Gate City Cotton Mills

National Labor Relations Board - Board Decisions

Dec 7, 1935

1 N.L.R.B. 57 (N.L.R.B. 1935)

In the Matter of GATE CITY COTTON MILLS and LOCAL No. 1938,
UNITED TEXTILE WORKERS OF AMERICA
Case No. R-17.-Decided Decemiber 7, 1935
Cotton Tentile Industry-Evidence-Unit Appropriate for Collective Bargain-
ing: plant-Election Ordered: question affecting commerce : confusion and un-
rest among employees-controversy concerning representation of employees :
majority status disputed by employer ; request by substantial number in appro-
priate unit; substantial doubt as to majority status.
Mr. Thomas I. Emerson and Mr. Mortimer Kollender for the
Board.
Mr. Win field P. Jones and Mr. Carroll Payne Jones, of Atlanta,
Ga., Mr. Scott Russell, of Macon, Ga., and Mr. Alfred C. Broom, of
College Park, Ga., for the Company.
Mr. Frank A. Constangy, of Atlanta, Ga., for the Union.
Mr. Ernest A. Gross, of counsel to the Board.
DECISION
STATEMENT OF CASE
Local No. 1938 of the United Textile Workers of America, a labor
organization, hereinafter called the Union, petitioned the National
Labor Relations Board on October 12, 1935, for an investigation and
certification of representatives pursuant to Section 9(c) of the Na-
tional Labor Relations Act (Exhibit B-1). The petition states that
the Union at that time represented approximately 140 employees
out of about 150 then alleged to be employed by the Gate City Cotton
Mills, East Point, Georgia, hereinafter called the Mills, that no other
individuals or labor organizations claim to represent any of the em-
ployees, that a question has arisen concerning the representation of
employees of the Mills, and that said question is a question affecting
commerce within the meaning of the National Labor Relations Act.
Attached to the petition is a statement alleged to have been signed
by 91 employees of the Mills authorizing the Union "to enter into,
negotiations with our employer for the purpose of reaching agree-
ment on wages, hours and working conditions". The signatories
agree "to abide by all provisions of agreement reached by these repre-
sentatives and our employer".
On Octobr 16, 1935, the Board, pursuant to Section 9 (c) of the
Act and Article II, Section 3 of the National Labor Relations Board
57
.58 NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
Rules and Regulations, Series 1, ordered the Regional Director for
the Tenth Region, National Labor Relations Board, to conduct an
investigation and provide for an appropriate hearing upon due notice
(Exhibit B-3).
Notice of hearing was issued by the Regional Director October
23, 1935, setting the hearing for November 4, 1935 (Exhibit B-1).
Notice was duly served (Exhibit B-6 and B-7), and hearings were
held on November 4, 5 and 6, 1935, before a Trial Examiner desig-
nated by order of the Board dated October 26, 1935, (Exhibit B-4).
During the course of the hearing, the Mills submitted a list of its
employees as of November 2, 1935 (Exhibit B-14).
I. ISSUES RAISED BY MOTIONS TO DIS_IIISS
Before proceeding to a discussion of the evidence adduced at the
hearing, we wish to consider two motions to dismiss made by the
Mills before evidence was introduced. The grounds of the motions
were :
a. That no question had arisen "affecting commerce" within the
meaning of the Act.
b. That the Act contravenes the Fifth Amendment to the Con-
stitution by authorizing the Board to prejudge the facts upon which
the Board's jurisdiction is alleged to be based in that no provision
is made in the Act for notice or opportunity to be heard prior to the
institution of the investigation.
c. That the Act transcends the authority delegated to Congress
to regulate commerce by Article I, Section 8, Clause 3 of the Con-
stitution of the United States.
d. That the Act, in authorizing an investigation under Section
9 (c) thereof, has as its object the vesting in the representatives chosen
by the majority of the employees for collective bargaining with their
employer, the exclusive right to bargain collectively for all the
employees of said employer, in contravention of the Fifth Amend-
ment to the Constitution.
e. That the Act is void in that it violates the Tenth Amendment
of the Constitution, and
f. That no question concerning representation had arisen.
The Trial Examiner denied the motion to dismiss, and we believe
his action was proper. We do not deem it necessary to discuss the
constitutional objections urged by the Mills. We do not wish, how-
ever, to discuss the contention that the Mills was entitled to be heard
before the Board authorized an investigation pursuant to Section
9 (c) of the Act.
We think that the contention is without merit. It is true that
,Section 9 (c), by its terms, requires that a hearing be held as part
DECISIONS AND ORDERS 59
of the investigatory procedure therein provided for. But the inves-
tigation required under Section 9 (c) is broader than is assumed in
the argument of the Mills, and is not limited to that phase of the
Board's activity which precedes the hearing. The Board's decision
to order an investigation need be based only upon the existence of
a reasonable probability that a question affecting commerce concern-
ing representation has arisen . If, as the Mills argues , a hearing
must be held at this stage, the only purpose which such a hearing
could serve would be to determine whether a question affecting com-
merce concerning the representation of employees has arisen. This
is, however , the very purpose of the hearing which was in fact held
pursuant to the order of the Board. As long as a hearing is held
before a certification is made, the Mills has no complaint under the
Act or under the Constitution.
We now consider whether , on the basis of the evidence adduced
at the hearing, a question affecting commerce concerning the repre-
sentation of employees has arisen.
II. WHETHER A QUESTION CONCERNING THE REPRESENTATION OF
EMPLOYEES HAS ARISEN
The petition for certification in this case was filed by three persons
purporting to be a committee of the Union. Two of the signers
are employees of the Mills, the third is a former employee. At-
tached to the petition is a. statement - alleged to have been signed
by 91 employees of the Mills authorizing the Union to represent the
signatories for the purposes of collective bargaining.
This statement was admitted over the strenuous protest of the
Mills: The objection was based on the fact that no signatures
appear on the copy of the statement placed in evidence . The only
proof of such signatures is hearsay testimony adduced at the hear-
ing. The Mills contended that unless the name or names of the
alleged signers are revealed , it is impossible to cross-examine the
signers or otherwise to prove that such signatures were not in fact
given or if given, that they were obtained by misrepresentation or
threats . The Union refused to disclose the names, giving as its
reason the fear of reprisal or discrimination against the signatories.
We think the contention of the Mills unsound. The statement
purported to have been signed by 91 employees is relevant merely
as one piece of evidence on the issue of whether a question concern-
ing representation has arisen . We recognize the undesirable aspects
of ordering elections merely at the instance of an individual em-
ployee, or very small and non-representative groups. On the other
hand, it suffices if there is evidence showing probable cause for
holding a secret ballot in order to dispel doubt or to remove a fruit-
60 NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
ful source of strife. The degree or magnitude of the question con-
cerning representation is discretionary rather than jurisdictional.
The objection of the Mills is therefore directed to the exercise of
discretion by the Board, and we think there is evidence other than
the authorization statement, compelling us to proceed under Sec-
tion 9 (c).
The statement is therefore not conclusive on any material point
in issue. If on the basis of all the evidence, it appears that a ques-
tion affecting commerce concerning representation has arisen, we
are empowered to certify. It is therefore unnecessary to consider
at this point the policy of withholding from employers the names
of employees who are alleged to have authorized union represen-
tation.
The Union contends that it has been designated by the majority
of the employees as their representative for collective bargaining
(Exhibit B-1). The Mills, through its Executive President, denies
that the Union represents a majority. This clearly presents a ques-
tion concerning representation, and satisfies the bare jurisdictional
requirements of Section 9 (c).
As a matter of sound discretion, is the question concerning repre-
sentation of sufficient importance under all the circumstances to war-
rant further proceedings looking toward the requested certification?
Three points were developed at the hearing which seem to us to
bear directly on this point.
1. Evidence of membership of a substantial number of employees
in the Union and their interest in its affairs.
(a) The Secretary-Treasurer of the Union testified that at the
present time 94 employees of the Mills are members in good stand-
ing in the Union. The Mills objected to the introduction of this
testimony on the ground that the best evidence of the number of
members is the membership books of the Union. The Union refused
to produce the books on the ground that the members might be
subjected to reprisals. The Trial Examiner sustained the Union's
argument and allowed admission of the testimony.
The degree to which the rules of evidence prevailing in courts of
law or equity should control hearings before us cannot be answered
categorically. A reasonable latitude of discretion must be allowed,
and more particularly is this true where, as here, the testimony in
question is not materially prejudicial to any person involved. The
policy of the Act must be balanced in the scales with technical rules
of evidence. Section 9 (c) of the Act is based in large part upon the
policy of allowing to employees a free and untrammelled choice in
the selection of their representatives by means of a secret ballot.
This free choice would be thwarted by revealing to the employer in
DECISIONS AND ORDERS 61
advance the names of those employees who desire to designate the
Union as their representative for collective bargaining.
The objection of the Mills would be worthy of some consideration
if the Board, in reliance upon this testimony and in absence of more,
certified the Union as having been selected by the employees without
ordering an election. But the hearing in question is merely one step
in the investigation. The technical defect in the evidence under dis-
cussion becomes insignificant upon the taking of a secret ballot before
we certify representatives to the parties.
We have dwelt on the matter of admissibility at some length be-
cause at several stages of the hearing, the Mills voiced objection to
evidence relating to acts or intentions of employees, on the ground
that such evidence was hearsay and therefore inadmissible. In the
light of the scope of this hearing, we consider that the testimony
objected to was not prejudicial to the Mills, and we do not rely on
this evidence except for its corroborative value. The rulings of the
Trial Examiner with respect to the admissibility of such evidence
are therefore sustained by the Board.
(b) The Secretary-Treasurer further testified that in September,
1934, 201 employees of the Mills were members of the Union. The
Union therefore is not new to the employees.
(c) Meetings of the Union have been held regularly twice a week,
in a hall rented by the Union for the purpose. It appears, that the
average attendance at the meetings is about 40, although the precise
average cannot be ascertained. However, a sufficiently large regular
attendance is shown to justify the conclusion that there is a substan-
tial interest in the affairs of the Union. The Mills contends that
the employees are "satisfied", and that the petition for certification
is based on the desire of one or two disgruntled persons to agitate
and cause trouble to the Mills. In addition to the fact that no evi-
dence was produced at the hearing to show the truth of this con-
tention, it is clear that a sufficient interest in the Union exists among
a substantial number of employees to impel them regularly to attend
Union meetings and participate in Union affairs.
(d) At a meeting of the Union on September 7, 1935, a committee
was elected to confer with the management concerning working con-
ditions (Exhibit B_12). Approximately 50 employees of the Mills
attended this meeting.
On the basis of the above evidence, we conclude that a substantial
number of employees of the Mills are members of and interested in
the Union.
2. The second point tending to show that a substantial question
concerning representation for collective bargaining has arisen lies in
the existence of a state of unrest and uncertainty among the
employees of the Mills.
62 NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
(a) Many employees of the Mills have complained to Union offi-
cials concerning stretching out of the work load, long and irregular
hours and, in certain instances, low wages. The testimony on this
point was corroborated by two employees who testified at the
hearing.
(b) Considerable confusion has arisen among the employees by
reason of several documents or petitions which have from time to
time circulated among them. A paper was circulated by the Union
asking the employees to list instances of stretch-out, increases in
hours, and decreases in wages. Subsequently, a paper was circulated
and signed by a number of employees authorizing the Union to repre-
sent them. Thereafter, a paper, prepared by the attorney for the
Mills, was circulated among the employees stating that the signers
did not wish to be represented by anybody for collective bargaining.
The attendant confusion is exemplified by the testimony of a wit
ness for the Mills, who characterized the statement authorizing repre-
sentation, which she had signed, as "some kind of labor trouble pa-
pers" and as "something on a complaint of a stretch-out system".
The flood of statements and counter-statements has not only confused
the employees but has led to unrest among them. This is clearly
shown by the fact that the Executive Vice President of the Mills
testified that many employees did not know what they had signed.
In fact, .the Mills itself subsequently circulated a statement repudi-
ating the Union, which was signed by a number of employees who
had previously authorized the Union to represent them. It should
be noted that this statement was passed around among the employees
during working hours, in the presence of a foreman.
The advantages and fairness of the secret ballot could not be more
clearly illustrated than by this testimony concerning the welter of
confusion and uncertainty. The Mills contended that the authoriza-
tion signed by a number of employees was obtained through misrep-
resentation and mistake. The employees at the hearing contended
that the repudiation statement was obtained by coercion or intimi-
dation in that it was circulated either by a foreman or in his pres-
ence. Another implication of the dissatisfaction and confusion
among the employees is the danger of strife so long as the live ques-
tion of representation remains unanswered. The device of investi-
gation and election established by Section 9 (c) is designed to elimi-
nate one of the most potential causes of strife and labor disputes,
typified by the situation existing among the employees of the Mills.
3. The third point tending to show that a question concerning
representation has arisen is based upon the evidence that the Union
has endeavored to confer with the management on behalf of a num-
ber of employees asserted to be a majority, and the management has
DECISIONS AND ORDERS 63-
refused to meet With them, apparently on the ground that the Union
does not represent a substantial number of employees.
The Union negotiation committee was selected by approximately
50 employees at a meeting held on September 7, 1935. The com-
mittee on September 14 requested a meeting with the management
to confer regarding a proposed agreement submitted to the manage-
ment on the same date (Exhibit B-9). The Mills , through its
Executive Vice President, replied on September 17, advising the
committee that "on a very recent occasion practically all employees
of the respondent voluntarily expressed in writing, signed by them-
selves, their appreciation of the attitude of the Mills toward them
.* * :K." The management refused to meet with the committee
(Exhibit B-10).
If the above quoted excerpt has any significance whatever, it is
that the management intended to deny that the committee actually
represented a substantial number of employees . The signed state-
ment referred to in the Mills' letter was in fact merely a letter from
the employees to the management requesting that if possible the
Mills be kept running and promising "to do our part to try and
improve our work and get better production" (Exhibit R-5). This
letter Was a response to a statement made by the superintendent to
the employees that the Mill was operating at a loss and that it might
prove necessary to shut it down.
The Mills appears to rely heavily upon this statement , signed by
some 124 employees , 'as showing that they were "satisfied ", which in
turn, is taken to indicate that they did not desire to be represented
for collective bargaining . Neither of these deductions appears to be
warranted, in view of the surrounding circumstances.
It is clear , therefore , that the only reasonable inference from the
argument of the Mills on this point is that the management does not
believe that a substantial number of employees are in fact repre-
sented 'by the Union. Thus a question concerning representation is
squarely presented.
III. WHETHER THE QUESTION CONCERNING THE REPRESENTATION OF
EMPLOYEES WHICH HAS ARISEN IS A QUESTION AFFECTING COMMERCE
The Mills manufactures yarn for use by hosiery and underwear
knitting mills. The yarn is manufactured from cotton , substantially
all of which is grown in the State of Georgia, although the kind of
cotton used by the respondent, "North Georgia growth", is also
grown in Alabama and purchases have been made by the Mills of
cotton grown in that state . The processed yarn is sold direct to
knitting mills situated in Georgia , Tennessee , Alabama, Mississippi,
Minnesota , and New York. Approximately 620,000 pounds of yarn
64 NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
produced by the Mills in the period from September 1, 1934 through
October 31, 1935 were shipped to knitting mills outside the State of
Georgia, this amount representing 44% of the production during
that period. The Mills had on its payrolls about 246 employees on
November 2, 1935, and was operating approximately one shift and
a half.
The Mills has no exclusive selling contracts, and its customers buy
yarn from cotton mills situated in Georgia and other states.
A stoppage of work in the Mills would necessarily curtail or shut
off the flow of the manufactured product to knitting mills in other
states. The previous labor history of the Mills shows this to be true.
A strike took place in the Mills in September, 1934, involving stop-
page of work and a resulting diminution in the flow of processed
cotton to other states.
We conclude that the question concerning representation which
has arisen is a question affecting commerce.
IV. THE APPROPRIATE UNIT FOR THE PURPOSES OF COLLECTIVE BARGAINING
AND EMPLOYEES ELIGIBLE TO PARTICIPATE IN ELECTION
Pursuant to Section 9(b) of the Act, we have the duty to decide
what, in this case, constitutes the unit appropriate for the purposes
of collective bargaining. The Union is open to all employees, except
the supervisory and clerical force, of the Mills. The Mills has raised
no question concerning the appropriate bargaining unit, and it is
clear that in this case all employees of the Mills, except the super-
visory and clerical force, constitute the appropriate bargaining unit.
It appears that prior to August 15, 1935 the Mills was operating
on one shift and employed approximately 160 to 170 employees.
After that date, the force was increased, and on November 2, 1935,
two days before the hearing, 246 employees were on the company
payroll (Exhibit B-14). The Executive Vice President of the Mills
testified that most of the employees added to the payrolls after
August 15 were persons who had previously worked for the com-
pany.
No objection was raised by the Mills or by the Union to taking a
secret ballot of the employees on the payroll of November 2, 1935,
and we perceive no reason for depriving all such employees, except
the supervisory and clerical force, of the right to vote in the election.
CONCLUSION
In view of all the above evidence, we are of the opinion that there
has arisen a question affecting commerce concerning the representa-
tion of the employees of the Mills. We believe this to be a situa-
DECISIONS AND ORDERS 65
tion in which the device of an election is admirably designed to give
to the employees a free and clear choice, without the possibility of
confusion or intimidation . No more democratic method can be
conceived by us, nor one more suited to the modes of thought and
the habits of our society . It is all the more desirable when, as here,
there is a state of unrest and confusion existing among the employees
which, if allowed to proceed unchecked , gravely threatens to result
in strife . The Committee on Labor of the House of Representatives,
in reporting the National Labor Relations Act said , apropos of
Section 9 (c)
"Obviously the Board should not be required to wait until there
is a strike or immediate threat of strike. Where there are con-
tending factions of doubtful or unknown strength , or the representa-
tion claims of the only organized group in the bargaining unit are
challenged , there exists that potentiality of strife which the bill is
designed to eliminate by the establishment of this machinery for
prompt, governmentally supervised elections " (Report No. 1147,
74th Congress , at pp. 22-23).
We are of the opinion that the petition for certification filed by the
Union presents a question which falls squarely within the limits and
purposes of Section 9 (c).
FINDINGS OF FACT
1. The Gate City Cotton Mills is and has been since April 20, 1900,
a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of
Georgia, and is, and at all times since said date , has been engaged in
the manufacture of cotton yarn which it sells direct to knitting mills.
The Gate City Cotton Mills has its general offices in Atlanta, Georgia,
and its mill site in East Point, Georgia . As of November 12, 1935,
it employed 246 persons engaged in manufacturing operations
(Exhibit B-14).
2. The Gate City Cotton Mills sells and ships 44% of its output
to states other than Georgia (Exhibit B-16). The Gate City Cotton
Mills purchases raw cotton from growers and merchants , processes
the cotton into yarn , and sells the yarn to knitting mills located in
Georgia, Tennessee , Alabama, Mississippi , Minnesota , and New York.
These knitting mills also purchase yarn from competitors of the
Gate City Cotton Mills located in states other than Georgia.
3. The United Textile Workers of America, Local No. 1938 is a
labor organization which obtained a charter on September 22, 1933,
as a local labor union affiliated with the United Textile Workers of
America. The employees , except the supervisory and clerical force,
of four plants , including the Gate City Cotton Mills, are eligible for
membership in United Textile Workers of America, Local 1938.
'66 NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
4. The employees on the payroll of the Gate City Cotton Mills on
November 2, 1935, except the supervisory and clerical force, constitute
the unit appropriate for the purposes of collective bargaining within
the meaning of Section 9 (b) of the Act.
5. The United Textile Workers of America, Local No. 1938 has
been selected by a substantial number of employees of the Gate City
Cotton Mills.
6. By letter dated September 14, 1935, the United Textile Workers
of America, Local No. 1938, through a special committee designated
for the purpose at a union meeting held on September 7, 1935,
requested the Gate City Cotton Mills to grant a conference for the
purpose of negotiating an agreement, a draft of which was enclosed
in said letter (Exhibit B-9). The committee stated that it repre-
sented a majority of the employees of the Gate City Cotton Mills.
7. The Executive Vice President of the Gate City Cotton Mills
replied by letter dated September 17, 1935, that the employees of
the Gate City Cotton Mills were content with their treatment, and
that in no event would the Gate City Cotton Mills enter into an
agreement with any group of employees " In respect to the conduct
of " the business of the Gate City Cotton Mills (Exhibit B-10).
8. Numerous petitions and statements have been circulated among
the employees by the management of the Gate City Cotton Mills as
well as by the United Textile Workers of America, Local No. 1938,
and confusion exists in the minds of the employees as to the docu-
ments which they have signed and the `effects thereof. The employees
have at no time had an opportunity to vote on acceptance or rejection
of the United Textile Workers of America, Local No. 1938 as their
representative for the purposes of collective bargaining (Exhibit
R-4, p. 11).
9. The Gate City Cotton Mills denies that the Union represents a
substantial number of employees; the United Textile Workers of
America, Local No. 1938 claims representation of a majority. These
conflicting assertions have given rise to a question concerning the
representation of employees, which question is rendered the more
difficult to resolve by reason of the confusion existing among the
employees, arising from petitions and counter-petitions, authoriza-
tions signed and repudiated.
10. A question concerning representation has arisen among the
employees of the Gate City Cotton Mills within the meaning of
Section 9 (c) of the Act.
11. The question concerning representation which has arisen is a
question affecting commerce in that continuance of the present un-
certain situation among the employees of the Gate City Cotton Mills
is conducive to discord, and tends to lead to labor disputes, industrial
strife and unrest. This in turn would have the necessary effect of
DECISIONS AND ORDERS 67
burdening or obstructing commerce and the free flow of commerce
by materially affecting, restraining or controlling the free flow of
cotton to the Gate City Cotton Mills and of the free flow of yarn
from the Gate City Cotton Mills.
DIRECTION OF ELECTION
By virtue of and pursuant to the power vested in the National
Labor Relations Board by Section 9 of the National Labor Rela-
tions Act, approved July 5, 1935, and pursuant to Article III, Sec-
tion 8, of National Labor Relations Board Rules and Regulations.
Series 1, it is
DIRECTED that, as part of the investigation authorized by the Board
in the above case to ascertain representatives for collective bargain-
ing with the Gate City Cotton Mills, East Point, Georgia, an election
by secret ballot shall be conducted within a period of one week from
the date of this decision under the direction and supervision of the
Regional Director, Tenth Region, acting in this matter as the agent
of the National Labor Relations Board and subject to Article III,,
Section 9 of said Rules and Regulations, among the employees, ex-
cept the clerical and supervisory force, on the payroll of the Gate
City Cotton Mills, on November 2, 1935, and those employed be-
tween that date and the date of this decision, excepting supervisory
and clerical employees and those who quit or have been discharged-
for cause during such period, to determine whether or not they
desire to be represented by Local No. 1938 of the United Textile
Workers of America.