MCGILL, Ch.

(Syllabus by the Court.)

Bill by Catherine Archer against the American Water Works Company and others to compel the transfer of certain stock on the books of the company. On order to show cause why injunction should not issue to restrain the holding of any meeting of stockholders. Injunction granted.

Lindley M. Garrison and David McClure, for complainant.

Flavel McGee and Elihu Root, for defendants.

MCGILL, Ch. The bill, answer, and exhibits present the following state of facts: Prior to the year 1891 there existed in the state of Colorado three corporations, the Denver Water Company, the Beaver Brook Water Company, and the Mountain Water Company, which had been formed for the purpose of supplying water to the inhabitants of the city of Denver, and the towns of Barnum, Highland, and Montclair, in the neighborhood of Denver. Before the 31st of January, 1891, a new corporation was formed under the laws of Colorado, called tue "Denver City Water Works Company," the object of which, among other things, was the consolidation of the three companies named, by the purchase of all their properties. Shortly after its organization, its purpose was accomplished, and it became the owner of the plants of the three companies. About the same time there existed a corporation, formed under the laws of the state of Illinois, called the "American Water Works Company," which was 'the owner of quite an extensive water plant at the city of Omaha, in the state of Nebraska, and was engaged in supplying water to the inhabitants of that city, South Omaha, and Florence. The firm of C. H. Venner & Co., composed of Clarence H. Venner and William A. Underwood, bankers in the cities of New York and Boston, were largely interested in the capital stock of the corporation doing business at Omaha, which, for brevity, and to distinguish it from the New Jersey corporation of the same name hereinafter mentioned, I will style the "Omaha Company," and, to some extent, were concerned in the bonded debt of the Denver City Water Works Company.

This firm conceived the design of consolidating the Denver and Omaha companies, and, on the 31st of January, 1891, suggested a scheme to that end, which, on the 1st of March, in the same year, took definite shape in a contract between the two companies, whereby it was agreed that a new company should be formed under the laws of some state which would admit of corporate organization for the purposes proposed, of which company the capital stock should be $13,000,000, divided into 130,000 shares, of the par value of $100 each. Thirty thousand of those shares were to be preferred stock, and entitled to a cumulative dividend of 7 per cent. each year, out of the net earnings or the company, before any dividend should be paid upon the remainder of the capital stock, which was called "common" stock. In case of dissolution for liquidation at any time, the preferred stockholders were to be paid $110 for each of their shares, before the holders of the common stock should receive anything. The remainder of the net earnings and assets, upon liquidation, was to be divided among the holders of the common stock. The new company was to be called the "American Water Works Company," and was to have a board of 13 directors, 6 of whom were to be chosen by a majority in interest of the preferred stockholders, 6 by a majority in interest of the common stockholders, and the thirteenth by the 12 directors thus elected. Of the 30,000 shares of preferred stock, 15,010 shares, the majority of that stock, were to go to the Denver City Water Works Company, for distribution among the holders of its preferred stock, in proportion to their respective holdings thereof, and 10,000 shares were to go to the Omaha Company for the same purpose, and 4,990 shares were to remain in the treasury of the new company, to be sold or disposed of only by a vote of two thirds of the board of directors. The 100,000 shares of common stock were to be divided equally between the two contracting companies. Each party to the agreement was to transfer its plant to the new corporation, upon demand, subject to the mortgage incumbrances thereon. The Denver City Water Works Company was to close its accounts with its plant as of November 1, 1890, taking all income, and paying all expenses which antedated that day, and accounting to the new company for income and expenses after that day. The Omaha Company was to similarly close its accounts with its plant as of January 1, 1891. The Denver City Water Works Company plant was then incomplete. That company had made a general mortgage upon its property to secure the payment of 7,000 bonds of $1,000 each. Four thousand of these bonds had been parted with; 2,862 of them had been put in trust to retire maturing bonds secured by a prior mortgage; 500 of them had been devoted to the payment of divers obligations; and 638 of them had been transferred to C. H. Venner & Co. at 90 cents on the dollar, to secure moneys that were to be furnished by Venner & Co. for the completion of the company's plant. C. H. Venner & Co. had not vet paid the moneys for these bonds, and the company's claim upon them, it was agreed, was to pass to the new company. Upon the same day that this agreement was entered into, C. H. Venner & Co. made an agreement with the Denver City Water Works Company, in which it was recited that Venner & Co. would probably have 640 bonds secured by the genera] mortgage of that company, which they would credit, at the price of 90 cents on the dollar, and interest to date of delivery, to an account to be called "Denver Construction," and allow interest at the rate of 5 per cent. per annum on the credit balance of that account. The Omaha Company was to do the work of construction, until the formation of a new company, without profit to it. The work to be done was specified. It was estimated that it would cost $1,250,000. Venner & Co. were to furnish the money necessary to pay this cost, and were to be reimbursed by bonds at 90 cents on the dollar and by sales of real estate, which belonged to the Denver Company, and were not necessary for its corporate purposes. Six hundred and forty of the bonds were to be given to Venner & Co. at once, and other bonds, which were then held in trust by a trust company, and could not be had until after July 1, 1891, and until certain income could be derived from the company's business, were to be given to them as the necessity of the Denver Construction account required. As a bonus or consideration for their undertaking, Venner & Co. were to have 34,990 of the 50,000 shares of the common stock in the new company, which would be transferred to the Denver City Water Works Company.

On the 23d of March, in the same year, the stockholders of the Denver Company reduced their capital stock, by the surrender of shares, to 15,010 shares, so that they would have a share of the common, and a share of the preferred, stock of the new company for each share of their Denver Company stock. They were to have, it is remembered, 15,010 shares of the preferred stock in the new company, and 50,000 shares of the common stock, in that company, less the 34,990 shares of common stock which they had agreed to transfer to Venner & Co., which would be 15,010 shares of common stock. On the 31st of March, 1891, the contemplated new company was formed under the general corporation law of New Jersey, in accordance with the agreement between the Denver and Omaha companies. The certificate of its incorporation provided that the capital stock should consist of 130,000 shares, of the par value of $100 each, of which 30,000 shares should be preferred, and that there should be 13 directors, 6 of whom should be elected by the preferred stockholders from their own number, and 6 of whom should be elected by the common stockholders from their number, the thirteenth to be chosen by the 12 thus selected; thereby limiting the powers of the stockholders in the selection of directors, under authority given by subdivision 5 of section 11 of the corporation act. Revision, p. 180. The corporators subscribed for 100 shares of stock, and C. H. Venner & Co. paid the subscription, taking from the corporatorsassignments of the shares, which were placed in their names upon the books of the company, without noting the assignment in the transfer books. On the 28th of April, 1891, the properties and plants of the Denver City Water Works Company and the Omaha Company were transferred and conveyed to the new corporation, and, to pay for them, it was resolved by the board of directors of the new company that 25,010 shares of preferred stock, and the entire common stock, be issued and divided; 15,010 shares of preferred stock and 50,000 shares of common stock to the Denver Water Works Company, and 10,000 shares of preferred stock and 50,000 shares of common stock to the Omaha Company. C. H. Venner & Co. were made the transfer agents of the company, and the Farmers' Loan & Trust Company of New York was made the registrar of the transfers. The banking office of Venner & Co., in New York city, was made the office of the company. On the same day, certificates for the stock, thus ordered to be issued, were prepared by Clarence H. Venner, as vice president of the new company, in conjunction with George Deas, who had been elected treasurer of that company. To the Omaha Company certificates for 10,000 shares of preferred stock and 50,000 shares of common stock were issued, and four stock certificates were made out in the name of the Denver City Water Works Company; one for 15,010 shares of preferred stock and three for 50,000 shares of common stock, they being respectively for 15,010, 9,990, and 25,000 shares of that stock. Of these four last mentioned certificates, those for 9,990 shares and 25,000 shares, respectively, were delivered, but the two certificates for 15,010 shares each were retained in the custody of Mr. Venner. Of the two certificates actually delivered to the Denver Company, the one for 25,000 shares was assigned to C. H. Veuner & Co., and surrendered, so that the stock was transferred to that firm on the stock books. The certificate for 9,990 shares yet remains in the custody of the Denver City Water Works Company.

The reason for Mr. Vernier's retention of the two certificates for 15,010 shares each, is disputed. Upon the part of the complainant it is insisted that C. H. Venner & Co. desired to list the stock and bonds of the new company on the New York Stock Exchange, so as to give them a market value, and, in order that the stock and bonds might be favorably received upon the market, desired to control the quantities offered for sale. They were largely interested in the issues to the Omaha Company, and were able to control other stockholders in that company, but feared that the stockholders of the Denver Company, who were beyond their control, might hasten to sell their holdings if the stock of the new company was distributed to them, hence they held back the two Denver certificates, intended for distribution among the stockholders of that company, under a tacit, but unauthorized, understanding with a committee which represented those stockholders, that they might do so for 90 days. After the expiration of the 90 days difficulties arose in the management of the company, which made it advantageous to Mr. Venner personally to control the election of a majority of the directors of the new company, and, in order to prevent a distribution of the Denver stock among the stockholders to whom it belonged, and thus bar out those stockholders from participation in the election of directors, he arbitrarily held the certificates of stock to which they were entitled, and refused either to deliver them up or to issue new certificates to the several stock owners, in their stead. It is claimed that his scheme was to elect six directors who would be in sympathy with him, with the common stock, a majority of which he held, and, by withholding the 15,010 shares of preferred stock due to the Denver Company, as undelivered, also to elect six more directors in his interest by the 10,000 shares of preferred stock which had gone out, of which he controlled the majority, and, at all events, to hinder the individual stockholders of the Denver Company from qualifying themselves, by becoming the owners of stock on the books of the new company, to actively take part in the affairs of the corporation by advising and voting at stockholders' meetings. Upon the part of Mr. Venner it is claimed that he withheld the certificates in his capacity as vice president of the new company, because the Denver Company had failed to account for its receipts and disbursements after November 1, 1890, as it had agreed to do, and because a person who had an equitable interest in some stock of the "Denver Water Company," one of the three companies consolidated into the Denver City Water Works Company, was protesting that the Denver Water Company did not possess power to convey its property to the Denver City Water Works Company, against his objection. He states that he withheld the certificates until he could lay the causes for withholding them before the directors of the new company. In reply to this position it is insisted that the causes alleged for withholding the certificates are seized upon as a pretext to cover the perpetration of a fraud upon the rights of the Denver stock owners, and that they are afterthoughts, taking life in defensive ingenuity since the commencement of this litigation. The answer of Mr. Venner admits the alleged desire of Venner & Co. to list the stock of the company on the New York Stock Exchange, and the arrangement by which the certificates in question were not to be withdrawn for 90 days, and denies that those certificates were ever delivered to the Denver City Water Works Company. It admits that the certificates were drawn and duly executed, in accordance with the resolution of the directors of the new company. When it was arranged that the certificates should remain in the hands of Venner & Co., it does not appear that Mr. Venner suggested either cause for their retention which he now insists upon, or, indeed, any other reason therefor than to aid in listing and marketing the stock. The correspondence with the dissenting stock owner of the "Denver WaterCompany" exhibits that, before the purchase of the Denver City Water Works Company's plant by the new company, that stock owner's attitude was distinctly defined and well known, and that, four days prior to that purchase, Mr. Venner, under his own hand, wrote, regretting that stock owner's "belligerent frame of mind." Yet it was in face of this situation, and without reference to it, that the Denver plant was purchased and taken possession of, the certificates of stock made out to the Denver Company, and the arrangement entered into to hold the certificates because of the listing. Although several meetings of directors were held after the issue of the certificates, Mr. Venner made no suggestion, either to the directors or to the president of the company, that he withheld them for the causes now urged. And it is a noteworthy fact, in testing the sincerity of Mr. Vernier's present attitude, that he did not hesitate to deliver the two certificates for 9,990 shares and 25,000 shares which were to come to him, and would not equip the stockholders of the Denver Company to do him effective battle. And it is also significant that two stockholders of the Omaha Company refused there assent to the transfer of the property and plant of that company to the new corporation, and that, instead of withholding the certificates for 10,000 shares of preferred stock and 50,000 shares of common stock from the Omaha Company, Mr. Venner, taking himself or for his firm a controlling interest in that stock, delivered them, so that the stock was distributed, and be and his firm obtained their controlling interest in it. In this instance he adopted the plan of causing a proper distributive portion of the stock to be tendered to the dissenting stockholders of the Omaha Company, and, upon their refusal to accept it, to he retransferred to the treasury of the new company, there to be held as security against the event of their objections. The cause for retention at the out-start is most unequivocally shown in a telegram which Mr. Venner sent to Mr. Underwood, at Denver, on the 27th of April, 1891, in which, among other things, he said: "It is very necessary to have Denver parties tied up on stock, so that we can control the market on both for ninety days after listing. Will you manage it?" And by Mr. Underwood's reply: "Keep the Denver Water Company's new stock until May 15th. Then will arrange to keep it in Denver Water Company's name for ninety days after listing. This is Sullivan's suggestion." The history of the difficulties which occurred within the 90 days after the 15th of May, thus referred to, exhibits the subsequent necessities of Mr. Venner, and throws light upon his motives and intentions.

The by-laws of the new corporation permitted the directors to fill vacancies in their membership, pending the next annual election by the stockholders. The first board of directors chosen by the corporators were friends and clerks of C. H. Venner & Co., and they were nominally qualified as such directors by transfers to them, respectively, of shares of the stock subscribed for by the corporators, and paid for by Venner & Co. As it became advantageous or necessary to replace this board with other men, members of it resigned, and those others were elected in their stead, and the incoming members were nominally qualified by the transfer to them of stock purchased and owned by Venner & Co. Thus, by the 9th of June, 1891, the board of directors became composed of six directors representing the interest of the Omaha Company and six directors representing the interest of the Denver Company. Mr. Underwood, Venner's partner, was chosen as the thirteenth director, and was made president of the new company. There were two vice presidents,—Dennis Sullivan, of the Denver interest, and Mr. Venner. The secretary was Francis P. McManus, in the Denver interest. The assistant secretary was George P. Toby, a clerk of Venner & Co.; and the treasurer was George Deas, also with Venner & Co. In July, 1891, a rupture occurred in the management of the company What its cause was does not distinctly appear, but I gather from the resolutions adopted at a meeting of the finance committee of the directors, held on the 19th of June, that it was due partially to the inability of Venner & Co. to negotiate the bonds of the company and raise the moneys their contract required them to furnish. The drafts from Denver were said to be in excess of the contract requirements, but it is quite clear that they were more than $180,000 within the amount for which Venner & Co. had bonds at 90 cents on the dollar. Besides these drafts, there were expenditures at Omaha, for which Venner & Co. furnished the money, upon an open account with the company, or for its notes. They were not bound to supply money for the last indicated expenditures, but their large holding of the stock and bonds made it necessary in their self-preservation. Mr. Venner fretted under the situation, and complained that his firm was compelled to alone carry a burden, which, his complain t signified, was a dangerous one to them. On the 27th of July, 1891, at a meeting of the directors, Mr. Underwood resigned his directorship and the presidency of the company, and his resignation was accepted upon Mr. Venner's motion. Evidently there was a breach between Underwood and Venner. Three days later the firm of C. H. Venner & Co. was dissolved by the retirement of Mr. Underwood from it, and Mr. Venner retained its assets and assumed its liabilities. Immediately a new firm was formed, composed of Messrs. Venner and Toby and one Mills, who had been the Boston manager of the old firm, under the same firm name. On the 3d of August, the Denver City Water Works Company resolved to distribute the stock, represented by its two certificates of 15,010 shares each, among those to whom it rightly belonged, and in its resolution specified the persons to whom it should go and the number of shares each person was to have, and directed that, in the distribution, the complainant, Catherine Archer, should have 4,482 shares of each, the common and preferred stock. Notice ofthis distribution was given to C. H. Venner & Co., and demand was made of them and of Mr. Venner to surrender the certificates withheld, that they might be properly indorsed for transfer according to the resolution of distribution. This demand was not complied with, and no reply of any nature was made to it. The causes now alleged for their retention were not, even then, suggested. The last meeting of directors of the new company at which there was a quorum was held at the office of Venner & Co., in New York, on the 23d of September. At this meeting Mr. Venner gave notice that Venner & Co. demanded payment of $110,000 due to them on account of advances for the Omaha plant. This meeting was adjourned to the 3d of October. In the mean while, on the 28th of September, Messrs. Sullivan and McManus brought suit in the supreme court of the state of New York, to recover from Venner & Co. $204,000 which they claimed was due from Venner & Co. to the new company for bonds which had been delivered to them on account of the Denver Construction, charging them with insolvency, and asking that the $110,000 claimed by the firm be offset against the $204,000 that the firm owed to the company, and that the new company have judgment for the difference between those sums, and praying an injunction which would restrain Venner & Co. from parting with the notes of the company held by them, and from assigning the stock which the Denver Company had transferred to them. On the 13th of September, Venner & Co. suspended payment of their obligations. The meeting of directors which had been adjourned to October 3d was not held, because Mr. Venner, and the directors he controlled, refused to attend and make a quorum.

On the 5th of October, Mr. Sullivan, as vice president, and Mr. McManus, as secretary, and Mr. Deas, as treasurer, in behalf of the Denver faction, opened an office for the company in Jersey City, in this state, and opened also a new set of transfer books, and some time later issued their certificates of stock in the new company in accordance with the resolution of the Denver Company, giving to the complainant certficates for 4,482 shares of each kind of stock, common and preferred. Strife between the factions continued, and, it is claimed, moneys were collected at the different plants, and misappropriated. On January 11, 1892, suit was instituted in the United States circuit court for the district of Nebraska, which resulted, in the February following, in the appointment of a receiver for the Omaha plant, and later, another suit at Denver resulted in the appointment of another receiver for the plant there. In the mean while, Mr. Venner, as vice president, and Mr. Toby as assistant secretary, opened another office for the company in Jersey City, to which they removed the original transfer books from New York city. The by-laws of the new company prescribe that the annual meeting of the stockholder, shall be held at Jersey City on the 6th day of April in each year, upon four weeks' notice by publication. On the 1st of March, the faction led by Vice President Sullivan published a notice for the annual meeting at the office they had established for the company at No. 1 Montgomery street, in Jersey City, to be held on the 6th of April, 1892, at noon, and on the 8th of March the faction headed by Vice President Venner published a notice of the meeting for the office they had established for the company at No. 1 Exchange place, Jersey City, directly across Hudson street from No. 1 Montgomery street, at 11 o'clock in the morning of the same day. In the mean time, while these rival notices appeared, the legislature of New Jersey passed a supplement to the corporation act, which was approved by the governor on the 26th of March, 1892, which provides that whenever, by reason of the failure of a sufficient number of the board of directors of any corporation to attend three successive meetings of such board, regular or special, duly called, a quorum is prevented, the stockholders of the company shall thereupon, and until a legal meeting of a quorum of the board of directors shall be held, have power to act in the place of the directors, and that for that purpose special meetings of the stockholders of the company may be called by any officer, or by three stockholders, upon three days' notice by mail to each stockholder. Prior to the approval of this act, Messrs. Venner & Toby, on the several days, March 15th, 16th, and 17th, issued notices for three several meetings of directors to be held, respectively, upon the 24th, 25th, and 26th days of the same month, and on the very day of the approval of the law, by notice reciting a case within its provisions, they called a stockholders' meeting for the 30th of March, at 10 o'clock in the morning, at No. 1 Exchange place, sending written notices thereof to stockholders in Denver, Omaha, and even in Europe. The stock books in the hands of the Venner faction are the only books which were authorized by a lawful board of directors, and I can see no escape from an acceptance of them as the lawful stock books of the company. They show the following condition of the stock: Of the common stock, 33,760 shares remain in the company, disentitled to vote, 18,750 of which Omaha stockholders refuse to accept, and 15,010 of which are due, but undelivered, to the Denver stockholders. Taking these reserved shares from the entire 100,000 shares of the common stock of the company, 66,240 shares remain to be voted at the stockholders' meetings, and of this number of shares Mr. Venner and his firm hold 41, 187,—the majority. The books also show that out of the 30,000 shares of preferred stock of the company 21,750 shares remain in the company, 1,850 of which Omaha stockholders refused to accept, 4,890 of which are held as treasury stock, and 15,010 of which are due, but undelivered, to the Denver stockholders. Subtracting these withheld shares from the whole number of shares of preferred stock, 9,250 shares are left with voting power, and of those shares Mr. Venner and his firm hold 4,890,—the majority. Thus it appears that, if the Denver stockholders are not permitted to vote upontheir stock, Mr. Venner will be able, not only to elect the entire board of directors, but also to manage stockholders' meetings, whether those meetings are acting for the directors or otherwise, as he pleases.

In this situation the complainant insists that Mr. Venner withholds her stock, and the stock of the other Denver stockholders, not in good faith for the causes he asserts for the first time in this suit, but for the purpose of depriving them of the right to vote at stockholders' meetings, and of qualification to take part in the deliberations at those meetings, to the end that he may control the company, by naming all the directors thereof and determining all questions presented at stockholders' meetings according to his arbitrary will; and she prays that this court will, by its decree, determine who the stockholders of the American Water Works Company are, and the number of shares to which each is entitled; that stock certificates issued in New York city are not legal, and are not evidence of title to the stock; that such certificates shall be delivered up and canceled; that new certificates shall be issued according to the rights of the stock; that the stock books held by the Denver faction are not the lawful stock books; that the stock books of the Sullivan faction are the lawful stock books; that a stockholders' meeting shall be held after the stock is adjusted; that the holding of all meetings now called be restrained, and that she may have such other and further relief as may he equitable. The American Water Works Company, and all its stockholders as they appear upon both sets of stock books, together with the Denver City Water Works Company, are made defendants in the suit. Upon the presentation of this bill, the order to show cause now under consideration was granted, and with it the holding of the rival stockholders' meetings, which were advertised for the 30th of March and the 6th of April, were restrained, leave being given to adjourn them from time to time and thereby keep them alive. The hearing was had on the 27th and 28th of May last. It is objected to the suit, in behalf of the defendant Venner, who answers for himself, and also, unwarrantedly, for the American Water Works Company, that this court is without jurisdiction in the premises, there being an adequate remedy at law under the forty-fourth section of the corporation act, (Revision, p. 184,) which provides that any one aggrieved by an election of the stockholders of a corporation may apply to the supreme court, and that thereupon that court may, in a summary manner, inquire into the matter or causes of complaint, and thereupon establish the election complained of, or order a new election, or make such order and give such relief in the premises as right and justice may appear to it to require. The precise limit of the jurisdiction conferred by the section referred to has not been judicially defined, but it appears to me to be plainly apparent that many of the questions submitted by the prayers of the bill may be settled in its exercise. As incident to the review of an election, the stockholders who can vote and the number of their shares must be determined, and so also the legality of transfers of stock without the state, and as well the legality of the stock books, and the question whether there was a delivery of stock, may be passed upon, and 1 presume that these prayers have induced the objection now interposed to the jurisdiction of this court, but I do not conceive that it will be asserted or held that the statute referred to confers jurisdiction upon the supreme court to compel the transfer of stock to an equitable owner from whom it is fraudulently withheld, before the fraud doers can act in such a way as to irreparably prejudice his interest. I understand that relief in such a case is the real object of this suit. The bill is loosely drawn, and so full of redundant matter as to make the purpose of the draughtsman obscure and very difficult of comprehension. Indeed, it may be doubted whether he possessed a clear conception of the equitable principles upon which the relief that his client required was to move and might be had, or, indeed, even what that relief should be. Some of the special prayers of the bill approach the proper relief, but fall short of stating it clearly. I understand that the bill was not drawn by counsel who represented the complainant at the argument. I think, however, that the relief which this court may give is agreeable to the case made by the bill. It is met by the answer, and was discussed at the argument, and, without surprise to the defendants, may be afforded under the prayer for general relief, if it may not be given under the special prayers. It is to be directed against fraud and to compel a transfer of legal title to an equitable owner, and it is clearly within the ancient, well-defined, and undoubted jurisdiction of this court; the jurisdiction which, under our constitution, the legislative power of this state cannot disturb. In such a case the mere existence of a concurrent, adequate remedy at law will not oust this court of its jurisdiction. In matters of trust and fraud it has jurisdiction, whatever may be the jurisdiction at law.

The case presented is one in which the enforcement of a trust is asked. It is a case in which protection of an equitable right growing out of the contract for the consolidation of the Denver and Omaha companies into a new company, whereby stock of the new company was agreed to be transferred to the contracting companies for distribution among their respective stockholders, is sought. The stockholders of the Denver Company are the cestuis que trustent behind their immediate trustee, the Denver Waterworks Company. That trustee is not only willing but anxious to execute its trust, but it is hindered by the fraudulent conduct of the agents of the new company. The new company in turn has had the consideration for its stock, and therefore holds the stock in trust for those in whose behalf that consideration was given. The duty of this court is to remove the fraudulent barrier to the delivery of the stock to the immediate trustee, and to compel transfersto the cestuis que trustent, which the conditions of the trust require and the immediate trustee demands. It is said in Morawetz on Corporations, (section 219:) "If shares are held by a corporation or an individual upon an expressed or implied trust for another, a court of equity will always furnish a remedy to the cestui que trust against the trustee, to protect his equitable right and obtain a transfer of the legal title. Under these circumstances, the jurisdiction in equity does not depend upon special circumstances, as where specific performance of the legal obligation is sought, but upon the ground that the plaintiff's rights are cognizable in equity." Illustrative of the jurisdiction thus asserted is the case of Bank v. Seton, 1 Pet. 299, where one Lynn bought bank shares as trustee for Wise. The trust was not set out either on the stock certificate or in the transfer books of the bank, but it was known to the bank. Lynn attempted to transfer to those who claimed under Wise, Wise being dead, and was met by a claim upon the stock in virtue of the bank's charter, for Lynn's debt to the bank. The cestuis que trustent sought to compel the transfer in equity, and were confronted by objection that the suit should be at law. Mr. Justice Thompson, in delivering the opinion of the court, after stating that the suit was not one for special performance, continued in this language: "The bill does not set up any contract between the complainants and the bank, nor does it seek a specific performance of any express contract whatever, entered into with the bank; it only asks that the bank may be compelled to open its transfer books and permit Adam Lynn to transfer the stock. By the charter and by the laws of the bank, such transfer would only be made upon the books of the bank, and it was by their consent alone that this could be done. Although it might be the duty of the bank to permit such transfer, it would be difficult to sustain an action at law for refusing to open its books and permit the transfer. Nor have the appellants shown such a claim to the stock as to authorize the court to turn the appellees round to their remedy at law against Lynn, admitting they might have it; at all events, the remedy at law is not clear and perfect; and it is not a case for compensation in damages, but for specific performance, which can only be enforced in chancery." Possibly, when there is a clear legal obligation to transfer stock, the transfer may be compelled by mandamus, (State v. Warren Foundry & Mach. Co., 32 N. J. Law, 439;) but the weight of authority, at least where the relator is an equitable assignee, is the other way, (1 Mor. Corp. § 215; Id. § 16; Cook, Stocks, § 390, where the cases are collected.) The adequate remedy is in equity.

But passing from the ground upon which relief in this court is to be had, as well established by precedent and in principle, we come to the question whether an injunction should issue to restrain the stockholders of the American Water Works Company from meeting until the complainant shall secure her rights. Ordinarily courts of equity will not interfere with the management of the affairs of a corporation, but when through fraud a serious wrong is threatened, for which there can be no adequate redress at law, special reason for equitable interference is presented which demands the protection that a court of equity is able to afford. Such a case appears to me to be now before me. The complainant has an important interest in the American Water Works Company. Taking her shares at par, her investment represents $896,400, or about one fourteenth of the entire ownership of the company. By the arbitrary will of one man she is to be deprived of the right to represent this large ownership by voting at stockholders' meetings, and by taking part in the counsels of the stockholders, the exercise of which rights the law recognizes as of the utmost importance, not only to the individual stockholder, but also to the public at large. Cone's Ex'rs v. Russell, 48 N. J. Eq. 208, 21 Atl. Rep. 847. And the corporation in which she is so heavily interested is to go into the control of the very man who seeks to exercise the power he has seized. He is a man who has been obliged to suspend payment to his creditors, because of his financial inability, or, in plain words, a man who is known to the law as an insolvent. Besides, he claims that the corporation is largely indebted to him, when the appearances strongly point to the reverse of that fact. It can hardly be for a moment doubted that his proposed control is to secure his doubtful claim. The injunction obtained in New York by Messrs. McManus and Sullivan has been dissolved, because, among other reasons, they are without authority to maintain the suit in the name of the company. It is evident that such control would be exceedingly dangerous to the rights of the complainant, and, within probability, productive of irreparable injury to her. I am satisfied that the reason given for withholding the complainant's stock is mere pretext. The facts I have stated, and the conditions surrounding the parties, point so strongly to this conclusion that I need resort to no further argument to exhibit its justness. Suppose the Denver Company has not accounted, and it is in proof that it has never been asked to do so, and has never refused to do so, from whence docs a right come to withhold its stock? No source from which such right can come has been suggested upon the argument, and none appears to me as the result of my considerations. Suppose, through objections by a dissenting stockholder, the validity of the title to the Denver property is threatened, can the purchase price be withheld? No action is pending to question it, and there has been no eviction from any part of it. The source of the right claimed here is not suggested or perceived. I have failed to find that a legal right to withhold the stock exists, even if the causes claimed therefor can be substantiated, and are not invoked at this time merely as the pretext for a fraudulent act. If they should, however, prove that there are to be substantial dangers, it may become my duty, in administering equity, to afford protectionagainst them as a condition to the relief 1 am asked to give. The bare statement of the facts in this cause, without argument, makes it plain that the scheme of Mr. Venner and his party is that Mr. Venner shall control the company by depriving others of their rights. The execution of such a scheme is a fraud. Elkins v. Railroad Co., 36 N. J. Eq. 467; Hilles v. Parrish, 14 N. J. Eq.380. I think it is plainly my duty to interfere by injunction to prevent the perpetration of the wrong here threatened. If the present directors of the company, and they are all parties to this suit, continue their dissensions, so that the affairs of the company are not speedily attended to, upon a proper application, I will care for the property, pending determination of the suit, through the. instrumentality of a receiver. Such action will be supported by precedents and authority. Featherstone v. Cooke, L. R. 16 Eq. 298; Auxiliary Co. v. Vickers, Id. 303; Einstein v. Rosenfeld, 38 N. J. Eq. 309. My interference, however, by injunction and receiver will be limited to the imperative requirements of the present emergency. An injunction may issue to restrain the holding of any meeting of stockholders until further order herein.