We find no cases from this Court directly on the point of the admissibility of mug shots, but the Court of Criminal Appeals has, in numerous cases, relied on the three prerequisites established in United States v. Harrington, 490 F.2d 487 (2d Cir. 1973), for a ruling that the introduction of a "mug shot" photograph does not result in reversible error. See, e.g., Williams v. State, 546 So.2d 705 (Ala.Crim.App. 1989); Jones v. State, 451 So.2d 389 (Ala.Crim.App. 1984); Gross v. State, supra; Williamson v. State, 384 So.2d 1224 (Ala.Crim.App. 1980); Holsclaw v. State, 364 So.2d 378 (Ala.Crim.App. 1978); but see Brown v. State, 229 Ala. 58, 155 So. 358 (1934) (fact that defendant was in jail when photograph was taken did not present reversible error as to admission of the photograph). The three requirements set out in Harrington are:
See, e.g., Williams v. State, 546 So.2d 705 (Ala.Crim.App. 1989); Jones v. State, 451 So.2d 389 (Ala.Crim.App. 1984); Gross v. State, supra; Williamson v. State, 384 So.2d 1224 (Ala.Crim.App. 1980); Holsclaw v. State, 364 So.2d 378 (Ala.Crim.App. 1978); but see Brown v. State, 229 Ala. 58, 155 So. 358 (1934) (fact that defendant was in jail when photograph was taken did not present reversible error as to admission of the photograph). The three requirements set out in Harrington are:
"In determining whether an instruction concerning flight should have been given, the question is 'simply whether such evidence was presented.' " Williams v. State, 546 So.2d 705, 707 (Ala.Crim.App. 1989) (quoting Ex parte McGee, 383 So.2d 205, 206 (Ala. 1980)). Instructing a jury that it may use evidence of flight from which to infer the defendant's consciousness of guilt when there has been no evidence of flight presented is improper.
"The danger inherent in a one-man showup, where a witness is shown a single suspect and asked, `Is that the man?' is twofold. First, a one-man showup conveys a clear message that `the police suspect this man.' Williams v. State, 546 So.2d 705, 706 (Ala.Crim.App. 1989) (quoting Biggers v. Tennessee, 390 U.S. 404, 407, 88 S.Ct. 979, 981, 19 L.Ed.2d 1267, 1269 (1968) (Douglas, J., dissenting) (emphasis in original)). Second, a one-man showup does not give the witness a choice of identifying any other person as being the perpetrator of the crime charged.
First, a one-man showup conveys a clear message that "the police suspect this man." Williams v. State, 546 So.2d 705, 706 (Ala.Crim.App. 1989) (quoting Biggers v. Tennessee, 390 U.S. 404, 407, 88 S.Ct. 979, 981, 19 L.E.2d 1267, 1269 (1968) (Douglas, J., dissenting) (emphasis in original)). Second, a one-man showup does not give the witness a choice of identifying any other person as being the perpetrator of the crime charged.
A person commits robbery if in the course of committing a theft that person "(1) [u]ses force . . . or (2)[t]hreatens the imminent use of force," with the intent to compel the owner to relinquish possession of the property. Ala. Code 1975, § 13A-8-43(a); see Williams v. State, 546 So.2d 705 (Ala.Crim.App. 1989). Robbery in the first degree adds an additional element — using a deadly weapon or causing serious physical injury. § 13A-8-41.
Williams v. State, 546 So.2d 705, 706 (Ala.Crim.App.1989) (quoting Biggers v. Tennessee, 390 U.S. 404, 407, 88 S.Ct. 979, 981, 19 L.Ed.2d 1267, 1269 (1968) (Douglas, J., dissenting) (emphasis in original)).
" ‘We find no cases from this Court directly on the point of the admissibility of mug shots, but the Court of Criminal Appeals has, in numerous cases, relied on the three prerequisites established in United States v. Harrington, 490 F.2d 487 (2d Cir.1973), for a ruling that the introduction of a "mug shot" photograph does not result in reversible error. See, e.g., Williams v. State, 546 So.2d 705 (Ala.Crim.App.1989) ; Jones v. State, 451 So.2d 389 (Ala.Crim.App.1984) ; Gross v. State, supra; Williamson v. State, 384 So.2d 1224 (Ala.Crim.App.1980) ; Holsclaw v. State, 364 So.2d 378 (Ala.Crim.App.1978) ; but see Brown v. State, 229 Ala. 58, 155 So. 358 (1934) (fact that defendant was in jail when photograph was taken did not present reversible error as to admission of the photograph). The three requirements set out in Harrington are:
First, a one-man showup conveys a clear message that "the police suspect this man." Williams v. State, 546 So.2d 705, 706 (Ala.Crim.App. 1989) (quoting Biggers v. Tennessee, 390 U.S. 404, 407, 88 S.Ct. 979, 981, 19 L.Ed.2d 1267, 1269 (1968) (Douglas, J., dissenting) (emphasis in original)). Second, a one-man showup does not give the witness a choice of identifying any other person as being the perpetrator of the crime charged.
"We find no cases from this Court directly on the point of the admissibility of mug shots, but the Court of Criminal Appeals has, in numerous cases, relied on the three prerequisites established in United States v. Harrington, 490 F.2d 487 (2d Cir. 1973), for a ruling that the introduction of a `mug shot' photograph does not result in reversible error. See, e.g., Williams v. State, 546 So.2d 705 (Ala.Crim.App. 1989); Jones v. State, 451 So.2d 389 (Ala.Crim.App. 1984); Gross v. State, supra; Williamson v. State, 384 So.2d 1224 (Ala.Crim.App. 1980); Holsclaw v. State, 364 So.2d 378 (Ala.Crim.App. 1978); but see Brown v. State, 229 Ala. 58, 155 So. 358 (1934) (fact that defendant was in jail when photograph was taken did not present reversible error as to admission of the photograph). The three requirements set out in Harrington are: