Summary
In State ex rel. Suchta v. District Court of Sheridan County, 74 Wyo. 48, 283 P.2d 1023, 1024-1025, we held that the rights granted under § 5-136, supra Note 4, were rights to a trial de novo and/or jury trial for every defendant who properly appealed his case from the municipal to the district court. This, of course, included appeals where only fines had been or were to be imposed, such as the case at Bar.
Summary of this case from STATE EX REL. WEBER v. MUNICIPAL COURT, ETCOpinion
No. 2686
May 24, 1955
For the plaintiff the cause was submitted upon the brief of John F. Raper and Kenneth Chetwood both of Sheridan, Wyoming, and oral argument by Mr. Chetwood.
For the defendants the cause was submitted upon the brief and also oral argument of Robert E. Holstedt and Harry F. Schwartz both of Sheridan, Wyoming.
POINTS OF COUNSEL FOR PLAINTIFF.Trial by jury is a substantial and valuable right and should not be lightly denied. The law favors a trial by jury, and the right to such trial is carefully guarded against infringement, particularly in criminal cases, and cannot be taken away by implication. 50 C.J.S. 722, Sec. 9. On an appeal from the judgment of a Justice of the Peace to a court of ordinary jurisdiction, the case is tried de novo, and unless otherwise provided, the right to a jury trial is determined according to the nature of the controversy, as if the action had originated in that court. 35 C.J. 196, Sec. 102. Writ of prohibition will lie to restrain a criminal or quasi-criminal prosecution for an offense beyond the jurisdiction of the court. Generally the writ will lie to restrain or prevent an act, without, or in excess of, jurisdiction, according to the judicial decisions on the question, such as denial of a trial by jury. 73 C.J.S. 56. Question of issuance of writ of prohibition is for sound discretion of court to which application is made, and in light of whether reason of nature or proceeding and facts shown an appeal would be a speedy and adequate remedy. In view of constitutional right of every citizen to a trial by jury in a proper case, liberal use of prohibition should be allowed, otherwise, trial courts in criminal cases could arbitrarily deny trial by jury, and if first opportunity to correct wrong lies in an Appeal after a conviction, irreparable damage may be done to citizens. Knight v. Superior Court, 214 P.2d 21 (Calif.)
POINTS OF COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANTS.There is no constitutional right to a trial by jury for violation of a municipal ordinance, either in police court or in the District Court upon appeal. Stutsman v. Cheyenne, 18 Wyo. 499; 31 A.J. Jury Secs. 28 and 29; 50 C.J.S. Jury, Sec. 77; 35 C.J. 192. Appeals from police court to the District Court are subject to statutory provision and limitation. Stutsman v. Cheyenne, 18 Wyo. 499. The statute provides that appeals from police court shall be taken and dealt with in the same manner as criminal cases appealed from the justice courts. W.C.S. 1945, Sec. 29-449. As a general rule on appeal from the police court to the city court or to the district court or circuit court, in proceeding for the violation of a municipal ordinance, the case is tried in the same manner that it should be tried before the police court. Municipal Corporations, McQuillin, Vol. III, page 2431, Section 1094. The District Judge while hearing the appeal is substituted for the time being for the police judge. City of Fort Scott v. Arbuckle, 196 P.2d 217. The fact that the offense prohibited by the municipal ordinance is also prohibited by state statute does not change the character of these proceedings upon appeal. Stutsman v. City of Cheyenne, 18 Wyo. 449. The exercise of summary jurisdiction in the trial of minor offenses, particularly those against municipal ordinances is a proper and necessary part of our judicial system and should not be defeated by the delay, expense and inconvenience of a trial by common law jury in appeal. The guaranty of a new trial before the Judge of the District Court adequately protects the accused from injustice. Cooley's Blackstone, 3rd Ed. Vol. 2, Book IV, page 280; Municipal Corporations, McQuillin, Vol. 3, page 868; Fort Scott v. Arbuckle, 196, Pac. 2nd. 217 Page 226.
OPINION
In this case, Floyd Suchta was arrested by the police in Sheridan, Wyoming, for unlawfully operating a motor vehicle in a careless and wanton manner in disregard of the rights and safety of others, so as to endanger persons and property, all in violation of an ordinance of the city of Sheridan. He was tried in the police court, found guilty, and was fined the sum of $75. An appeal to the district court was duly taken. While the case was duly pending in the latter court, the city attorney of Sheridan moved the court that the case be removed from the docket of cases to be tried by the jury, and that the case be tried by the judge of that court without a jury. The district court sustained the motion. Thereupon on November 26, 1954, the instant action was instituted, as an original proceeding in this court, asking for a writ of prohibition, forbidding the district court of Sheridan county to try the foregoing case on appeal without a jury. The defendants have appeared, and have filed a general demurrer.
Appeal from a judgment of a police court is guaranteed by the constitution of this state, Article 5, Section 23, providing:
"Appeals shall lie from the final decisions of justices of the peace and police magistrates in such cases and pursuant to such regulations as may be prescribed by law."
Pursuant to that provision the legislature, in enacting laws for towns has provided in Section 29-449, Wyoming Compiled Statutes 1945, as follows:
"Appeals from the judgment or sentence of such police justice may be taken to the district court in the same manner as is now provided by law for appeals from justices' courts in criminal cases, and shall be dealt with by the courts as criminal cases."
The charters of the city of Laramie and Rawlins, §§ 29-3326, 29-3524, W.C.S. 1945, provide for such appeals in that identical language. Thereafter in 1933, apparently to make the law of this state more uniform, the legislature provided as now appears in § 29-1805, W.C.S. 1945, as follows:
"In addition to all other methods heretofore provided by law, an appeal from the judgment or sentence of a police justice in any city or town operating under a special charter or commission, commission manager or manager form of government, may be taken to the district court in the same manner as is now provided by law for appeals from justice courts in criminal cases and shall be dealt with by the courts as criminal cases."'
The city of Sheridan operates as a commission form of government.
By the term "criminal cases" is obviously meant criminal cases under the laws of the state — cases in violation of the laws of the state. 10 Words and Phrases, Permanent Edition, 484 et seq. In other words, when a case of violation of an ordinance reaches the district court on appeal, the violation of such ordinance is, in the eyes of the law, considered to be on the same footing as a crime under the criminal law of the state, and must, under the foregoing statute, be tried in the same manner. Now trials under the criminal law of this state are jury trials. That is true not only when the case originates in the district court, but also when it originates in a justice court and is then appealed, for on the appeal the trial is de novo, § 15-207, W.C.S. 1945, and that term means (unless otherwise specified) that it is on the same footing as though it had originated in the district court. Doster v. State, 195 Tenn. 535, 260 S.W.2d 279; Lone Star Gas Co. v. State, 137 Tex. 279, 153 S.W.2d 681, 692; In re Farlin, 350 Ill. App. 328, 112 N.E.2d 736; Karcher v. Green, 8 Houst. 163 (Del.), 32 A. 225; Reck v. Reck, Ohio App., 46 N.E.2d 429, 430; 12 Words and Phrases, Permanent Edition, 107 et seq. In fact § 10-1101, W.C.S. 1945, seems to be all inclusive when it provides: "In all criminal cases the jury summoned and impaneled according to the laws in force, relating to the summoning or impaneling of juries in other cases, shall try the accused." We find no qualifying exception in our statutes.
Counsel for the defendants have reasoned themselves into the belief that our statutes do not mean what they, apparently at least, seem to mean. They say that there is no constitutional right to a trial by jury in a case such as before us. We may admit that for the purpose of this case. We are here dealing with the statute or statutes. They also say that cases triable before a police justice were not triable to a jury at common law. We may admit that also. The legislature may change, and in this case has changed the common law.
It is stated in 9 McQuillin, Municipal Corporations, 3rd Ed., § 27.39, that "The right of a defendant to a jury trial upon appeal (from a judgment of the police court,), depends upon the provisions of the applicable local law." There are cases which hold that no jury trial, on appeal, is required. That was held to be true, for instance, in Stutsman v. City of Cheyenne, 18 Wyo. 499, 501, 113 P. 322, under a statute providing that the case should be tried at the next term of court, "Provided, no trial de novo shall be had in the District Court." (Italics supplied.) That was held to be true also in City of Clovis v. Dendy, 35 N.M. 347, 297 P. 141, 143, under a statute providing that the case, on appeal, should be set before the judge of the district court without a jury. That was held to be true also in City of Fort Scott v. Arbuckle, 165 Kan. 374, 196 P.2d 217, 225, 226, (a case much relied on by counsel for the defendants) under a statute providing "that in all matters for which specific provision is not made the chapter for criminal procedure before justices of the peace shall govern except that no jury shall be allowed." (Italics supplied.) Even so, three of the justices dissented and it appears that the uniform practice previously had been to allow a jury trial on appeal. It is quite apparent that such cases as these are not pertinent, and have no bearing whatever on the case before us. To the same effect as the foregoing with the same statutory limitations is the law of New Jersey. Town of Montclair v. Stanoyevich, 6 N.J. 479, 79 A.2d 288, 296.
There is not a case on record which under laws such as we have in this state holds that a defendant convicted in a police court is not entitled to a jury trial on appeal; nor is there likely to be one in view of the plain provisions made by our legislature. It is well settled in Idaho that a jury trial must be given in such cases on appeal. State v. Romich, 67 Idaho 229, 176 P.2d 204, 210; State v. White, 67 Idaho 309, 177 P.2d 472. In the first of these cases the court concluded: "The trial court should have granted the appellant a trial by jury, regardless of any provision of the Boise City Code of 1936, for the reason that it was a trial de novo, and under the provisions of Section 49-347, supra, would be tried the same as though it were an appeal from a judgment of a justice of the peace in a criminal case." The law in Colorado is also well settled contrary to the contention of counsel for the defendants. It appears that under the Colorado law, Sec. 41, Ch. 127, 1935 Colo. Stat. Ann., appeals from the police court were made trials de novo. The supreme court stated in City and County of Denver v. Birdwell, 122 Colo. 520, 224 P.2d 217, 219:
"The intent, purpose, and spirit of the state laws providing for appeals from municipal or police courts is to afford the right of trial to a jury, and that, regardless of the name of the court. In all matters such as the violation of municipal ordinances, it is essential to due process that an appeal lie to some higher tribunal."
In Missouri a statute provided that appeals from a police court should be tried on appeal in the same manner as appeals from a justice court in misdemeanor cases. The court stated in City of Clayton v. Nemours, 237 Mo. App. 167, 164 S.W.2d 935, 938:
"But even though, for the reasons pointed out, a proceeding to enforce the penalty of an ordinance does not rise to the dignity of a criminal prosecution, it is nevertheless so closely related to a criminal case, and the consequences of a conviction are so nearly identical with those of a conviction of a crime, that the Legislature has wisely provided by the two statutes in question that an appeal from a police court shall be regarded as in the nature of a criminal appeal, and shall be proceeded with in the circuit court according to the rules of criminal procedure." (Italics supplied.)
In Ex Parte Hall, 255 Ala. 98, 50 So.2d 264, it appears that the statute has provided that a defendant is entitled to a jury trial on appeal from a judgment of a police court. The practice in Ohio seems to be that a defendant in such case is entitled on appeal, to a jury trial. That seems to be true also in Washington, City of Seattle v. Molin, 99 Wn. 210, 169 P. 318, the trial being de novo; and in Nebraska, as appears in Wells v. State, 152 Neb. 668, 42 N.W.2d 363, the defendant waiving a jury in that case. In some states the statute provides that a defendant, if he wants a jury, must demand it, or demand it in writing. We find no such limitation in this state, though doubtless a jury may be waived in a case like the one here involved. We are not without precedent as to the practice in this state. It appears in Town of Torrington v. Taylor, 59 Wyo. 109, 137 P.2d 621, that on appeal from a judgment in the police court, a trial de novo was had in the district court, and the record in that case shows that the trial was to a jury.
We think that our law to the effect that a defendant is entitled to a jury trial, when he has appealed to the district court from a judgment in the police court, is plain and unambiguous. We have neither the privilege nor the power to ignore it, whittle it away, or abrogate it. The demurrer filed herein must be overruled, and the petition for prohibition prayed for herein is granted.
Petition granted.
RINER, C.J., and HARNSBERGER, J., concur.