Rule 2.302 - Duty to Disclose; General Rules Governing Discovery(A) Required Initial Disclosures. (1) In General. Except as exempted by these rules, stipulation, or court order, a party must, without awaiting a discovery request, provide to the other parties: (a) the factual basis of the party's claims and defenses;(b) the legal theories on which the party's claims and defenses are based, including, if necessary for a reasonable understanding of the claim or defense, citations to relevant legal authorities;(c) the name and, if known, the address and telephone number of each individual likely to have discoverable information-along with the subjects of that information-that the disclosing party may use to support its claims or defenses, unless the use would be solely for impeachment;(d) a copy-or a description by category and location-of all documents, ESI, and tangible things that the disclosing party has in its possession, custody, or control and may use to support its claims or defenses, unless the use would be solely for impeachment;(e) a description by category and location of all documents, ESI, and tangible things that are not in the disclosing party's possession, custody, or control that the disclosing party may use to support its claims or defenses, unless the use would be solely for impeachment. The description must include the name and, if known, the address and telephone number of the person who has possession, custody, or control of the material;(f) a computation of each category of damages claimed by the disclosing party, who must also make available for inspection and copying as under MCR 2.310 the documents or other evidentiary material, unless privileged or protected from disclosure, on which each computation is based, including materials bearing on the nature and extent of injuries suffered;(g) a copy (or an opportunity to inspect a copy) of pertinent portions of any insurance, indemnity, security equivalent, or suretyship agreement under which another person may be liable to satisfy all or part of a possible judgment in the action or to indemnify or reimburse for payments made to satisfy the judgment, including self-insured retention and limitations on coverage, indemnity, or reimbursement for amounts available to satisfy a judgment; and(h) the anticipated subject areas of expert testimony.(2) Additional Disclosures for No-Fault Cases. In addition to the disclosures under subrule (A)(1), in a case asserting a first-party claim for benefits under the Michigan no-fault act, MCL 500.3101, et seq., the following disclosures must be made without awaiting a discovery request: (a) A defendant from whom no-fault benefits are claimed must disclose: (i) a copy of the first-party claim file and a privilege log for any redactions and (ii) the payments the insurance company has made on the claim.(b) The plaintiff must disclose all applicable claims, including all of the following information within the plaintiff's possession, custody, or control: (i) the identity of those who provided medical, household, and attendant care services to plaintiff,(ii) all provider bills or outstanding balances for which the plaintiff seeks reimbursement,(iii) the name, address, and phone number of plaintiff's employers, and(iv) the additional disclosures under subrule (A)(3).(3) Additional Disclosures by Claimants for Damages for Personal Injury. A party claiming damages for injury arising from a mental or physical condition must provide the other parties with executed medical record authorizations in the form approved by the State Court Administrative Office or in a form agreed by the parties for all persons, institutions, hospitals, and other custodians in actual possession of medical information relating to the condition, unless the party asserts privilege pursuant to MCR 2.314(B).(4) Cases Exempt from Initial Disclosure. Unless otherwise stipulated or ordered, the following are exempt from initial disclosure under subrule (A)(1)-(3): (a) an appeal to the circuit court under subchapter 7.100;(b) an action in district court (see MCR 2.301[A][2]);(c) an action under subchapter 3.200;(d) an action brought without an attorney by a person in the custody of the United States, a state, or a state subdivision;(e) an action to enforce or quash an administrative summons or a subpoena;(f) a proceeding ancillary to a proceeding in another court, including an action for a subpoena under MCR 2.305(E) or (F);(g) an action to compel or stay arbitration or to confirm, vacate, enforce, modify, or correct an arbitration award;(h) an action for collection of penalties, fines, forfeitures, or forfeited recognizances under MCR 3.605;(i) personal protection proceedings under subchapter 3.700; and(j) an action for habeas corpus under MCR 3.303 and 3.304.(5) Time for Initial Disclosures. (a) Application of Time Limits. These deadlines apply unless a stipulation or order sets a different time.(b) In General. (i) A party that files a complaint, counterclaim, cross-claim, or third-party complaint must serve its initial disclosures within 14 days after any opposing party files an answer to that pleading.(ii) A party answering a complaint, counterclaim, cross-claim, or third-party complaint must serve its initial disclosures within the later of 14 days after the opposing party's disclosures are due or 28 days after the party files its answer.(iii) A party serving disclosures need only serve parties that have appeared. The party must serve later-appearing parties within 14 days of the appearance.(c) Parties Served or Joined Later. A party first served or otherwise joined after the time for initial disclosures under subrule (A)(5)(a) or (b) must serve its initial disclosures within 14 days after filing the party's first pleading, unless a stipulation or order sets a different time.(6) Basis for Initial Disclosure; Unacceptable Excuses. A party must serve initial disclosures based on the information then reasonably available to the party. However, a party is not excused from making disclosures because the party has not fully investigated the case or because the party challenges the sufficiency of another party's disclosures or because another party has not made its disclosures.(7) Form of Disclosures. Disclosures under subrule (A) are subject to MCR 2.302(G), must be in writing, signed, and served, and a proof of service must be promptly filed.(B) Scope of Discovery.(1) In General. Parties may obtain discovery regarding any non-privileged matter that is relevant to any party's claims or defenses and proportional to the needs of the case, taking into account all pertinent factors, including whether the burden or expense of the proposed discovery outweighs its likely benefit, the complexity of the case, the importance of the issues at stake in the action, the amount in controversy, and the parties' resources and access to relevant information. Information within the scope of discovery need not be admissible in evidence to be discoverable.(2) Insurance Agreements. A party may obtain discovery of the existence and contents of an insurance agreement under which a person carrying on an insurance business may be liable to satisfy part or all of a judgment which may be entered in the action or to indemnify or reimburse for payments made to satisfy the judgment. Information concerning the insurance agreement is not by reason of disclosure admissible at trial. For purposes of this subrule, an application for insurance is not part of an insurance agreement.(3) Trial Preparation; Materials. (a) Subject to the provisions of subrule (B)(4), a party may obtain discovery of documents and tangible things otherwise discoverable under subrule (B)(1) and prepared in anticipation of litigation or for trial by or for another party or another party's representative (including an attorney, consultant, surety, indemnitor, insurer, or agent) only on a showing that the party seeking discovery has substantial need of the materials in the preparation of the case and is unable without undue hardship to obtain the substantial equivalent of the materials by other means. In ordering discovery of such materials when the required showing has been made, the court shall protect against disclosure of the mental impressions, conclusions, opinions, or legal theories of an attorney or other representative of a party concerning the litigation.(b) Without the showing required by subrule (B)(3)(a), a party or a nonparty may obtain a statement concerning the action or its subject matter previously made by the person making the request. A nonparty whose request is refused may move for a court order. The provisions of MCR 2.313(A)(5) apply to the award of expenses incurred in relation to the motion.(c) For purposes of subrule (B)(3)(b), a statement previously made is(i) a written statement signed or otherwise adopted or approved by the person making it; or(ii) a stenographic, mechanical, electrical, or other recording, or a transcription of it, which is a substantially verbatim recital of an oral statement by the person making it and contemporaneously recorded.(4) Trial Preparation; Experts. Discovery of facts known and opinions held by experts, otherwise discoverable under the provisions of subrule (B)(1) and acquired or developed in anticipation of litigation or for trial, may be obtained only as follows: (a)(i) A party may through interrogatories require another party to identify each person whom the other party expects to call as an expert witness at trial, to state the subject matter about which the expert is expected to testify, and to state the substance of the facts and opinions to which the expert is expected to testify and a summary of the grounds for each opinion.(ii) A party may take the deposition of a person whom the other party expects to call as an expert witness at trial. The party taking the deposition may notice that the deposition is to be taken for the purpose of discovery only and that it shall not be admissible at trial except for the purpose of impeachment, without the necessity of obtaining a protective order as set forth in MCR 2.302(C)(7).(iii) On motion, the court may order further discovery by other means, subject to such restrictions as to scope and such provisions (pursuant to subrule [B][4][c]) concerning fees and expenses as the court deems appropriate.(b) A party may not discover the identity of and facts known or opinions held by an expert who has been retained or specially employed by another party in anticipation of litigation or preparation for trial and who is not expected to be called as a witness at trial, except(i) as provided in MCR 2.311, or(ii) where an order has been entered on a showing of exceptional circumstances under which it is impracticable for the party seeking discovery to obtain facts or opinions on the same subject by other means.(c) Unless manifest injustice would result (i) the court shall require that the party seeking discovery under subrules (B)(4)(a)(ii) or (iii) or (B)(4)(b) pay the expert a reasonable fee for time spent in a deposition, but not including preparation time; and(ii) with respect to discovery obtained under subrule (B)(4)(a)(ii) or (iii), the court may require, and with respect to discovery obtained under subrule (B)(4)(b) the court shall require, the party seeking discovery to pay the other party a fair portion of the fees and expenses reasonably incurred by the latter party in obtaining facts and opinions from the expert.(d) A party may depose a witness that he or she expects to call as an expert at trial. The deposition may be taken at any time before trial on reasonable notice to the opposite party, and may be offered as evidence at trial as provided in MCR 2.308(A). The court need not adjourn the trial because of the unavailability of expert witnesses or their depositions.(e) Subrule (B)(3)(a) protects drafts of any interrogatory answer required under subrule (B)(4)(a)(i), regardless of the form in which the draft is recorded.(f) Subrule (B)(3)(a) protects communications between the party's attorney and any expert witness under subrule (B)(4), regardless of the form of the communications, except to the extent that the communications:(i) relate to compensation for the expert's study or testimony;(ii) identify facts or data that the party's attorney provided and that the expert considered in forming the opinions to be expressed; or(iii) identify assumptions that the party's attorney provided and that the expert relied on in forming the opinions to be expressed.(5) Duty to Preserve ESI. A party has the same obligation to preserve ESI as it does for all other types of information.(6) Limitation of Discovery of ESI. A party need not provide discovery of ESI from sources that the party identifies as not reasonably accessible because of undue burden or cost. On motion to compel discovery or for a protective order, the party from whom discovery is sought must show that the information is not reasonably accessible because of undue burden or cost. If that showing is made, the court may nonetheless order discovery if the requesting party shows good cause, considering proportionality under subrule (B)(1) and the limitations of subrule (C). The court may specify conditions for the discovery, including allocation of the expense, and may limit the frequency or extent of discovery of ESI (whether or not the ESI is from a source that is reasonably accessible).(7) Information Inadvertently Produced. If information that is subject to a claim of privilege or of protection as trial-preparation material is produced in discovery, the party making the claim may notify any party that received the information of the claim and the basis for it. After being notified, a party must promptly return, sequester, or destroy the specified information and any copies it has and may not use or disclose the information until the claim is resolved. A receiving party may promptly present the information to the court under seal for a determination of the claim. If the receiving party disclosed the information before being notified, it must take reasonable steps to retrieve it. The producing party must preserve the information until the claim is resolved.(C) Protective Orders. On motion by a party or by the person from whom discovery is sought, and on reasonable notice and for good cause shown, the court in which the action is pending may issue any order that justice requires to protect a party or person from annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or undue burden or expense, including one or more of the following orders: (1) that the discovery not be had;(2) that the discovery may be had only on specified terms and conditions, including a designation of the time or place;(3) that the discovery may be had only by a method of discovery other than that selected by the party seeking discovery;(4) that certain matters not be inquired into, or that the scope of the discovery be limited to certain matters;(5) that discovery be conducted with no one present except persons designated by the court;(6) that a deposition, after being sealed, be opened only by order of the court;(7) that a deposition shall be taken only for the purpose of discovery and shall not be admissible in evidence except for the purpose of impeachment;(8) that a trade secret or other confidential research, development, or commercial information not be disclosed or be disclosed only in a designated way;(9) that the parties simultaneously file specified documents or information enclosed in sealed envelopes to be opened as directed by the court. If the motion for a protective order is denied in whole or in part, the court may, on terms and conditions as are just, order that a party or person provide or permit discovery. The provisions of MCR 2.313(A)(5) apply to the award of expenses incurred in relation to the motion.
(D) Sequence of Discovery. Unless the court orders otherwise, methods of discovery may be used in any sequence, and the fact that a party is conducting discovery, whether by deposition or otherwise, does not operate to delay another party's discovery.(E) Supplementing Disclosures and Responses. (1) Duty to Supplement. (a) In General. A party that has made a disclosure under MCR 2.302(A) -or that has responded to an interrogatory, request for production, or request for admission-must supplement or correct its disclosure or response: (i) in a timely manner if the party learns that in some material respect the disclosure or response is incomplete or incorrect, and if the additional or corrective information has not otherwise been made known to the other parties during the discovery process or in writing or(ii) as ordered by the court(b) Order, Agreement, or Request. A duty to supplement disclosures or responses may be imposed by order of the court, agreement of the parties, or at any time before trial through requests for supplementation.(2) Failure to Supplement. If the court finds, by way of motion or otherwise, that a party has not supplemented disclosures or responses as required by this subrule the court may enter an order as is just, including an order providing the sanctions stated in MCR 2.313(B), and, in particular, MCR 2.313(B)(2)(b).(F) Changes to Discovery Procedure. A court order or written and filed stipulation of the affected parties may: (1) provide that depositions may be taken before any person, at any time or place, on any notice, and in any manner, and when so taken may be used like other depositions; and(2) change the disclosure requirements in MCR 2.302(A) and the limits on interrogatories in MCR 2.309(A)(2); and(3) modify or waive the other procedures of these rules regarding discovery so long as not inconsistent with a court order, but a stipulation may not change scheduling order deadlines without court approval.(G) Signing of Disclosures, Discovery Requests, Responses, and Objections; Sanctions. (1) In addition to any other signature required by these rules, every disclosure under MCR 2.302(A), every request for discovery, and every response or objection to such a request made by a party represented by an attorney shall be signed by at least one attorney of record. A party who is not represented by an attorney must sign the disclosure, request, response, or objection.(2) If a disclosure, request, response, or objection is not signed, it shall be stricken unless it is signed promptly after the omission is called to the attention of the party making the disclosure, request, response, or objection, and another party need not take any action with respect to it until it is signed.(3) The signature of the attorney or party constitutes a certification that he or she has read the disclosure, request, response, or objection, and that to the best of the signer's knowledge, information, and belief formed after a reasonable inquiry: (a) the disclosure is (i) complete and correct as of the time it is made; and(ii) consistent with these rules and warranted by existing law or a good-faith argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law;(b) the discovery request, response, or objection is:(i) consistent with these rules and warranted by existing law or a good faith argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law;(ii) not interposed for any improper purpose, such as to harass or to cause unnecessary delay or needless increase in the cost of litigation; and(iii) not unreasonable or unduly burdensome or expensive, given the needs of the case, the discovery already had in the case, the amount in controversy, and the importance of the issues at stake in the litigation.(4) If a certification is made in violation of this rule, the court, on the motion of a party or on its own initiative, may impose upon the person who made the certification, the party on whose behalf the disclosure, request, response, or objection is made, or both, an appropriate sanction, which may include an order to pay the amount of the reasonable expenses incurred because of the violation, including reasonable attorney fees.(H) Filing and Service of Disclosure and Discovery Materials. (1) Unless required by a particular rule, disclosures, requests, responses, depositions, and other discovery materials may not be filed with the court except as follows: (a) If the materials are to be used in connection with a motion, they must be attached to the motion, response, or an accompanying affidavit.(b) If the materials are to be used at trial, they shall not be filed with the court, but must be submitted to the judge and made an exhibit under MCR 2.518 or MCR 3.930;(c) The court may order disclosure or discovery materials to be filed.(2) Copies of disclosure and discovery materials served under these rules must be served on all parties, unless the court has entered an order under MCR 2.107(F).(3) On appeal, only disclosure and discovery materials that were filed or made exhibits are part of the record on appeal.(4) MCR 2.316 governs removal and destruction of disclosure and discovery materials.Amended June 19, 2019, effective 1/1/2020; amended October 28, 2020, effective 1/1/2021.