Summary
In Wigfall v City of Detroit, 322 Mich App 36, 38; 910 NW2d 730 (2017), this Court reversed the trial court's denial of the defendant's motion for summary disposition on governmental immunity grounds.
Summary of this case from Paradiso v. City of Royal OakOpinion
No. 333448
10-10-2017
Dwayne WIGFALL, Plaintiff–Appellee, v. CITY OF DETROIT, Defendant–Appellant.
Bauer & Hunter, PLLC (by Christopher C. Hunter and Richard A. Moore) and Mike Morse Law Firm (by Michael J. Morse, Robert Silverman, and Stacey L. Heinonen ) for Dwayne Wigfall. Linda D. Fegins, Senior Assistant Corporation Counsel, for the city of Detroit.
Bauer & Hunter, PLLC (by Christopher C. Hunter and Richard A. Moore) and Mike Morse Law Firm (by Michael J. Morse, Robert Silverman, and Stacey L. Heinonen ) for Dwayne Wigfall.
Linda D. Fegins, Senior Assistant Corporation Counsel, for the city of Detroit.
Before: Saad, P.J., and Cavanagh and Cameron, JJ.
Per Curiam.
Defendant, the City of Detroit, appeals as of right an order denying its motion for summary disposition premised on the ground that plaintiff's highway-defect action is barred by governmental immunity because plaintiff, Dwayne Wigfall, failed to comply with the statutory notice requirement. We reverse and remand for entry of an order granting defendant's motion for summary disposition.
On June 9, 2014, plaintiff was riding his motorcycle when he allegedly struck a pothole in the roadway that caused him to fall and sustain personal injuries. On December 2, 2015, plaintiff filed this lawsuit.
Defendant responded with a motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7), arguing that governmental immunity barred this case because plaintiff failed to serve the requisite notice "upon an individual who may lawfully be served with civil process directed against the City of Detroit, as required by MCL 691.1404(2)." Defendant acknowledged that, on September 22, 2014, it received notice of the injury and defect that was sent by certified mail to their law department claims division and that additional informationhad been requested from plaintiff by letter dated December 3, 2014. But, defendant argued, MCL 691.1404(2) required that notice be served on an "individual" who may lawfully be served with civil process and, as set forth in MCR 2.105(G)(2), process on a municipal corporation may only be served on the mayor, city clerk, or city attorney. Here, plaintiff mailed his notice to "City of Detroit Law Department—CLAIMS," and not to a proper individual. Therefore, plaintiff failed to comply with the statutory notice requirement, and his lawsuit was barred by governmental immunity.
Plaintiff responded to defendant's motion, arguing that defendant's city charter states that its law department is headed by the Corporation Counsel. And, plaintiff argued, the Corporation Counsel is also known as the city attorney; therefore, notice was properly sent to defendant's law department. Further, the notice-of-claim form published on the City of Detroit law department's official website indicates that the completed notice of claim form should be mailed to "City of Detroit Law Department, Claims Section." Moreover, plaintiff's counsel's office telephoned the city of Detroit law department to confirm the proper mailing address for providing notice of a claim against the city of Detroit and, as set forth in an affidavit, was told by "Ms. Tyler" in the law department that the proper mailing address for such notices was "City of Detroit Law Department—Attention Claims." Plaintiff further noted that it was undisputed that defendant received the timely notice of claim with all the required information. Thus, plaintiff was in full compliance with the statutory notice provision; or, at minimum, plaintiff was at least in substantial compliance with the statutory notice provision. Plaintiff also argued that if notice was deemed lacking, equitable estoppel should bar defendant from asserting that notice was insufficient because of defendant’s actions in instructing plaintiff about how to properly provide notice of a claim and by acknowledging plaintiff's claim. Accordingly, plaintiff's lawsuit was not barred by governmental immunity.Defendant replied to plaintiff's response to defendant’s motion for summary disposition, arguing that plaintiff's notice was not directed to the mayor, city clerk, or city attorney; therefore, the notice was not in compliance, nor even in substantial compliance, with the statutory notice requirement. Further, defendant was not equitably estopped from asserting that notice was insufficient because plaintiff was never advised to "send statutory notice of a highway defect claim to the claims section." In fact, defendant's ordinance warns that all claims must be "filed in accordance with the general law of the state applicable to the filing of claims against governmental agencies; otherwise no claim for money or damages may be brought against the city." Detroit Ordinances, § 2-4-23. Simply stated, defendant cannot change the legislatively prescribed notice requirements set forth in its charter or ordinance. Plaintiff was required by the statute to serve his notice on an individual who may lawfully be served with civil process directed to defendant, and he failed to do so.
At oral argument on defendant's motion, defendant further explained that the claims section on its official website merely provides for "a simplified procedure for resolving legal disputes without the necessity, time and expense of our formal judicial system." In other words, the purpose of the claims section on the website is to allow "redress without court intervention." But the claims section on the website does not, and cannot, supplant the statutory notice requirement when a lawsuit is contemplated. Following oral argument, the trial court took the motion under advisement. Subsequently, the trial court issued an order denying defendant's motion. The court held that plaintiff substantially complied with the statutory notice provision. Alternatively, the court held that defendant was equitably estopped from asserting that notice was insufficient considering the information on defendant's website regarding the provision of notice, as well as the fact that the same information was provided by telephone to plaintiff’s counsel’s office by an employee of the law department This appeal followed.
Defendant argues that governmental immunity barred this action because plaintiff failed to comply with the statutory notice requirement in MCL 691.1404(2). We agree.
We review de novo a trial court's decision on a motion for summary disposition. Maiden v. Rozwood , 461 Mich. 109, 118, 597 N.W.2d 817 (1999). A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(7) require the trial court to accept the complaint's allegations as true, unless contradicted by the movant, and to consider the documentary evidence submitted by the parties. Id. at 119, 597 N.W.2d 817. We also review de novo the applicability of governmental immunity. Herman v. Detroit , 261 Mich.App. 141, 143, 680 N.W.2d 71 (2004).
MCL 691.1404 provides, in pertinent part:
(1) As a condition to any recovery for injuries sustained by reason of any defective highway, the injured person, within 120 days from the time the injury occurred, except as otherwise provided in subsection (3) shall serve a notice on the governmental agency of the occurrence of the injury and the defect. The notice shall specify the exact location and nature of the defect, the injury sustained and the names of the witnesses known at the time by the claimant.
(2) The notice may be served upon any individual, either personally, or by certified mail, return receipt requested, who may lawfully be served with civil process directed
against the governmental agency, anything to the contrary in the charter of any municipal corporation notwithstanding.
MCR 2.105(G)(2) provides that the individuals who may lawfully be served with civil process on behalf of a municipal corporation are "the mayor, the city clerk, or the city attorney of a city[.]"
Defendant argues that plaintiff did not serve "any individual" with notice of his claim as required under MCL 691.1404(2) ; rather, he sent notice to the claims section of defendant's law department. The city attorney for defendant is "Corporation Counsel" who, at the relevant time, was Melvin Butch Hollowell. Plaintiff did not serve his notice on Hollowell, the mayor, or the city clerk. And, contrary to plaintiff's claim, substantial compliance is insufficient. We agree with defendant.
As our Supreme Court held in Rowland v. Washtenaw Co. Rd. Comm. , 477 Mich. 197, 219, 731 N.W.2d 41 (2007), the "straightforward, clear, unambiguous" language of MCL 691.1404"must be enforced as written." Further, our Supreme Court held that "no judicially created saving construction is permitted to avoid a clear statutory mandate." McCahan v. Brennan , 492 Mich. 730, 733, 822 N.W.2d 747 (2012). See also Jakupovic v. Hamtramck , 489 Mich. 939, 798 N.W.2d 12 (2011). (stating that the Court of Appeals erred by excusing an error in notice required under MCL 691.1404(1) instead of enforcing the notice requirement as written). Statutory notice provisions required in suits against the state are within the sole province of the Legislature and the judiciary has no authority to amend them; thus, they "must be interpreted and enforced as plainly written." McCahan , 492 Mich. at 732–733, 822 N.W.2d 747. In other words, contrary to plaintiff's argument and the trial court's holding, substantial compliance with the statutory notice provision in MCL 691.1404(2) is not sufficient. Because it is undisputed that plaintiff did not serve his notice on any individual who may lawfully be served with civil process directed against defendant as required under MCL 691.1404(2), plaintiff failed to comply with the statutory notice requirement. See McLean v. Dearborn , 302 Mich.App. 68, 78–79, 836 N.W.2d 916 (2013).
Defendant also argues that the doctrine of equitable estoppel is not applicable in this case because neither its website nor its employee advised plaintiff that the required statutory notice could be satisfied by sending notice of the claim to the claims section of the law department. Defendant has no power to change or alter the law in that regard. In fact, defendant argues, its claims ordinance specifically warns that state law must be followed "otherwise no claim for money or damages may be brought against the city." Detroit Ordinances, § 2–4–23.
The application of a legal doctrine like equitable estoppel presents a question of law. James v. Alberts , 464 Mich. 12, 14–15, 626 N.W.2d 158 (2001). A trial court's findings of fact supporting its decision are reviewed for clear error. AFSCME v. Bank One, N.A. , 267 Mich.App. 281, 293, 705 N.W.2d 355 (2005). "Estoppel arises where a party, by representations, admissions or silence, intentionally or negligently induces another party to believe facts, and the other party justifiably relies and acts on this belief, and will be prejudiced if the first party is permitted to deny the existence of the facts." Casey v. Auto–Owners Ins. Co. , 273 Mich.App. 388, 399, 729 N.W.2d 277 (2006) (quotation marks and citation omitted).In this case, the trial court concluded that equitable estoppel applied and prevented defendant from asserting that notice was insufficient because defendant provided information on its website and over the telephone regarding the provision of notice related to claims. But this holding essentially charges defendant with the duty to provide potential litigants with legal advice related to the interpretation of a statute and court rule. We cannot agree that because plaintiff received incorrect, inapplicable, or misinterpreted legal advice, defendant should be estopped from asserting that the statutory notice requirement was not met.
It appears that plaintiff relied on information provided by defendant through its law department that was meant to relate solely to informal claims against defendant. But in any case, plaintiff was not entitled to rely on defendant's interpretation or misinterpretation of the legal requirements set forth in MCL 691.1404 as a justification or excuse for his failure to act in conformity with those requirements. To avoid having his claim barred by governmental immunity, plaintiff was required to fulfill the requirements set forth by our Legislature in MCL 691.1404. One of those requirements was to serve notice "upon any individual ... who may lawfully be served with civil process directed against the governmental agency, anything to the contrary in the charter of any municipal corporation notwithstanding." MCL 691.1404(2). MCR 2.105(G)(2) provides that the individual who may lawfully be served civil process on behalf of a municipal corporation is "the mayor, the city clerk, or the city attorney of a city[.]" Plaintiff did not serve notice on "the mayor, the city clerk, or the city attorney," allegedly because of the misinformation provided by defendant. The equitable-estoppel doctrine does not excuse that failure to comply with the statutory mandate, and the trial court's decision to the contrary was erroneous. Accordingly, defendant's motion for summary disposition should have been granted because plaintiff's action was barred by governmental immunity.
Reversed and remanded for entry of an order granting defendant's motion for summary disposition. We do not retain jurisdiction.
Saad, P.J., and Cavanagh and Cameron, JJ., concurred.