Tower Automotive Operations USA I, LLC

National Labor Relations Board - Board Decisions

Jan 15, 2010

355 N.L.R.B. 1 (N.L.R.B. 2010)

TOWER AUTOMOTIVE OPERATIONS USA I, LLC
355 NLRB No. 1
1
Tower Automotive Operations USA I, LLC and Juan
Ruvalcaba and Steve Ramos. Cases 13–CA–
44668 and 13–CA–44894
January 15, 2010
DECISION AND ORDER
BY CHAIRMAN LIEBMAN AND MEMBER SCHAUMBER
The issue in this case is whether Tower Automotive
Operations USA I, LLC (Tower) terminated employees
Juan Ruvalcaba and Steve Ramos in violation of Section
8(a)(3) and (1) of the National Labor Relations Act. We
find that the General Counsel has failed to prove that
Tower violated the Act.1
Facts
Tower manufactures parts for automobile companies.
Its maintenance technicians are represented by United
Auto Workers, Local 3212. The parties’ last collective-
bargaining agreement expired in October 2006.
Tower has not maintained a comprehensive employee
training policy. In the absence of a policy, Tower pre-
ferred to train less senior technicians before more senior
technicians. The Union favored seniority-based training,
and filed several grievances on this point between Janu-
ary and May 2008.2
In February and March, Plant Manager Matthew Pol-
lick and Union Chairman Edward Kendall agreed to
charge the skilled trades committee (a joint labor-
management committee) with developing a comprehen-

1 On March 31, 2009, Administrative Law Judge Michael A. Rosas
issued the attached decision. Tower filed exceptions and a supporting
brief, the General Counsel filed an answering brief, and Tower filed a
reply brief.
The National Labor Relations Board has considered the decision and
record in light of the exceptions and briefs and has decided to affirm
the judge’s rulings, findings, and conclusions only to the extent consis-
tent with this Decision and Order.
Effective midnight December 28, 2007, Members Liebman,
Schaumber, Kirsanow, and Walsh delegated to Members Liebman,
Schaumber, and Kirsanow, as a three-member group, all of the Board’s
powers in anticipation of the expiration of the terms of Members Kir-
sanow and Walsh on December 31, 2007. Pursuant to this delegation,
Chairman Liebman and Member Schaumber constitute a quorum of the
three-member group. As a quorum, they have the authority to issue
decisions and orders in unfair labor practice and representation cases.
See Sec. 3(b) of the Act. See Teamsters Local 523 v. NLRB, 590 F.3d
849 (10th Cir. 2009); Narricot Industries, L.P. v. NLRB, 587 F.3d 654
(4th Cir. 2009); Snell Island SNF LLC v. NLRB, 568 F.3d 410 (2d Cir.
2009), petition for cert. filed 78 U.S.L.W. 3130 (U.S. Sept. 11, 2009)
(No. 09-328); New Process Steel v. NLRB, 564 F.3d 840 (7th Cir.
2009), cert. granted 130 S.Ct. 488 (2009); Northeastern Land Services
v. NLRB, 560 F.3d 36 (1st Cir. 2009), petition for cert. filed 78
U.S.L.W. 3098 (U.S. Aug. 18, 2009) (No. 09-213). But see Laurel
Baye Healthcare of Lake Lanier, Inc. v. NLRB, 564 F.3d 469 (D.C. Cir.
2009), petition for cert. filed 78 U.S.L.W. 3185 (U.S. Sept. 29, 2009)
(No. 09-377).
2 Unless otherwise stated, all dates refer to 2008.
sive training policy. There were several labor vacancies
on the committee that needed to be filled. Plant Manager
Pollick asked Union Chairman Kendall not to appoint
maintenance technician Juan Ruvalcaba, who had an
extensive disciplinary history.3 Despite Pollick’s re-
quest, Kendall appointed Ruvalcaba and designated him
as committee chairman; Kendall also appointed mainte-
nance technician Steve Ramos. Prior to their appoint-
ments, neither Ruvalcaba nor Ramos had played an ac-
tive role on behalf of the Union.
The committee met on March 18, and the members
discussed, among other issues, the issue of whether train-
ing assignments would be based on seniority. Ruval-
caba, Ramos, and Pollick all testified that the meeting
was constructive and amicable.4 Pollick even suggested
that the local union invite a representative from the Inter-
national Union to aid the committee. Contrary to the
judge’s finding, there is no evidence of discord at this
meeting.5
On March 28, Tower formally audited Ruvalcaba’s
and Ramos’ work.6 The audit confirmed discrepancies
in their work reports and unsatisfactory work product.
At approximately the same time, Tower also reviewed
their internet records, which detailed their use of com-
pany computers to access the internet. Ramos and Ru-
valcaba had visited various internet sites, most of which
were not work related. Tower has a policy of restricting
computer use to business-related purposes, but had not
previously disciplined an employee for accessing non-
work-related websites.7
Several days later, on April 3, Ruvalcaba learned that
Tower had again selected less senior technicians for

3 Pollick testified, without contradiction, that Ruvalcaba’s prior
transgressions were serious enough to warrant discharge.
4 At trial, Ruvalcaba testified that the March 18 meeting ended “real
well . . . everybody was happy.” Ramos similarly testified that the
March 18 meeting “ended on a . . . positive note.” When asked if he
would describe the committee meeting as adversarial, Pollick testified,
“No. No, I think, as a matter of fact . . . the only disagreement we had,
and at least at that point, was over the sequence of training. And that
was, I’d say, relatively minor.”
5 Based on the union grievances, the judge found that there was an
“undercurrent of discord” at the committee meeting. Because of the
consistent testimony quoted above and because the record fails to illu-
minate fully the circumstances surrounding those grievances, we do not
adopt the judge’s finding.
6 The record does not support the judge’s finding that Maintenance
Superintendent William Noojin “directed [Maintenance Supervisor
Don] Plomann to inform Ramos and Ruvalcaba that their work would
be audited.” While the judge credited Ruvalcaba’s and Ramos’ testi-
mony that Plomann informed them of the audit, there is no evidence
that Noojin directed Plomann to do so.
7 It was apparently common practice for both employees and super-
visors to use the Company’s computers to access the internet for non-
work-related purposes. Instead of imposing discipline for this miscon-
duct, Tower blocked further internet access for offending employees.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD

2
training. Ruvalcaba telephoned Pollick to object to the
selection, and they agreed to meet the next day to discuss
the issue.
On April 4, based upon the results of the work audit
and review of internet records, Tower charged Ruvalcaba
and Ramos with falsification of work reports and internet
abuse and suspended them without pay. Together, these
two infractions would have resulted in 13 disciplinary
points. Under Tower’s disciplinary policy, the accumu-
lation of 10 points over a 12-month period subjects an
employee to termination.
The Union grieved the discipline. At a grievance
meeting on April 8, Pollick accepted Ruvalcaba’s and
Ramos’ explanation that the discrepancies in the work
reports were due to poor communication, rather than an
attempt to mislead. He therefore agreed to reduce the
falsification charge to one of poor work performance,
worth three disciplinary points. Pollick refused to dis-
miss or reduce the internet abuse charge, however, and
imposed three points for that infraction.8 Thus, Tower
imposed only six disciplinary points on each employee.
After this discipline, Ruvalcaba had a total of 15 points,
and Tower terminated him. Because Ramos did not have
any prior disciplinary points, Tower reinstated him with
backpay.
On May 28, two supervisors observed Ramos working
on a machine without following a required safety proce-
dure known as “lock-out/tag-out.” Under Tower’s disci-
plinary policy, the intentional disregard of plant safety
rules warrants 10 disciplinary points and, as a result,
termination. To determine whether Tower’s past disci-
plinary practices deviated from this policy, Human Re-
source Manager Greg Watts, who had been with Tower
since October 2007, reviewed employees’ personnel files
and talked with line supervisors. Watts testified, without
contradiction, that he failed to uncover any prior viola-
tion of the “lock-out/tag-out” procedure, and, thus, found
no past practice with respect to the discipline for this
particular safety infraction.9 Watts therefore terminated
Ramos in accordance with Tower’s disciplinary policy.
At trial, Pollick testified that Supervisor Plomann and
another employee had violated this safety procedure in

8 We do not rely on the judge’s finding that Pollick stated at the
grievance meeting that Tower had a list of the top 10 internet users and
that neither Ruvalcaba nor Ramos was on it. The judge did not address
the inconsistency between this finding and Tower’s admission that,
during its investigation of Ruvalcaba and Ramos, it did not pull the
internet records of any other employee. The judge’s finding would not
affect our decision in any event.
9 The judge did not discredit Watts’ testimony that he found no pre-
vious examples of “lock-out/tag-out” violations. Thus, the judge’s
finding that Watts’ investigation “uncovered one similar violation—by
Plomann” is not supported by the record.
either 2004 or 2005, but he could not recall the specific
level of discipline. In addressing this testimony, Watts
speculated that those infractions must have resulted in
undocumented verbal counseling given that he had found
no documentation of the infractions in their personnel
files.
Judge’s Decision
The judge concluded that Tower unlawfully terminated
both Ramos and Ruvalcaba.10 In making this finding, the
judge relied on several factors. First, he found that Pol-
lick harbored personal animosity toward Ruvalcaba
based on the events that led to Ruvalcaba’s prior disci-
pline. Second, he found that the formal work audit and
review of internet records were unprecedented. Third,
the judge found the timing of the discipline suspicious.
He observed that the work audit and review of internet
records occurred within days of Ruvalcaba’s and Ramos’
union activity. Fourth, he found that Tower engaged in
disparate treatment by disciplining Ruvalcaba and Ramos
for internet abuse and by discharging Ramos for violat-
ing the “lock-out/tag-out” procedure. Finally, the judge
concluded that the justifications offered for the discipline
were pretexts.
Discussion
The proper analytical framework for reviewing the
General Counsel’s allegations in this case is found in
Wright Line, 251 NLRB 1083 (1980), enfd. 662 F.2d 899
(1st Cir. 1981), cert. denied 455 U.S. 989 (1982). Under
that framework, the General Counsel must prove by a
preponderance of the evidence that animus toward an
employee’s protected activity was a substantial or moti-
vating factor in the adverse employment action. If the
General Counsel makes the required initial showing, the
burden of persuasion shifts to the employer to prove that
it would have taken the same action even in the absence
of the employee’s protected activity. See, e.g., Webasto
Sunroofs, Inc., 342 NLRB 1222, 1224 (2004).
Contrary to the judge, we conclude that the General
Counsel failed to prove that animus toward Ramos’ and

10 There are no exceptions to the judge’s finding that the allegation
concerning Ramos’ April discipline was time-barred under Sec. 10(b).
Of course, the April discipline may “shed light on the true character” of
Ramos’ later termination. See Machinist Local 1424 v. NLRB, 362
U.S. 411, 416 (1960). There are also no exceptions to the judge’s
dismissal of the allegation that Tower unlawfully failed to consider
Ramos for a promotion.
At trial, Tower failed to call Maintenance Supervisors David
Salgado and Frank Pena. The General Counsel asked the judge to draw
an adverse inference against Tower. The judge refused to do so, stat-
ing, “Such an inference should be drawn only where the requesting
party provides a sufficient notice at trial to the party against whom it
requests such action.” We need not pass on the judge’s statement as no
party excepted to it.
TOWER AUTOMOTIVE OPERATIONS USA I, LLC

3
Ruvalcaba’s union activity was a substantial or motivat-
ing factor in Tower’s decision to terminate either em-
ployee. When determining whether antiunion animus
motivated an adverse employment action, all the relevant
circumstances must be considered. Here, there are a
number of facts, which the judge did not take into ac-
count, that substantially undermine the case for finding
unlawful motive.
As noted above, neither Ruvalcaba nor Ramos played
an active role on behalf of the Union other than their
participation on the committee that addressed the training
policy issue, the skilled trades committee. There is no
direct evidence that Tower harbored animus against the
Union or union activity generally. Nor is there evidence
that Tower harbored animus against the Union’s advo-
cacy of seniority-based training, the issue in which Ru-
valcaba and Ramos were involved. For instance, there is
no evidence of discord during the skilled trades commit-
tee meeting at which seniority-based training was dis-
cussed. Despite Tower’s and the Union’s disagreement
on the subject, all agree, including Pollick, Ruvalcaba,
and Ramos, that the meeting was constructive and ami-
cable. Indeed, Pollick encouraged greater union in-
volvement in the matter when he suggested that the local
union invite the International Union to participate.
Ramos: Tower’s conduct at the April grievance meet-
ing further undermines any suggestion of antiunion ani-
mus directed against Ramos. Based on the work audit
and review of internet records, Tower originally charged
Ruvalcaba and Ramos with falsification of work reports
and internet abuse, which together would have resulted
in 13 disciplinary points and termination of both employ-
ees. During the grievance meeting, however, Pollick
accepted Ruvalcaba’s and Ramos’ explanation that the
discrepancies in their work reports were due to poor
communication, and he agreed to reduce the falsification
charge to one of poor workmanship. As a result, instead
of terminating Ramos in April, Tower reinstated him
with backpay. Had Tower actually been motivated to
terminate Ramos because of his union activity, it could
have done so simply by rejecting the employees’ prof-
fered explanation for the discrepancies. The fact that
Tower retained Ramos in April, when it could have dis-
charged him, strongly suggests that it was motivated by
something other than animus when it terminated him in
June.
While Tower’s discipline of Ramos differed from its
prior discipline of the other individuals who had violated
the “lock-out/tag-out” procedure, the General Counsel
failed to prove that Tower’s decision evidenced anti-
union animus. Human Resource Manager Watts was
hired approximately 2 years after the previous infrac-
tions, so he would not necessarily have had personal
knowledge of Tower’s past disciplinary actions. Watts
also testified, without contradiction, that his investigation
failed to uncover those past actions. As a result, Watts
terminated Ramos in accordance with Tower’s estab-
lished disciplinary policy. Under the circumstances, we
are not persuaded that Tower’s termination of Ramos
was unlawful.
Ruvalcaba: Tower’s termination of Ruvalcaba pre-
sents a closer question because of the circumstances sur-
rounding his termination. However, we again find, con-
trary to the judge, that the General Counsel failed to
prove that animus toward Ruvalcaba’s union activity was
a substantial or motivating factor in Tower’s decision to
terminate him. Ruvalcaba’s only union activity consisted
of supporting seniority-based training in the skilled
trades committee and of objecting to Tower’s selection
of less senior employees for training.11 But, as ex-
plained, there is simply no direct evidence that Tower
harbored animus against the Union’s advocacy of senior-
ity-based training. Thus, we cannot agree with the judge
that Tower disciplined Ruvalcaba “all because” he advo-
cated seniority-based training. While it does appear that
Pollick held a poor view of Ruvalcaba, given his request
that Ruvalcaba not be placed on the skilled trades com-
mittee, Pollick’s view appears to be based not on hostil-
ity toward Ruvalcaba’s union activity, but instead on
Ruvalcaba’s disciplinary record, which was the basis on
which Pollick urged Kendall not to appoint Ruvalcaba to
the committee.12
Admittedly, there is some evidence suggestive of an
unlawful motive. Tower conducted an unprecedented
work audit and review of internet records. Tower disci-
plined Ruvalcaba shortly after he engaged in union activ-
ity. And Tower departed from its practice of simply
blocking internet access for those who engaged in inter-
net abuse. Depending on the circumstances, one could
infer animus from such conduct. See, e.g., Embassy Va-
cation Resorts, 340 NLRB 846, 848 (2003), petition for
review dismissed 2004 WL 210675 (D.C. Cir 2004).
However, the totality of the facts fails to support such an
inference in this case, where the theory is retaliation
against Ruvalcaba for his union activities and not, as
noted above, because the Union appointed him to the

11 The record does not support the judge’s finding that Noojin had a
conversation with Pollick or anyone else regarding Ruvalcaba’s and
Ramos’ union activities prior to the work audit and review of internet
records.
12 The General Counsel did not argue, and the judge did not find,
that Tower’s discharge of Ruvalcaba was intended to effectively punish
the Union for having appointed Ruvalcaba to the skilled trades commit-
tee, over Pollick’s objection.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD

4
skilled trades committee in the first place over Pollick’s
objection, based on his disciplinary record.
Based on all of the facts before us, therefore, we con-
clude that the General Counsel failed to prove by a pre-
ponderance of the evidence that Tower acted unlawfully
when it terminated Ramos and Ruvalcaba.
ORDER
The complaint is dismissed.

Lisa Friedheim-Weiss, Esq., for the General Counsel.
Bennett L. Epstein and Christopher G. Ward, Esqs., of Chicago,
Illinois, for the Respondent.
DECISION*
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
MICHAEL A. ROSAS, Administrative Law Judge. This case
was tried in Chicago, Illinois, on January 26–29, 2009. The
charge in Case 13–CA–44668 was filed by Juan Ruvalcaba on
April 23, 2008,1 and amended on April 30. The charge in Case
13–CA–44894 was filed by Steven Ramos on August 26, and
amended on October 17. The complaint issued October 30,
alleging that the Respondent, Tower Automotive Operations
USA I, LLC, violated Section 8(a)(3) and (1) of the National
Labor Relations Act (the Act) by suspending Ramos and Ru-
valcaba on or about April 4, discharging Ruvalcaba on or about
April 8, and discharging Ramos on or about June 1, because
they assisted and supported the United Auto Workers Local
3212, AFL–CIO (the Union) and engaged in union activities.
The Respondent admits the jurisdictional allegations, but denies
the material allegations and asserts that Ramos’ charge that he
was unlawfully suspended on April 4 is time barred pursuant to
Section 10(b) of the Act.
On the entire record, including my observation of the de-
meanor of the witnesses, and after considering the briefs filed
by the General Counsel and the Respondent, I make the follow-
ing
FINDINGS OF FACT
I. JURISDICTION
The Respondent, an Illinois corporation, is engaged in the
business of manufacturing automobile parts at its facility in
Chicago, Illinois, where it annually purchases and receives
goods, products, and materials valued in excess of $50,000
directly from points outside the State of Illinois. The Respon-
dent admits, and I find, that it is an employer engaged in com-
merce within the meaning of Section 2(2), (6), and (7) of the
Act and that the Union is a labor organization within the mean-
ing of Section 2(5) of the Act.

* Corrections have been made according to an erratum issued on
April 15, 2009.
1 All dates are in 2008, unless otherwise indicated.
II. ALLEGED UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICES
A. The Respondent’s Operations
The Respondent’s Chicago facility (the facility) produces
automobile parts for sale to automobile manufacturers. The
Ford Motor Company is the Respondent’s largest customer.
Prior to March, the facility, which is approximately the size of a
football field, operated two production shifts. The first shift
begins in the morning; the second shift begins in the afternoon.
Production personnel are supported by maintenance techni-
cians, who are responsible for ensuring that assembly lines are
running, repairing broken machinery and equipment, and per-
forming routine maintenance work.2
From March 21 to April 3, 2008, there was a production
shutdown. During the shutdown, the facility did not produce
parts and production employees were furloughed. Approxi-
mately 32 maintenance technicians and utility technicians,
however, performed maintenance and preventive maintenance
work during the shutdown on two shifts—a day shift from 6
a.m. to approximately 2:30 p.m., and an afternoon shift from
approximately 3:30 p.m. to 1 a.m. Maintenance employees
were assigned to perform either preventive maintenance or
repair work on the production machinery and equipment. Their
work was recorded on preventive maintenance worksheets,
commonly referred to as PM sheets. Each PM sheet contained
a checkoff list of categories of work specific to a piece of
equipment or machinery.3
B. The Parties
The Respondent’s supervisors involved in this controversy
include: Matt Pollick, the plant manager; Greg Watts, the facil-
ity’s human resources manager; Eric Tuley, an engineer-
ing/maintenance manager; William Noojin, a maintenance su-
perintendent; and Don Plomann, a maintenance supervisor.4
The discriminatees, Ruvalcaba and Ramos, were employed by
the Respondent as maintenance technicians on the 3:30 p.m. to
1:30 a.m. shift at the north end of the facility. Plomann was
their immediate supervisor. Ruvalcaba was hired in May 2004;
Ramos was hired in January 2005. Ramos and Ruvalcaba were
also members of United Auto Workers Local 3212, AFL–CIO
(the Union) which represented the hourly employees, including
the maintenance technicians, at the Respondent’s facility. Prior
to March, Ruvalcaba was an alternate member to the skilled
trades and bargaining committees. However, neither Ruvalcaba
nor Ramos had any interaction with the Respondent on behalf
of the Union prior to March.5

2 Tr. 21, 196–197, 305.
3 As witness estimates varied widely as to the number of mainte-
nance technicians employed by the Respondent, I relied on the Respon-
dent’s internet usage report for the period of March 17 to April 2. It
lists 31 names, but omitted any mention of Ruvalcaba, so I determined
there was a total of at least 32 maintenance technicians and utility tech-
nicians. (GC Exh. 11.)
4 The Respondent, in its answer, concedes that these individuals
were statutory supervisors and agents within the meaning of Sec. 2(11)
and (13) of the Act, respectively. (GC Exh. 1(p).)
5 It is undisputed that neither Ramos nor Ruvalcaba played an active
role on behalf of the Union prior to March. (Tr. 23–24, 198–201.)
TOWER AUTOMOTIVE OPERATIONS USA I, LLC

5
Prior to March, neither Ruvalcaba nor Ramos was ever dis-
ciplined, audited, or given a negative evaluation regarding their
work performance. Nor was any supervisor concerned about
their work performance.6 Ruvalcaba was, however, previously
disciplined on two occasions. The first occurred in June 2007,
when he left the facility during a shift without punching out
and, upon returning, refused a requested drug and alcohol test.
The second occurred in September 2007, when Ruvalcaba en-
gaged in a physical altercation with several other employees.
As a result of union intervention, Ruvalcaba avoided the maxi-
mum number of disciplinary points, but still ended up with nine
points—one short of mandatory termination—as of March 1.
These disciplinary events were preceded, however, by incidents
involving Ruvalcaba that caused Pollick additional consterna-
tion. Sometime in 2006, Ruvalcaba’s car was vandalized in the
parking lot. Upon seeing police arrive in the parking lot, Pol-
lick said, “[T]here goes Ruvalcaba again.” Subsequently, Ru-
valcaba filed a claim with the Respondent for compensation.7
C. The Respondent’s Policies and Practices
The Respondent’s policies and procedures at issue involve
those relating to discipline, internet usage, evaluating or audit-
ing employees, and training. The Respondent’s written disci-
plinary policy, effective February 10, 2006, lists 37 types of
infractions that will result in the issuance of disciplinary points,
including three for infractions involving the “[f]ailure to meet
established performance expectations” or “[m]isuse or abuse of
Company provided technology.” The policy further accords 10
points both for “[f]alsifying employment records, including
timecards, training sheets, maintenance records, quality docu-
ments, etc.” and “[i]ntentional disregard or bypass of safety
rules, requirements or equipment.” An accumulation of 10
disciplinary points over a 12-month period subjects an em-
ployee to termination.8
All employees, upon their hire, including maintenance tech-
nicians, acknowledge in writing that they will comply with the
Respondent’s internet usage policy by using company com-
puters only for business-related purposes.9 Prior to March,
maintenance technicians were logged on to the internet on a
regular basis. While internet access for some maintenance
technicians was blocked because of excessive use in accessing
nonwork-related websites, none was ever told by a supervisor
to refrain from such activity. Nor did the Respondent ever
discipline any employee for excessive or nonbusiness-related
use of company computers while working.10

6 Pollick, Plomann, Noojin, and Watts conceded that, prior to March,
none had concerns with the previous work performance of either
Ramos or Ruvalcaba. (Tr. 467–470, 534–535, 572, 706–708.)
7 The accuracy of Ruvalcaba’s disciplinary history prior to March is
not disputed. (Tr. 281, 394–396, 402–405.)
8 R. Exh. 6.
9 There is no question that Ramos and Ruvalcaba agreed to, and
were aware of, this policy. (R. Exhs. 2, 7.)
10 Pollick and Watts acknowledged that there was no practice of dis-
ciplining employees for excessive or nonbusiness-related use of the
internet until action was taken against Ramos and Ruvalcaba in March
and April. (Tr. 453–455, 463–464, 699, 706.)
Beyond its disciplinary and internet usage policies, the Re-
spondent’s operations were not governed by written policies
and procedures. Prior to March, the Respondent had a practice
of writing up employees, including maintenance technicians,
for poor work performance. It did not, however, have a policy
or practice, written or otherwise, of auditing the work of em-
ployees.11 Nor did the Respondent have any written training
policies and procedures.12
D. The Skilled Trades Committee
The Respondent and the Union have been without a collec-
tive-bargaining agreement since the expiration of the last one
on October 10, 2006. As a result, the provisions for grievances,
arbitration procedures, and training programs also expired at
that time. Notwithstanding the absence of an agreement, after
arriving at the facility in or around April 2007, Pollick periodi-
cally discussed with employees and union representatives the
need to establish a training program for employees in the
skilled trades, including the maintenance technicians. The most
recent series of discussions began in February when Pollick and
Tuley spoke with Edward Kendall, an assembler and the Un-
ion’s bargaining unit chairman, about filling labor vacancies on
the skilled trades committee. At that time, Pollick asked Kend-
all if he was going to appoint Ruvalcaba to the committee.
Kendall responded that he did not know yet who he would ap-
point. Pollick urged Kendall to appoint Ron Spencer, a main-
tenance technician with no disciplinary history, to be the Un-
ion’s designee on the committee.13
Kendall did not take Pollick’s advice and appointed Spencer
to the committee. Instead, in a letter faxed to Watts on March
5, he appointed Ruvalcaba to the committee and designated him
chairman of the skilled trades safety subcommittee. Kendall
also took the opportunity to name Ruvalcaba to the Union’s
bargaining team. Kendall also faxed another letter to Watts on
March 20 appointing Ruvalcaba and Ramos as union represen-
tatives to the skilled trades committee.14 This was the first

11 Watts conceded the absence of such a policy or practice prior to
March. (Tr. 707–708.)
12 It was not disputed by Pollick, Ramos, and Ruvalcaba that the Re-
spondent lacked a written training policy or schedule and that any train-
ing was provided on an ad hoc basis without regard to seniority. The
culprit for this void appeared to be the lack of a collective-bargaining
agreement and the inability of the Respondent and the Union to engage
in any meaningful discussions on training since the agreement expired.
(Tr. 25–27, 202, 423–425, 444–447, 494–495.)
13 There is no dispute that Pollick preferred Spencer, a person he
deemed of higher character than Ruvalcaba, for the committee. (Tr.
308–309, 401–405, 427–428, 446–447, 493.)
14 The Respondent sought to show at trial that Kendall did not notify
the Respondent of his decision appointing Ruvalcaba and Ramos until
May 27, the date indicated on the fax transmission stamp of a copy of
the letter. However, that fax transmission was sent to the office of the
Board’s General Counsel, not the Respondent. As such, Kendall’s
testimony that he faxed both letters to Watts on those dates was credi-
ble and corroborated by the printout generated by his office’s fax ma-
chine confirming those fax transmissions. (GC Exhs. 6–8; Tr. 24–26,
200–201, 309–319.)
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD

6
instance in which Ramos and Ruvalcaba became actively in-
volved in union activity.15
Ruvalcaba convened the first meeting of the newly-
constituted skilled trades committee on March 18. The others
in attendance included Pollick, Ramos, Spencer, O. Jamison,
Frank Angel, Leo Williams, Tuley, and Noojin. During the
meeting, Ramos raised the issues of training, apprenticeship
programs, and electrical safety for maintenance technicians.
Ruvalcaba raised the issue of seniority with respect to training
opportunities for maintenance technicians. Pollick was recep-
tive to the suggestions raised, including training development.
However, while the meeting was mostly civil, there was an
undercurrent of discord as the result of several grievances filed
between January and March by maintenance technicians who
were upset that newly hired technicians were being selected for
training first. Consistent with the Respondent’s position at
those earlier grievance meetings, Pollick disagreed with the
notion that training should be offered on the basis of seniority.
He felt that the newer and, thus, more inexperienced techni-
cians should be afforded training.16
E. Employee use of the Internet
Since 2004, when the facility began operating, until May
2008, maintenance technicians, including Ramos and Ruval-
caba, regularly used the computer terminals near their work
areas to access and search the internet—a process commonly
referred to as “surfing” the internet. Since January 1, 2007, at
the earliest, and continuing regularly through May 2008, sev-
eral other of the Respondent’s maintenance technicians regu-
larly used the internet during worktime as much or more—even
much more—that Ramos or Ruvalcaba, and throughout this
time period other technicians regularly accessed websites that
were not business related, such as sites providing information
on the weather forecast, automobiles for sale, news develop-
ments, retail specials, and real estate offerings.
Prior to April 4, the Respondent would occasionally block
certain employees from internet access due to excessive use.
No maintenance technicians, however, including Ramos and
Ruvalcaba, were ever informed by a supervisor of their exces-
sive use of the internet for nonwork reasons. Nor were they

15 I did not credit Kendall’s testimony that Ruvalcaba and Ramos at-
tended grievance or negotiating meetings prior to being appointed by
Kendall in March and that harsh words were exchanged at some of
those meetings. First, it was inconsistent with Ruvalcaba’s account of
his union involvement. Second, he had a poor recollection of dates and
qualified his answer by saying that the meetings occurred “approxi-
mately” during that time. (Tr. 343–351.)
16 Pollick conceded that he disagreed at this meeting with Ruvalcaba
and Ramos regarding the order of training opportunities for mainte-
nance and utility technicians. Pollick wanted the newer employees to
receive the training first. Ramos and Ruvalcaba wanted training of-
fered on the basis of seniority. Given the nature of the meeting, the
conversations that ensued, and Kendall’s notifications on March 5 and
20, that he was appointing Ruvalcaba and Ramos to the committee,
Pollick’s initial testimony that he was unaware that Ruvalcaba and
Ramos were members of the skilled trades committee until later in
April was not credible. (Tr. 27–30, 37, 99–100, 202–205, 241–243,
344, 425–427, 447–451, 494, 502.)
ever disciplined or warned to refrain from surfing the internet
on the Respondent’s computers for nonwork-related reasons.17
On a few occasions during the March shutdown, Ramos, ac-
companied by Ruvalcaba, accessed the Respondent’s com-
puters for the purpose of obtaining information from the Re-
spondent’s intranet website regarding the Respondent’s Pro-
grammable Logistics Control (PLC) software.18 However,
most of the time, Ramos was surfing the worldwide website for
nonwork-related reasons.19 They also did this with Plomann
during their lunch or break periods on two or three occasions.
Plomann’s interests included a custom-manufactured Corvette
automobile and real estate listings.20 In any event, the Respon-
dent’s internet usage reports for the maintenance department
during March and April indicated that several other mainte-
nance technicians viewed significantly more nonwork-related
internet sites than Ramos and Ruvalcaba.21
F. Ramos and Ruvalcaba are Audited
During the February production shutdown, Plomann as-
signed Ramos and Ruvalcaba to work on the front-body pillar
in section 18 of the facility. After production resumed, the
Respondent experienced several problems with the front-body
pillar.22 Those problems resulted in a production shutdown at
Ford, the Respondent’s most important customer. Plomann and
Noojin knew that Ruvalcaba and Ramos had performed main-
tenance work on the front-body pillar during the first shutdown
in February. They encountered some problems with that task,
but Plomann did not evaluate their work or discuss it with them

17 This finding incorporates sec. 2 of the stipulation entered into be-
tween the parties at trial regarding internet usage by Ramos, Ruvalcaba,
and all other technicians and the unrefuted testimony of Ramos and
Ruvalcaba as to the extent of their internet usage. (Tr. 52–59, 217–220,
454; GC Exh. 14.)
18 Although the Respondent produced an internet usage report for the
particular period in March and April, it is suspicious that there is no
data regarding Ruvalcaba’s internet usage during that time. This cor-
roborates Ruvalcaba’s testimony that he did not, after being informed
he was going to be audited, actually access the internet himself. (GC
Exh. 11; Tr. 262.)
19 I concur with the Respondent’s witnesses that Ramos and Ruval-
caba would have had little reason to spend much time on the repair of
the PLC software, since they were assigned mainly to perform preven-
tive maintenance work during the shutdown period. (Tr. 299–300, 510,
532–533.)
20 I did not credit testimony by Ramos and Ruvalcaba that they
needed to access the internet as often as on a daily basis in order to
search for technical information’s testimony relating to the PLC ma-
chinery. In fact, of the 3 days that later became issue, only the PM
sheet for March 27 reflects work on the PLC issue. (Tr. 164, 170–171,
263, 299–300; GC Exh. 2(a).) The plant was on shutdown and I cred-
ited testimony by Plomann and Noojin that PLC-related issues would
not have arisen as often during a production shutdown. (Tr. 532–534,
562–563.) However, Plomann confirmed their testimony regarding
their collaborative surfing of the worldwide web and that he never
warned them about their internet usage or told them to refrain from
such activity. (Tr. 537–538.)
21 GC Exh. 11.
22 Noojin conceded that the front-body pillar machinery frequently
encountered problems and malfunctioned. (Tr. 560.)
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7
at or around that period of time.23 Nor was there an issue with
the work performance of Ruvalcaba and Ramos in March prior
to the March 21 shutdown, as they completed all of their as-
signments, in comparison to most technicians, who completed
far less of their assigned tasks that month.24 Nevertheless, at
some point between March 18 and 20, Pollick and Noojin dis-
cussed the union involvement of Ramos and Ruvalcaba. As a
result, Noojin directed Plomann to inform Ramos and Ruval-
caba that their work would be audited. Plomann informed them
of the audit on March 21.25
On or around the same day he requested the audit, Pollick
asked Plomann about the activities of Ramos and Ruvalcaba.
Plomann informed Pollick that he believed Ramos and Ruval-
caba to be spending some of their worktime surfing the internet,
although he knew that other technicians used the internet more,
and some substantially more, than Ramos and Ruvalcaba.26
Venturing into an area that he had never been concerned about
before, or later, for that matter, Pollick then asked Watts to
obtain copies of the internet usage records of Ruvalcaba and
Ramos.27 The records produced indicated that Ruvalcaba and
Ramos used the Respondent’s computers to access personal e-
mail accounts and surf several nonwork-related worldwide
websites. The records contained data indicating the websites
visited, but none as to the amount of time spent on them. Nor
was there data produced regarding the internet usage of other
employees and against which the produced information could

23 Plomann’s testimony regarding his concern about their perform-
ance on the front-body pillar in February was not credible. He could
not articulate exactly what, if anything, they did wrong during the Feb-
ruary shutdown and confirmed their testimony that he never had discus-
sions with them about their work or took disciplinary or evaluative
action as a result. (Tr. 96–97, 513–515, 534, 547; R. Exh. 12.)
24 Noojin conceded that the Respondent’s records showed their
March completion rate at 100 percent, which was higher than nearly
two-thirds of the other maintenance technicians. (Tr. 575–576; GC
Exh. 12.)
25 Noojin’s explanation as to why he asked Plomann about work by
Ramos and Ruvalcaba on the front-body pillar, as well as what Plo-
mann told him, was not credible. Plomann, who was their supervisor,
took no issue with their work at or around the time it was completed
and did not believe in writing up his employees. In other words, Noo-
jin put pressure on Plomann to come up with any negative information
as to their work performance. While there is insufficient credible evi-
dence establishing that Plomann was aware of the March 18 union
activity by Ramos and Ruvalcaba, it is clear that the audit was not his
idea. (Tr. 47–48, 124, 212–213, 517–518, 529, 546–547; R. Exhs. 11–
12.)
26 I credited Plomann’s testimony that Ramos and Ruvalcaba would
walk away from the computer terminal if he was approaching, as they
did not credibly deny such activity. However, he did not know what
they were doing on the computer and how long they had been there on
any occasion. (Tr. 263, 510, 534.) In any event, given the nature and
extent of Plomann’s internet collaboration with Ramos and Ruvalcaba,
and his testimony conceding that others used the internet substantially
more than they did, I find it incredible that he would have, in the ordi-
nary course of his activities, expressed concern to Pollick about their
furtive movements around the computer station and its impact on their
productivity. (Tr. 453–455, 522, 525.)
27 Significantly, even in July, about 4 months after this incident, Pol-
lick was still unaware that employees’ internet access was being
blocked, much less the entire maintenance department. (Tr. 462.)
be compared.28 Nevertheless, a review of the Respondent’s
internet usage records going back to at least January 1, 2007,
and continuing regularly through mid-March 2008, would have
indicated that Ramos and Ruvalcaba regularly used the internet
during worktime as much or more than they did during the
period of March 17 to April 2, including regularly accessing
worksites that were not business related.29
Ramos and Ruvalcaba performed their preventive mainte-
nance work during that period of time without incident. There
was a minor problem with paperwork—several of the PM
sheets for particular machines were not available. As a result,
they improvised and marked up the forms used for other ma-
chinery in order to use them for the machines in question. As a
result, the PM documentation on March 26 for one machine
that they serviced and later became an issue—the weld gun—
was reflected on the PM sheet for the smart electrode.30
Knowing that their work would be audited, Ruvalcaba and
Ramos attempted to contact Plomann every night to come and
review their work. He never responded, so Ruvalcaba and
Ramos contacted Salgado, another shift manager who was not
their supervisor, to review their work at the end of each shift.
Salgado responded when requested, reviewed their work, and
provided them with a verbal approval. At no point did Salgado,
Plomann, or any other supervisor inform Ramos or Ruvalcaba
during the second shutdown that there was a problem with their
work. In fact, Buddell and Salgado did not actually inspect any
of the machinery serviced by Ramos and Ruvalcaba until they
were asked to do so on March 28.31 By that time, machinery
previously serviced by Ramos and Ruvalcaba would have been
operated prior to the end of the second shutdown period and
resumption of production. As such, it would not have been

28 Unlike the internet usage reports produced at trial, these reports
did not show the amount of time spent by Ramos and Ruvalcaba on
each site or a total amount of time spent on all of them. (R. Exhs. 17–
18; Tr. 407, 418–419, 451–454, 509–510, 699–701.)
29 This finding is based on sec. 3 of the stipulation entered into be-
tween the parties at trial. (GC 14.)
30 The Respondent failed to provide any credible testimony or evi-
dence to refute the assertion of Ramos and Ruvalcaba that the PM
sheets for the weld gun and other machinery were unavailable. (Tr. 41–
46, 210–211; GC Exh. 2(c).)
31 The General Counsel, citing Torbitt & Castleman, Inc., 320
NLRB 907 (1996), and International Automated Machines, 285 NLRB
1122 (1987), requests that I draw an adverse inference from the Re-
spondent’s failure to call Salgado as a witness. Such an inference
should be drawn only where the requesting party provides a sufficient
notice at trial to the party against whom it requests such action. How-
ever, since Salgado was not called and Plomann did not deny the con-
tentions of Ramos and Ruvalcaba that they had difficulty trying to
reach him, I rely on their credible testimony that Salgado approved
their work during each shift. In another twist that casts doubt as to the
integrity of the purported audit, the Respondent did not ask Salgado and
Buddell to actually perform the audit until March 28. It is reasonable to
assume that, had Pollick and Noojin been serious about conducting a
meaningful audit, they would have taken steps throughout the period of
March 21 to 28, to monitor the work performance of Ramos and Ruval-
caba. Such scrutiny would have revealed that Salgado was checking
their work each night and that Noojin would have directed him to check
their PM sheets as well. As a result, Salgado was not aware of the audit
and did not check the PM sheets. (Tr. 48–52, 214–217, 604.)
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD

8
unusual to find grease, dirt, and slag on machinery that had
already been serviced during a production shutdown. Never-
theless, there was a significant amount of buildup on some of
the machinery assigned to Ramos and Ruvalcaba for service,
indicating that the substance had been on the machinery for
weeks.32
Buddell’s written report was hurriedly incorporated the same
day into an email by Noojin to Plomann, which was forwarded
the next business day, March 31, to Watts.33 Noojin, respond-
ing to an email request by Watts on April 2, accompanied Bud-
dell and Salgado on April 3, the last day of the shutdown, to
photograph the various pieces of machinery referenced in Bud-
dell’s report. The 15 photographs depicted a broken air regula-
tor, pneumatic valves that were not replaced, and grease, dirt,
and slag on or around some of the machines serviced by Ramos
and Ruvalcaba during the second shutdown.34
G. Ramos and Ruvalcaba are Suspended
On April 3, Ruvalcaba and Ramos learned from other main-
tenance technicians that the Respondent scheduled utility tech-
nicians, not the more senior maintenance technicians, for ro-
botic training. This training development became a cause of
concern among many of the maintenance technicians. As a
result, Ruvalcaba called Pollick later that day. He told Pollick
that maintenance technicians were upset at being bypassed for
the training and asked to meet the next day at around 3:30 p.m.
to discuss how training opportunities were being imple-
mented.35
On April 4, instead of planning to meet with Ruvalcaba and
other union representatives later that day, Pollick, Noojin, and
Watts decided to take disciplinary action against Ruvalcaba and
Ramos based on the information contained in the audit. At the
time of their conversation or conversations, Pollick, Noojin,
and Watts were all aware of the involvement of Ruvalcaba and
Ramos with the Union and the skilled trades committee, and the
Union’s concerns about the availability of training opportuni-
ties for maintenance technicians.36 As a result, the meeting

32 Buddell conceded that the machines that Ramos and Ruvalcaba
worked would have gone through startup procedures before production
workers returned and that they would have accumulated grease, dirt,
and slag. (Tr. 628, 632.) He later clarified, however, that the buildup
depicted on one of the machines at issue would have accumulated over
the period of 2 to 3 weeks. His opinion in that regard was corroborated
by the amount of buildup shown in the photograph and was not rebutted
by either Ramos or Ruvalcaba. (Tr. 639; R. Exh. 1N.)
33 It appears from Noojin’s email to Plomann that he asked Buddell
and Salgado to do the audit on March 28, and incorporated their report
the same day. (R. Exh. 13; Tr. 549, 595.)
34 Yet another factor detracting from the integrity of the alleged audit
was that the photographs relied on as evidence were not taken by Bud-
dell and Salgado during their alleged audit, but rather by Noojin at
Watts’ direction as part of his process for further action. (R. Exhs. 14
and 1A–1O; GC Exhs. 2(a)–(c); Tr. 596–611, 613, 615, 617, 622, 660–
662.)
35 Pollick, Ramos, and Ruvalcaba provided consistent testimony re-
garding this conversation. (Tr. 59–61, 220–223, 470–471.)
36 I did not find credible testimony by either Pollick or Watts that the
latter decided, based solely on the results of the audit and independent
of any other considerations, to suspend both employees pending an
investigation. In addition to the suspicious timing of the disciplinary
between representatives of the Respondent and the Union never
occurred.
At or around 3:30 p.m., as Ruvalcaba and Ramos arrived for
their shift, they encountered Noojin standing at the entrance.
He stopped them, directed Ramos to wait outside, and took
Ruvalcaba inside the facility. They proceeded to the confer-
ence room, where Watts told Ruvalcaba that he was suspended
for falsifying documents and excessive internet usage. Ruval-
caba asked what documents he supposedly falsified. Watts
then showed him three PM sheets for March 26, 27, and 28, and
asked if Ruvalcaba’s signature was on the May 28 sheet. Ru-
valcaba denied that it was his signature and demanded to have
his shop steward present. He later retracted that statement.
Noojin added that Salgado and Buddell, the night-shift supervi-
sors, checked the work. The meeting concluded.
Noojin then called Ramos into the facility. Ramos pro-
claimed at the outset that, if the meeting was disciplinary in
nature, he wanted union representation present. Noojin in-
sisted, however, that the meeting go forward and then Watts
informed Ramos that he was suspended for falsifying docu-
ments and excessive internet use. He also explained that
Ramos and Ruvalcaba filled out PM sheets for 3 days showing
work completed which, in fact, was incomplete or not per-
formed at all. Ramos asserted that other maintenance techni-
cians also use the internet, including some whose access has
been blocked due to excessive internet use. This meeting also
concluded with Watts explaining that Ramos was suspended
pending further investigation.37
H. The April 8 Grievance Meeting38
Ruvalcaba and Ramos grieved their suspensions and a griev-
ance meeting was held on April 8. Pollick, Watts, and Noojin
attended on behalf of the Respondent. Ramos and Ruvalcaba
were accompanied by bargaining unit chairman, Kendall, a
shop steward, Leo Williams, and two other union officials,
Frank Angel and O. Jamison.
Pollick presented the Respondent’s position, explaining that
the suspensions were premised on their excessive use of the
internet for personal reasons and their work performance on
March 26, 27, and 28. He produced the PM sheets for those
days and the 15 photographs and gave Ruvalcaba and Ramos
the opportunity to explain. While Kendall precluded them from
addressing the photographs, Ruvalcaba and Ramos addressed
each of the allegations in Buddell’s report. Ramos insisted
there had been miscommunication. Ruvalcaba initially insisted
that he signed only one of the PM sheets, but relented after
consulting with his union representative and conceded he
signed two of them, while Ramos signed one of the sheets.

action taken, I was particularly taken aback by Pollick’s conduct in
frequently looking at Watts at counsel’s table while he testified. On
several occasions that I observed, he held up exhibits facing Watts as if
to be looking for subtle messages from the latter. (Tr. 667–672.)
37 There is not much dispute as to what transpired at their suspension
meetings on April 4. (Tr. 61–65, 223–229, 553, 556–557, 669–672;
GC Exhs. 2(a)–(c).)
38 I relied on the testimony of Watts, who seemed sure of the date,
that the meeting occurred on April 8. Ramos and Ruvalcaba, on the
other hand, testified that it occurred around April 7.
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9
Ruvalcaba also conceded that he had been in a hurry, forgot to
replace certain pneumatic valves, and incorrectly listed them as
completed work. Ruvalcaba also explained that he needed to
improvise by adapting the form for a weld gun in order to ser-
vice the smart electrode. As a result of their response, Pollick
agreed to reduce the charge of intentionally falsifying docu-
ments to poor workmanship.39
Pollick then raised the issue of excessive internet usage by
Ruvalcaba and Ramos. Ruvalcaba and Ramos insisted they had
been provided with access to the internet and asserted, further,
that most employees, including Plomann and other supervisors,
used the Respondent’s computers to access personal websites
and accounts. Curiously, Pollick then acknowledged that the
Respondent possessed a list of the top 10 internet users, but
conceded that neither Ramos nor Ruvalcaba was on it. Kendall
then inquired if other employees had been blocked from inter-
net access, an action that would be appropriate in this instance.
The meeting ended without resolution, and Ruvalcaba and
Ramos remained on unpaid suspension. Angel suggested that
the Respondent compromise and Pollick agreed to consider it.40
I. Ramos is Reinstated and the Disciplinary Points
are Reduced
Watts reinstated Ramos with backpay on April 10. Upon re-
turning, he was told that his discipline would be reduced to a
total of six points—three for excessive internet use and three
for work performance and paperwork issues. Although he filed
a charge regarding the initial discipline of April 4, Ramos re-
turned to work and did not take issue with this determination
until he filed an amended charge with the Board on October
16.41
J. Ruvalcaba is Terminated
On or about April 16, Pollick, Watts, and Noojin met again
with Ruvalcaba, Kendall, and Angel. Ruvalcaba reiterated his
position that he completed his assigned tasks and did not abuse
his internet access any more than anyone else at the facility.
Angel asked that the Respondent mitigate the charges in such a
manner as to reinstate Ruvalcaba, but Pollick insisted that the
Respondent could not completely overlook Ruvalcaba’s third
serious transgression within 10 months. As of April 1, Ruval-
caba already had nine disciplinary points in his personnel re-
cord from earlier incidents. Although Pollick agreed to reduce
Ruvalcaba’s discipline to 6 points—the same amount assessed
against Ramos—the sanction resulted in a new total of 15 dis-
ciplinary points in Ruvalcaba’s personnel file. Accordingly, on

39 Noojin and Pollick could not readily distinguish many of the ma-
chines depicted in the photographs from similar or identical machines
elsewhere throughout the facility. Accordingly, I relied on the explana-
tions of Ramos of Ruvalcaba, coupled with their offer to go and show
Pollick what they worked on, that many of the 15 photographs did not
accurately depict machinery that they were assigned to service. (Tr. 42,
46, 63–64, 66–73, 122–123, 209–211, 227–233, 258–259, 407–413,
475–476, 565–566; R. Exh. 1A.)
40 There is no disagreement about this part of the meeting. (Tr. 71–
73, 232–233.)
41 The Respondent correctly notes that Ramos did not take issue with
that determination at that time. (GC Exh. 1(l); R. Exh. 6; Tr. 73–74,
674–678.)
or about April 22, Ruvalcaba received a letter of termination,
effective April 4.42
K. Ramos is Never Considered for a Promotion
On April 23, Ramos applied for a promotion to the position
of maintenance team leader. However, he was never inter-
viewed for it. The promotion would have resulted in increased
pay. The Respondent neither considered nor interviewed him
for the position.43 Instead, he inherited a new supervisor, Frank
Pena. There were no problems initially, but Pena started yell-
ing at him in May because he was working slowly. Ramos was
not used to such treatment from his previous supervisors.44 On
May 30, while he was still out on suspension for a safety viola-
tion committed 2 days earlier, the Respondent rejected Ramos’
April promotion application due to that “disciplinary issue.”45
L. Ramos is Terminated for a Lock-Out/Tag-Out Violation
On May 28, Ramos had been working on his shift for about 3
hours when another maintenance technician requested assis-
tance in another location known as the lower back area. As he
approached the lower back area, Ramos encountered Pena.
Pena began cursing about the fact that the lower back area was
not running, and insisted that Ramos resolve the problem and
“get the cell going.” After a brief discussion as to how long the
repair might take, Pena left the area. Before entering the cell,
Ramos attempted to “lock-out/tag-out”—a procedure required
whenever a maintenance technician enters a production cell—
by attempting to remove the key before entering the cell. Al-
though the key was given to Ramos by Plomann for use on that
lock, Ramos could not remove the key from the lock. Pursuant
to Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
safety requirements, a notice was posted on the cell door stat-
ing, “STOP! LOCK CELL DOOR WHEN ENTERING.”
Thus, Ramos knew, and was trained to the effect, that he was
not permitted to enter the production cell unless and until he
could lock the cell door behind him. Nevertheless, after at-
tempting unsuccessfully for several minutes to remove the key
from the lock, Ramos entered the production cell in an attempt
to quickly resolve the problem, leaving the door open in the
process.46

42 The Respondent’s witnesses did not shed much light on this dis-
cussion, but there is no disagreement as to what transpired at this meet-
ing and the termination letter that issued. (Tr. 235–237, 273–274, 405,
419–420, 423; GC Exh. 5; R. Exh. 20.)
43 The Respondent does not dispute that Ramos applied for the posi-
tion, but was neither interviewed nor considered for the position. (Tr.
75–76; GC Exh. 3.)
44 Again, I refuse to draw the requested adverse inference against
Pena, who was not called by the Respondent as a witness. The General
Counsel did not provide notice at trial of its intent to request such an
inference. Moreover, there is simply insufficient connection between
Pena’s alleged tirades and Ramos’ previous activities with the Union
and at the facility. (Tr. 73–75.)
45 Although there is an issue as to the nature and extent of the Re-
spondent’s disciplinary action resulting from the May 28 “tag-out/lock-
out” safety violation, discussed infra, there is no question that Ramos
committed a safety violation on May 28, and that his promotional ap-
plication was rejected on May 30. (GC Exh. 3.)
46 It was not disputed that the lock given to Ramos, designated as
lock 258, was the correct one for the gate to that cell. (Tr. 80–81.) Nor
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD

10
Ramos remained in the production cell, which contained a
robotic arm and weld parts, for approximately 90 seconds in
order to diagnose the problem. While he was in the cell,
Ramos received a radio call from David Roe, the production
superintendent, requesting his location. Ramos told Roe that he
was in the lower back area, but did not mention his problem
with the key and violation of the lock-out/tag-out procedure.
Roe and Tuley arrived at the cell a short while later and ob-
served Ramos inside the cell with the door open and the key in
the lock. Tuley noticed the key inside the lock and asked
Ramos what happened. Ramos explained that he was unable to
remove the key from the lock. Tuley responded that there was
no excuse for violating the lock-out/tag-out requirement and
directed Roe to issue Ramos a disciplinary violation. Ramos
simply replied to Tuley that it had been a pleasure working with
him.47
Shortly thereafter, Tuley and Roe informed Watts about
Ramos’ safety violation. Watts then contacted Israel Pierson, a
materials handler who also served as a union shop steward, to
inform him that the Respondent was suspending Ramos.
Shortly thereafter, Pierson spoke with Ramos. Ramos provided
an explanation and asked Pierson to try to remove the key from
the lock. Pierson was unable to do so. Pierson then went to
meet with Watts, Tuley, and Roe, taking the lock and key with
him. Tuley responded that Ramos could have suffered a fatal
injury. During their conversation, Pierson asked Watts to try to
remove the key from the lock. Watts complied and attempted
to remove the key from the lock several times. He, too, was
unsuccessful.48
Ramos was then called to a meeting with Watts, Roe, and
Pierson. Tuley had already left. Watts informed Ramos that he
was suspended for a lock-out/tag-out violation, pending a fur-
ther investigation. Watts informed Ramos that he was sus-
pended pending a further investigation for a lock-out/tag-out
violation. Ramos conceded that he was in the production cell

is it disputed that the OSHA notice was posted on the cell door. (R.
Exh. 3; Tr. 649–650.) Furthermore, in evaluating the propriety of the
Respondent’s response to this incident, it is irrelevant as to whether
Ramos’ conduct was attributable to pressure by Pena or simple disre-
gard for the applicable OSHA requirement. See 29 C.F.R. §
1910.147(a), et seq.
47 Tuley testified that, when Ramos saw him approaching, Ramos
“immediately grabbed it, opened it up, took the key in and out three or
four times in front of Mr. Roe and myself.” He also allegedly reported
his observations immediately to Watts. (Tr. 644–648.) His version,
however, contrasted with Watts’ recollection that Tuley told him that
he, not Ramos, was able to remove the key from the lock two or three
times and insert it again each time. Moreover, Watts’ corroborated
Ramos’ contention by conceding that he, too, was unable to remove the
key from the lock. (Tr. 710–711.) Lastly, I find it ludicrous that
Ramos, having left the door open, would have gone to the lock and
removed the key several times. Accordingly, I found Ramos’ version
of this incident more credible than the testimony and email report pro-
vided by Tuley, as well as the identical version contained in the email
provided by Roe, who was not called as witness. (Tr. 77–84, 149–151,
157–158, 163, 678–681; R. Exh. 16, 21.)
48 As previously noted, Watts, Pierson, and Ramos provided consis-
tent testimony confirming there was a problem removing the key from
the lock. (Tr. 84–85, 379–381, 710.)
while the key was still in the lock and the door open, but as-
serted that he could not remove the key from the lock. Watts
simply responded that Ramos needed to leave the premises.49
During his investigation of the Ramos lock-out/tag-out viola-
tion, Watts attempted to ascertain whether the Respondent had
ever disciplined an employee for a lock-out/tag-out violation.
After speaking with supervisors and reviewing employee per-
sonnel files, he uncovered only one similar violation—by Plo-
mann. In that instance, however, Plomann was verbally coun-
seled and issued no disciplinary points. Here, rather than take
the same route and have Ramos receive a verbal counseling,
Watts issued Ramos 10 disciplinary points for intentionally
disregarding safety rules. As those 10 points alone mandated
termination, he did not even consider Ramos’ disciplinary his-
tory, which consisted of 6 points for excessive internet use.
Accordingly, on June 4, the Respondent issued Ramos’ termi-
nation letter.50
M. The Respondent Issues a New Internet Policy
On May 1, the Respondent issued a new internet use policy,
entitled, “Information Systems Acceptable Use.” The new
policy stated, in pertinent part, at item 2:

Colleagues will use Tower information resources for valid
business purposes, except that very limited or incidental use
for personal nonbusiness purposes is acceptable. Such use
must be infrequent, not incur charges against Tower Automo-
tive, not affect job performance, and not deplete system re-
sources needed for business purposes. Personal non-business
use by any colleague may be terminated at any time at the
discretion of Tower Automotive. These activities include but
are not limited to chat rooms, email, telephones, and Internet
surfing. Tower IT will monitor colleague Internet usage, and
provide usage reports to Human Resources.51

Sometime in July, after unfair labor practice charges were
filed, a Board investigator requested, in pertinent part, internet
usage records for the employees in the maintenance depart-
ment. In response, on July 21, Watts sent an e-mail to the in-
formation technology department directing him to remove
internet access for the remaining 33 maintenance and utility
technicians because “[n]ot only has there been abuse but none
need Internet use for business use.”52

49 It is evident that Watts moved quickly to issue the suspension
based on verbal reports from Tuley and Roe, as they e-mailed their
reports later that day. (R. Exh. 2127; Tr. 85–86, 383, 710–712.)
50 I based the finding as to how the Respondent treated others for a
similar violation on Watts’ testimony and, thus, reject Pollick’s sugges-
tion that Plomann might have been disciplined for a lock-out/tag-out
violation. (Tr. 86–87, 492–493, 681–682, 687–688, 712–713; GC Exh.
4.) In fact, given the fact the Respondent failed to produce any records
in response to the General Counsel’s subpoena requesting such disci-
plinary records, the only inference that can be drawn is that Plomann’s
verbal counseling was not even recorded in his personnel file. (ALJ
Exh. 1.)
51 GC Exh. 9.
52 Watts conceded that he directed that maintenance and utility tech-
nicians be precluded from internet access after the Board investigator
requested that department’s internet usage records. (Tr. 702–705; GC
Exh. 10.)
TOWER AUTOMOTIVE OPERATIONS USA I, LLC

11
III. DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
A. The Respondent’s 10(b) Defense of Untimeliness
Section 10(b) of the Act precludes the filing of a complaint if
the alleged unfair labor practice occurred more than 6 months
prior to the filing of a charge. There is an exception, however,
where the otherwise time-barred allegations are both legally
and factually related to the allegations of a prior timely-filed
charge. Redd-I, Inc., 290 NLRB 1115, 116–118 (1988). To
meet that threshold, the untimely allegations must be found to
have arisen from the same factual situation or sequence of
events as those found in the timely-filed charge. Carney Hospi-
tal, 350 NLRB 627, 629 (2007).
Ramos was informed of his suspension on April 4 for falsifi-
cation of documents and internet abuse. On April 10, he was
notified of the Respondent’s final determination, which reduced
the violations to poor workmanship and internet abuse. He was
suspended again on May 28, and terminated for the lock-
out/tag-out violation on June 4. On August 26, he timely filed
a charge alleging illegal termination due to his union-related
activities. On October 16, Ramos amended the original charge
to incorporate the April 10 discipline. As the October 16
charge was filed more than 6 months after it occurred and, in
the absence of an exception, it is time barred.
The Respondent contends that the “closely-related” excep-
tion does not apply, as there is no factual overlap between
Ramos’ April discipline and June termination, and that any
alleged overall antiunion animus is insufficient to connect the
two incidents. The General Counsel disagrees and asserts that
there is a common inquiry for both the April suspension and the
June 4 discharge—the Respondent’s motivation to treat Ramos
adversely due to his activities on the skilled trades committee in
March and April. I disagree. The Board, in Carney Hospital,
supra, rejected such an approach, holding that it would not find
the “closely-related” test satisfied merely because the untimely
events occurred during or in response to the same union activi-
ties. Id., at 630. Accordingly, Ramos’ charge arising from his
April 4 suspension, or April 10 discipline for that matter, is
time barred.
B. The 8(a)(3) and (1) Allegations
The surviving portion of the complaint alleges that the Re-
spondent violated Section 8(a)(3) and (1) of the Act by sus-
pending Ruvalcaba on or about April 4, discharging Ruvalcaba
on or about April 8, and discharging Ramos on or about June 1,
because they assisted and supported the Union and engaged in
union activities. The Respondent denied the material allega-
tions and asserts that Ruvalcaba and Ramos were dismissed for
safety violations that warranted points exceeding its threshold
for termination.
Section 8(a)(3) provides, in pertinent part, that it is “an un-
fair labor practice for an employer to discriminate in regard to
hire or tenure of employment or any term or condition of em-
ployment to encourage or discourage membership in any labor
organization.” Under Wright Line, 251 NLRB 1083 (1980),
enfd. 662 F.2d 899 (1st Cir. 1981), cert. denied 455 U.S. 989
(1982), the General Counsel must establish that an employee
engaged in protected concerted activity, the employer was
aware of that activity, and the activity was a substantial or mo-
tivating reason for the employer’s action. See also Naomi Knit-
ting Plant, 328 NLRB 1279, 1281 (1999). If the General Coun-
sel establishes its prima facie case, the burden of persuasion
shifts to the employer to “demonstrate that the same action
would have taken place even in the absence of the protected
conduct.” Septix Waste, Inc., 346 NLRB 494 (2006). Simply
presenting a legitimate reason for its actions is not enough.
Donaldson Bros. Ready Mix, Inc., 341 NLRB 958, 966 (2004);
T&J Trucking Co., 316 NLRB 771, 771 (1995); GSX Corp. v.
NLRB, 918 F.2d 1351 (8th Cir. 1990).
Pollick’s animosity toward Ruvalcaba was previously ex-
pressed in February when, suggesting that Ruvalcaba had seri-
ous character flaws, he urged Kendall not to appoint him as a
union representative on the skilled trades committee. Kendall,
the Union’s chairman, disregarded Pollick’s request and, on
March 5, notified Watts in writing that he was appointing Ru-
valcaba to two union committees. On March 18, Ruvalcaba
and Ramos met with Pollick, Tuley, and Noojin as new mem-
bers of the Union’s skilled trades committee and advocated for
safety training on behalf of maintenance technicians. Pollick
disagreed that safety training be offered on the basis of senior-
ity. On March 20, Kendall notified Watts in writing that he
was appointing Ruvalcaba and Ramos to the Union’s skilled
trades committee.
The Respondent did not take long to react. On March 21, 3
days after Ruvalcaba and Ramos met with Pollick to insist on
seniority-based safety training, the Respondent notified them
that their work would be audited. Almost simultaneously, the
Respondent allegedly looked into their internet usage at the
worksite’s computer kiosks. Both actions were unprecedented
and unrelated to any periodic evaluation or legitimate com-
plaints by supervisors. In any event, there was no record of
Ruvalcaba’s internet usage during the audit period. Subse-
quently, on April 4, 1 day after Ruvalcaba and Ramos called
Pollick to complain about the latter’s decision to roll out safety
training for the newer technicians and without regard to senior-
ity, Pollick had Watts suspend Ruvalcaba and Ramos based
upon poor work performance and excessive internet use. In
Ruvalcaba’s instance, it was tantamount to termination.
The Respondent’s reasons for disciplining Ruvalcaba and
Ramos53 were all pretextual. With respect to the audit, it is
clear that their work on some of the machinery was unsatisfac-
tory. The Respondent, however, did not ask Buddell and
Salgado to perform the audit until 1 of the 2 weeks of the audit
period had elapsed. By that time, Plomann had abdicated his
supervisory role by failing to respond to daily radio calls by
Ramos and Ruvalcaba to check their work. This caused Ramos
and Ruvalcaba to call Salgado, one of their eventual auditors, to
review their work each night. Salgado approved their work on
each occasion. The Respondent’s failure to call Salgado as a
witness to counter such testimony strongly suggests that Plo-
mann’s disappearance was part of a scheme to “set up” Ruval-
caba and Ramos for adverse action.

53 Although Ramos’ charge of discipline on April 4 is time barred,
such facts are relevant background to show bias leading to subsequent
discipline on May 28.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD

12
With respect to the charge that Ramos and Ruvalcaba abused
their internet access, there is no doubt that they were treated in
a disparate manner. The Respondent knew or had reason to
know that internet abuse was rampant in the maintenance de-
partment. In fact, several employees in that department were
previously blocked from internet access due to excessive or
inappropriate use. However, instead of examining the internet
access of all employees in the maintenance department, the
Respondent pulled only those internet use records pertaining to
Ramos and Ruvalcaba. Upon receipt of that information, the
Respondent took the unprecedented action of strictly construing
its internet usage policy and disciplined them for using the
Respondent’s computer to access nonbusiness websites.
Lastly, the Respondent’s response to Ramos’ violation of the
lock-out/tag-out policy was also unprecedented. While I doubt
the Respondent’s assertion that Ramos and Tuley were able to
remove the key from the lock, it is not disputed that Ramos
violated the Respondent’s OSHA-mandated safety policy by
entering the production cell in contravention of the OSHA no-
tice posted on the door. As such, I reject Ramos’ assertion that
his conduct was excusable because he had a mean supervisor
that was stressing him out. However, it was not the first time
that an employee had violated that policy. In fact, Ramos’
supervisor, Plomann, also violated the policy. In that instance,
Plomann received a verbal counseling that did not result in
disciplinary points in his personnel file.
While Ramos’ treatment for violating the lock-out/tag-out
safety policy was attributable to discriminatory motivation, the
same cannot be said about the Respondent’s decision to deny
his promotion. In the absence of any information as to the Re-
spondent’s promotional policies and practices, it cannot be
reasonably concluded that the Respondent was unreasonable in
rejecting his application and refusing to consider him for pro-
motion to team leader.
The suspicious timing of the Respondent’s actions, coupled
with its assertion of pretextual reasons for terminating Ruval-
caba and Ramos, strongly supports an inference of discrimina-
tory motivation. State Plaza, Inc., supra at 757. Accord:
Campbell Electric Co., 340 NLRB 825, 841–842 (2003).
Since the General Counsel established a prima facie case, the
burden of persuasion shifted to the Respondent to prove, by a
preponderance of the evidence, that it would have suspended
and then terminated Ramos and Ruvalcaba even in the absence
of their union activity. Monroe Mfg., 323 NLRB 24 (1997).
To meet its burden of persuasion, the Respondent was required
to do more than show that it had a legitimate reason for its ac-
tions. Hicks Oils & Hicksgas, 293 NLRB 84, 85 (1989), enfd.
942 F.2d 1140 (7th Cir. 1991). It did not do so. The evidence
demonstrated that the Respondent had never performed a
scheduled audit of any employee, much less one that resulted in
discipline. Internet use by maintenance employees was ram-
pant and, prior to April 4, no employee was ever disciplined on
that basis. Lastly, the Respondent’s only precedent for disci-
plining an employee for violating the lock-out/tag-out safety
policy was to verbally counsel the employee who, in that in-
stance, was Plomann, the Charging Parties’ supervisor.
Based on the foregoing, I find that the Respondent violated
Section 8(a)(3) and (1) by suspending Ruvalcaba on April 4,
terminating Ruvalcaba effective that date, and suspending
Ramos on May 28 and terminating him on June 4, all because
they advocated for seniority-based training for maintenance
technicians.
CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
1. The Respondent, Tower Automotive Operations USA I,
LLC, is an employer engaged in commerce within the meaning
of Section 2(2), (6), and (7) of the Act.
2. The United Auto Workers Local 3212, AFL–CIO is a la-
bor organization within the meaning of Section 2(5) of the Act.
3. By suspending Ruvalcaba on April 4, terminating Ruval-
caba on April 4, and suspending Ramos on May 28 and termi-
nating him on June 4, all because they advocated for seniority-
based training for maintenance technicians, the Respondent has
engaged in unfair labor practices affecting commerce within the
meaning of Section 8(a)(3) and (1) and Section 2(6) and (7) of
the Act.
REMEDY
Having found that the Respondent has engaged in certain un-
fair labor practices, I find that it must be ordered to cease and
desist and to take certain affirmative action designed to effectu-
ate the policies of the Act.
The Respondent, having discriminatorily discharged em-
ployees, must offer them reinstatement and make them whole
for any loss of earnings and other benefits, computed on a quar-
terly basis from date of discharge to date of proper offer of
reinstatement, less any net interim earnings, as prescribed in F.
W. Woolworth Co., 90 NLRB 289 (1950), plus interest as com-
puted in New Horizons for the Retarded, 283 NLRB 1173
(1987).
[Recommended Order omitted from publication.]