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In Zwiers, on remand, the trial court granted the defendants' motion for summary disposition, holding that the Supreme Court overruled the Court of Appeal's decision in Zwiers.
Summary of this case from Tyra v. Organ Procurement Agency of Mich.Opinion
Submitted Sept. 1, 2009, at Lansing.
Kuiper Orlebeke PC, Grand Rapids (by Jon J. Schrotenboer) for plaintiff.
Smith Haughey Rice & Roegge (by Jon D. Vander Ploeg, John C. O'Loughlin, and Jason R. Sebolt), Grand Rapids, for defendants.
Before: MURPHY, P.J., and METER and BECKERING, JJ.
MURPHY, P.J.
[286 Mich.App. 39] In this medical malpractice lawsuit, plaintiff appeals as of right the trial court's order granting summary disposition in favor of defendants under MCR 2.116(C)(7). At issue is whether plaintiff's case was properly dismissed when she mistakenly filed her complaint and affidavit of merit 181 days after serving her notice of intent (NOI) on defendants, instead of commencing her action one day later or at least 182 days following service of the notice, as required by [286 Mich.App. 40]MCL 600.2912b(1). The trial court dismissed the action, ruling that the premature filing of the complaint and affidavit was ineffective to commence the action and that the period of limitations had subsequently expired. While Burton v. Reed City Hosp. Corp., 471 Mich. 745, 691 N.W.2d 424 (2005), standing alone, would compel us to affirm, Burton did not address or consider MCL 600.2301, which, in the furtherance of justice, permits a court to amend any process or proceeding and to disregard any error or defect in the proceedings if substantial rights are not affected. In Bush v. Shabahang, 484 Mich. 156, 772 N.W.2d 272 (2009), our Supreme Court interpreted MCL 600.2301, determining that it was implicated and applicable with respect to compliance failures under the NOI statute, MCL 600.2912b. On the strength of MCL 600.2301 and Bush, and given plaintiff's good-faith effort to comply with the NOI statute, a failure to show that the legislative purpose behind enactment of the NOI statute was harmed or defeated, and given that defendants' substantial rights were not affected, we reverse and remand in the " furtherance of justice." This appeal has been decided without oral argument pursuant to MCR 7.214(E).
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Plaintiff alleged that she suffered injuries resulting from defendant Dr. Sean Growney's negligent placement of an intrathecal morphine pain pump on September 2, 2005. On August 30, 2007, plaintiff served her NOI on defendants. On February 27, 2008, she filed her complaint and accompanying affidavit of merit. Plaintiff does not dispute that her complaint and affidavit of merit were filed one day too early in contravention of the 182-day notice and waiting period set forth in MCL 600.2912b(1). To be in [286 Mich.App. 41] compliance with MCL 600.2912b(1), the complaint and affidavit needed to be filed on or after February 28, 2008. The period of limitations, tolled by the NOI, MCL 600.5856(c), expired shortly thereafter.
The record indicates that the error in filing the complaint and affidavit a day early was entirely inadvertent, with counsel mistakenly interpreting his file note that the notice period expired on February 27, 2008, to mean that said date was the earliest the summons and complaint could be filed. There is no claim by the parties that they were involved in settlement negotiations on the date the complaint was filed, nor do defendants claim that plaintiff filed her pleadings a day early in bad faith; it was a simple mistake, but one that ultimately deprived plaintiff of her day in court.
Defendants moved for summary disposition, arguing that under Burton, supra, a complaint filed before the statutory waiting period expires does not effectively commence the action and, if the period of limitations elapses in the meantime, dismissal with prejudice is required. The trial court agreed and granted defendants' motion, indicating that it lacked discretion to rule otherwise.
II. ANALYSIS
A. STANDARD OF REVIEW AND MCR 2.116(C)(7)
This Court reviews de novo a trial court's decision on a motion for summary disposition in order to determine whether the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Bush, supra at 164, 772 N.W.2d 272. Questions of statutory interpretation are also reviewed de novo on appeal. Id. Finally, review de novo is likewise applicable with respect to the issue whether a court properly dismissed an action [286 Mich.App. 42] on the basis of the statute of limitations. Collins v. Comerica Bank, 468 Mich. 628, 631, 664 N.W.2d 713 (2003).
Summary disposition is proper when a " claim is barred because of ... [the] statute of limitations...." MCR 2.116(C)(7). The following principles are applicable to motions brought pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(7):
[T]his Court must consider not only the pleadings, but also any affidavits, depositions, admissions, or other documentary evidence filed or submitted by the parties. The contents of the complaint must be accepted as true unless contradicted by the documentary evidence. This Court must consider the documentary evidence in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party. If there is no factual dispute, whether a plaintiff's claim is barred under a principle set forth in MCR 2.116(C)(7) is a question of law for the court to decide. If a factual dispute exists, however, summary disposition is not appropriate. RDM Holdings, Ltd. v. Continental Plastics Co.,
B. RELEVANT STATUTORY PROVISIONS AND RULES OF STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION
Before a medical malpractice action can be filed, a plaintiff must give a potential defendant notice in compliance with MCL 600.2912b. Neal v. Oakwood Hosp. Corp., 226 Mich.App. 701, 704-705, 575 N.W.2d 68 (1997). MCL 600.2912b(1) provides:
Except as otherwise provided in this section, a person shall not commence an action alleging medical malpractice against a health professional or health facility unless the person has given the health professional or health facility written notice under this section not less than 182 days before the action is commenced.
The instances in which the 182-day notice and waiting period do not apply, MCL 600.2912b(3) and (8), are not implicated under the circumstances of this case.
[286 Mich.App. 43]MCL 600.5856 addresses the tolling of the statute of limitations and provides, in pertinent part:
The statutes of limitations or repose are tolled in any of the following circumstances:
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(c) At the time notice is given in compliance with the applicable notice period under section 2912b, if during that period a claim would be barred by the statute of limitations or repose; but in this case, the statute is tolled not longer than the number of days equal to the number of days remaining in the applicable notice period after the date notice is given.
Considering that the general limitations period for medical malpractice actions is two years from the date the claim accrued, MCL 600.5805(6); Potter v. McLeary, 484 Mich. 397, 405, 774 N.W.2d 1 (2009), plaintiff's claim would ordinarily have become time-barred during the notice period and, therefore, the tolling provision of § 5856(c) was implicated, tolling the statute of limitations during the notice period.
The other statutory provision that is the subject of argument in this case is MCL 600.2301, which plaintiff contends provided the trial court a discretionary basis to reject dismissal of the case. MCL 600.2301 provides, in full:
The court in which any action or proceeding is pending, has power to amend any process, pleading or proceeding in such action or proceeding, either in form or substance, for the furtherance of justice, on such terms as are just, at any time before judgment rendered therein. The court at every stage of the action or proceeding shall disregard any error or defect in the proceedings which do not affect the substantial rights of the parties.
[286 Mich.App. 44] This case requires us to not only contemplate the Michigan Supreme Court's holdings in Burton and Bush but to interpret MCL 600.2912b and MCL 600.2301. Our primary task in construing a statute is to discern and give effect to the intent of the Legislature. Shinholster v. Annapolis Hosp., 471 Mich. 540, 548-549, 685 N.W.2d 275 (2004). The words contained in a statute provide us with the most reliable evidence of the Legislature's intent. Id. at 549, 685 N.W.2d 275. In ascertaining legislative intent, this Court gives effect to every word, phrase, and clause in the statute. Id. We must consider both the plain meaning of the critical words or phrases as well as their placement and purpose in the statutory scheme. Id. This Court must avoid a construction that would render any part of a statute surplusage or nugatory. Bageris v. Brandon Twp., 264 Mich.App. 156, 162, 691 N.W.2d 459 (2004). " ‘ The statutory language must be read and understood in its grammatical context, unless it is clear that something different was intended.’ " Shinholster, supra at 549, 685 N.W.2d 275 (citation omitted). If the wording or language of a statute is unambiguous, the Legislature is deemed to have intended the meaning clearly expressed, and we must enforce the statute as written. Id. " A necessary corollary of these principles is that a court may read nothing into an unambiguous statute that is not within the manifest intent of the Legislature as derived from the words of the statute itself." Roberts v. Mecosta Co. Gen. Hosp., 466 Mich. 57, 63, 642 N.W.2d 663 (2002).
C. BURTON v. REED CITY HOSP. CORP.
Defendants contend that Burton mandates affirmance of the trial court's ruling dismissing the case. Standing alone, Burton does indeed call for us to affirm dismissal of plaintiff's action. In Burton, the plaintiff [286 Mich.App. 45] filed his medical malpractice complaint and affidavit of merit before the expiration of the notice period provided in MCL 600.2912b(1). Our Supreme Court stated that the case presented " the question whether a complaint alleging medical malpractice that is filed before the expiration of the notice period provided by MCL 600.2912b tolls the period of limitations." Burton, supra at 747, 691 N.W.2d 424. The Court found that § 2912b(1) was unambiguous in expressing that a person " shall not" commence an action until the notice period has expired; therefore, a complaint that is filed before the notice period expires " is ineffective to toll the limitations period." Id. The Burton Court further ruled:
The directive in § 2912b(1) that a person " shall not" commence a medical malpractice action until the expiration of the notice period is similar to the directive in § 2912d(1) that a plaintiff's attorney " shall file with the complaint an affidavit of merit...." Each statute sets forth a prerequisite condition to the commencement of a medical malpractice lawsuit. The filing of a complaint before the expiration of the statutorily mandated notice period is no more effective to commence a lawsuit than the filing of a complaint without the required affidavit of merit. In each instance, the failure to comply with the statutory requirement renders the complaint insufficient to commence the action. [ Id. at 753-754, 691 N.W.2d 424 (omission in original).]
Thus, when plaintiff here filed suit one day premature in violation of MCL 600.2912b(1), i.e., 181 days after giving notice instead of 182 days, she did not technically commence the medical malpractice action for purposes of the statute of limitations. It is the filing of a complaint and affidavit of merit in a medical malpractice suit that typically further tolls the statute of limitations. Kirkaldy v. Rim, 478 Mich. 581, 585, 734 N.W.2d 201 (2007), citing MCL 600.5856(a) and MCL 600.2912d. But because plaintiff did not effectively [286 Mich.App. 46] commence her action, even though the parties proceeded with the litigation, the clock on the two-year period of limitations resumed running and then expired. After expiration of the limitations period, defendants filed their motion for summary disposition.
Although application of Burton alone would require us to affirm the summary dismissal of plaintiff's case, the Court in Burton, as opposed to the case at bar, was not presented with an argument under MCL 600.2301. And that statutory provision has now been construed by the Supreme Court in Bush in the context of its application to the requirements in the NOI statute. Given that Burton did not address MCL 600.2301 and that Bush has shed new light on MCL 600.2301 and its effect on the NOI statute, and considering that plaintiff has posed an argument to us under § 2301, we are obligated to discuss and analyze whether Burton should be followed under the circumstances of this case. We cannot blindly follow Burton if MCL 600.2301 and Bush demand a different outcome.
D. BUSH v. SHABAHANG
The decision in Bush had not yet been issued when the trial court made its ruling, or when the parties filed their appellate briefs. In Bush, the Court addressed the question whether a substantively defective NOI, timely mailed, precluded the tolling of the statute of limitations on a medical malpractice claim. The Court concluded " that the 2004 amendments of MCL 600.5856 ... significantly clarified the proper role of an NOI provided pursuant to MCL 600.2912b[,]" and the Court held that, " if an NOI is timely, the statute of limitations is tolled despite defects contained therein." Bush, supra at 161, 772 N.W.2d 272. Moreover, the Court held " that the purpose of [286 Mich.App. 47] the NOI statute is better served by allowing for defects in NOIs to be addressed in light of MCL 600.2301, which allows for amendment and disregard of ‘ any error or defect’ where the substantial rights of the parties are not affected and the cure is in the furtherance of justice." Id. The Bush Court addressed the interplay between MCL 600.2912b and MCL 600. 2301, reasoning and stating:
In determining legislative intent, we should also consider other relevant statutory provisions. To that end, we consider the Revised Judicature Act (RJA) to see if other appropriate remedies exist that are consistent with the intended purpose of § 2912b. We have long recognized that the RJA does provide a mechanism to cure certain defects within pleadings in MCL 600.2301. We note that the language of § 2301 goes beyond the limited concept of amendment of " pleadings" and allows for curing of certain defects in any " process, pleading or proceeding."
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Service of an NOI is clearly part of a medical malpractice " process" or " proceeding" in Michigan. Section 2912b mandates that " an action alleging medical malpractice" in Michigan " shall not commence ... unless the person has given the health professional or health facility written notice...." Since an NOI must be given before a medical malpractice claim can be filed, the service of an NOI is a part of a medical malpractice " proceeding." As a result, § 2301 applies to the NOI " process." As Justice CAVANAGH opined in his dissent in Boodt [ v. Borgess Med. Ctr., 481 Mich. 558, 567-572, 751 N.W.2d 44 (2008) ], this Court has for several decades applied MCL 600.2301 or its predecessor (which contained nearly identical language) to allow amendment of documents that, although not aptly characterized as pleadings, might well fall under the broad category of a " process" or " proceeding." Accordingly, we hold that § 2301 may be employed to cure defects in an NOI.
We recognize that § 2301 allows for amendment of errors or defects, whether the defect is in form or in [286 Mich.App. 48] substance, but only when the amendment would be " for the furtherance of justice." Additionally, § 2301 mandates that courts disregard errors or defects when those errors or defects do not affect the substantial rights of the parties. Thus, the applicability of § 2301 rests on a two-pronged test: first, whether a substantial right of a party is implicated and, second, whether a cure is in the furtherance of justice. If both of these prongs are satisfied, a cure will be allowed " on such terms as are just." [ Bush, supra at 176-178, 772 N.W.2d 272 (citations omitted; omissions in original).]
With respect to the furtherance-of-justice prong of the test, the Court explained that it is satisfied " when a party makes a good-faith attempt to comply with the content requirements of § 2912b." Id. at 178, 772 N.W.2d 272. A court should only consider dismissal when the plaintiff has not made a good-faith attempt to comply with § 2912b. Id.
Applying the standards to the case, the Bush Court found that the NOI defects did not warrant dismissal and that the defects fell " squarely within the ambit of § 2301 and should be disregarded or cured by amendment. " Id. at 180, 772 N.W.2d 272 (emphasis added). Our Supreme Court, finding that a good-faith attempt to comply with § 2912b had been made, held that the defects could be cured under § 2301 because the substantial rights of the parties were not affected and that disregard or amendment of the defects would be in the furtherance of justice. Id. at 180-181, 772 N.W.2d 272.
We conclude that the concepts and principles cited and relied on in Bush are equally applicable here for the reasons that we shall explore below in our discussion.
E. DISCUSSION
We begin by noting the importance of recognizing the purpose for which the NOI requirement was enacted by the Legislature. In Neal, supra at 705, 575 N.W.2d 68, this Court explained:
[286 Mich.App. 49] The purpose of the notice requirement is to promote settlement without the need for formal litigation and reduce the cost of medical malpractice litigation while still providing compensation for meritorious medical malpractice claims that might otherwise be precluded from recovery because of litigation costs. Senate Legislative Analysis, SB 270, August 11, 1993; House Legislative Analysis, HB 4403-4406, March 22, 1993.
See also Bush, supra at 174, 772 N.W.2d 272.
The fact that plaintiff filed suit one day early in no way defeated the purpose and goal of § 2912b to promote settlement. There is no indication in the parties' arguments or the record that the parties were on the verge of settlement or even engaged in settlement negotiations when suit was filed. This is not a case in which plaintiff defiantly and abruptly filed an action, halting settlement talks. Moreover, the act of filing suit a day early certainly did not increase the costs of the medical malpractice litigation. Furthermore, allowing the case to be dismissed without any review whatsoever of the potential merits of plaintiff's serious allegations of medical malpractice would fly directly in the face of the Legislature's intent to have injured parties receive compensation for meritorious claims.
We now turn to Bush and its implications and impact with respect to the case at bar. We recognize that Bush dealt with a violation or defect in regard to the NOI content requirements of § 2912b(4) and not a violation or defect in the proceedings arising out of § 2912b(1). However, Bush makes it abundantly clear that MCL 600.2301 is applicable to the entire NOI process and any compliance failures under the NOI statute. Bush, supra at 176-177, 772 N.W.2d 272 (service of an NOI is part of a medical malpractice proceeding and as a result " § 2301 applies to the NOI ‘ process' " ). The Bush Court stated that § 2301 goes beyond the amendment of pleadings and [286 Mich.App. 50] reaches defects in any process, pleading, or proceeding. Id. at 176, 772 N.W.2d 272.MCL 600.2301 expressly speaks of errors or defects in the proceedings, and it cannot reasonably be disputed that the premature filing of a complaint under § 2912b(1) constitutes an error or defect in the proceedings. MCL 600. 2301 also addresses the power of amendment relative to process, pleadings, and proceedings, and the concept of " process" clearly encompasses the issuance of a summons, the filing of a complaint, service of the summons and complaint on a defendant, and the overall commencement of an action that compels a defendant to respond. See MCR 2.101 et seq. Additionally, the filing of a complaint is part of any civil " proceedings." See MCR 2.001 and 2.101(B).
Pursuant to Bush, the authority to invoke MCL 600.2301 rests on a two-pronged test, requiring consideration of (1) whether a substantial right of a party is implicated and (2) whether a cure of the error or defect would further the interests of justice. Bush, supra at 177, 772 N.W.2d 272.
In applying the first prong of the test where the contents of the plaintiff's NOI were deficient, the Bush Court stated:
A defendant who has enough medical expertise to opine in his or her own defense certainly has the ability to understand the nature of claims being asserted against him or her even in the presence of defects in the NOI. Accordingly, we conclude that no substantial right of a health care provider is implicated. [ Id. at 178, 772 N.W.2d 272.]
This analysis is comparable to examining whether a party would be prejudiced by the defect or error in the proceedings. Substantial rights would be implicated and affected if prejudice flowed from the defect or error at issue. Here, defendants were not prejudiced in any form or manner by plaintiff's filing the medical malpractice [286 Mich.App. 51] action one day early. There was no evidence of interrupted settlement negotiations on the date of filing, and defendants had the time and opportunity to investigate plaintiff's allegations as evidenced by defendants' response to plaintiff's NOI under MCL 600.2912b (7). Therefore, defendants' substantial rights were not implicated or affected, and thus there would be no harm if a court corrected or disregarded the premature filing of the complaint and affidavit of merit.
As indicated above, the second prong of the test, i.e., whether a cure is in the furtherance of justice, entails consideration of whether there was a good-faith attempt to comply with MCL 600.2912b. Bush, supra at 178, 772 N.W.2d 272. Nothing in the record here suggests anything but a good-faith effort to comply with the NOI statute; a harmless mistake occurred. There is no indication that plaintiff intentionally filed suit early or that she filed early in an effort to subvert the legal process and to gain an unfair advantage over defendants. There was a complete absence of bad faith on plaintiff's part, and the furtherance of justice demands relief under MCL 600.2301. Accordingly, both prongs of the test enunciated in Bush are satisfied.
We note that Bush is not the only case that lends support for our ruling under MCL 600.2301. Among others cases, in Gratiot Lumber & Coal Co. v. Lubinski, 309 Mich. 662, 668-669, 16 N.W.2d 112 (1944), the Michigan Supreme Court addressed a predecessor statute to MCL 600.2301, which contained language nearly identical to that found in the statute today, and the Court indicated that a liberal construction in the furtherance of justice should be given relative to the statute, because its aim was to abolish technical errors and to have cases disposed of in accordance with the parties' substantial rights.
[286 Mich.App. 52] Under the circumstances of this case in which a complaint was inadvertently filed one day early on a 182-day waiting period and in which no one was harmed or prejudiced by the premature filing, it would simply constitute an injustice to deprive plaintiff of any opportunity to have the merits of her case examined and addressed by a court of law. It would indeed be an understatement to say that summary dismissal of this action on such a hyper-technical basis is placing form over substance. We conclude that the Legislature, through enactment of MCL 600.2301, contemplated circumstances such as those that exist today and decided to give the necessary statutory authority to the courts to rectify harmless defects and errors in accordance with the parameters set in § 2301.
With respect to tailoring a remedy, under the plain language of § 2301, and consistent with Bush, a court can amend any process, pleading, or proceeding on terms that are just, or it can disregard any harmless error or defect in the proceedings. Whether we characterize it as amending the filing date of the complaint and affidavit of merit to February 28, 2008, thereby meeting the 182-day requirement of the NOI statute, or simply disregarding the procedural error in filing the complaint and affidavit one day premature, the relief that we are awarding plaintiff ultimately provides her with the opportunity to proceed with the litigation. Plaintiff's medical malpractice lawsuit is hereby reinstated under the authority of MCL 600.2301. The trial court erred by granting summary disposition in favor of defendants.
III. CONCLUSION
Pursuant to MCL 600.2301 and its interpretation by the Bush Court, we reverse the trial court's order [286 Mich.App. 53] granting summary disposition in favor of defendants. We hold that the error or procedural defect in filing the complaint and affidavit of merit one day before the 182-day notice period elapsed did not affect defendants' substantial rights, was a simple mistake made in good faith in an effort to comply with MCL 600.2912b(1), and did not defeat the legislative purpose behind enactment of the NOI statute. Therefore, reversal is necessary to further justice.
Reversed and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.