the same reasons the claims against Bartlett in the Second Amended Petition do not "arise from" the IC Agreement in general, they likewise do not "arise from" ¶ 8(C) in particular. Second, even if, arguendo , Appellants were able to invoke or otherwise indirectly benefit from ¶ 8(C), their argument fails because they were not located in Missouri at the time of contracting because Appellants were Oklahoma residents at all relevant times. Moreover, to the extent the 2018 Incident is considered an insured "risk" within the meaning of § 506.500.1(5), the fact that incident occurred in California clearly precludes application of this provision of the long-arm statute.

4. Minimum Contacts with Missouri

As noted above, we are only required to analyze whether Bartlett had sufficient "minimum contacts" with Missouri to satisfy due process if Autumn satisfies her initial burden of making a prima facie case showing that Bartlett engaged in at least one of the acts enumerated in § 506.500.1 and that her claims against Bartlett in the Second Amended Petition "arose from" that conduct. See Lindley , 55 S.W.3d at 914. Therefore, because we find that Autumn has failed to satisfy that initial burden, we decline to address whether Bartlett had "minimum contacts" with Missouri as unnecessary.

Autumn's point on appeal is denied.

C. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, the circuit court did not err in granting Bartlett's Motion to Dismiss because to the extent Bartlett engaged in any of the specific acts enumerated in sub-divisions (1), (2), and (5) of § 506.500.1, the claims asserted against her in the Second Amended Petition do not "arise from" any such conduct, which precludes the circuit court's exercise of personal jurisdiction over her. Schuerman , 185 S.W.3d at 776. Because the dismissal of the claims against Bartlett was not an adjudication on the merits, the circuit court correctly made the dismissal without prejudice. Id. at 777. Accordingly, the circuit court's dismissal of the claims against Bartlett in the Second Amended Petition, as set forth in the Amended Dismissal Order of January 11, 2021, is hereby affirmed.

Kurt S. Odenwald, P.J. and John P. Torbitzky, J. concur.