Opinion
1:21-cv-601
02-02-2022
MARK EARL WHITE, Plaintiff, v. BRYAN MORRISON et al., Defendants.
OPINION DENYING LEAVE TO PROCEED IN FORMA PAUPERIS - THREE STRIKES AND DENYING EXPEDITED REVIEW
SALLY J. BERENS UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
This is a civil rights action brought by a state prisoner under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(c) and Rule 73 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Plaintiff consented to proceed in all matters in this action under the jurisdiction of a United States magistrate judge. (ECF No. 6.)
When Plaintiff initiated this action, he sought leave to proceed in forma pauperis. (ECF No. 2.) By order entered on July 16, 2021, the Court granted Plaintiff's request for leave to proceed in forma pauperis. (ECF No. 4.) Upon further review, Plaintiff is not eligible to proceed in forma pauperis. Plaintiff has filed at least three lawsuits that were dismissed as frivolous, malicious, or for failure to state a claim, and therefore, he is barred from proceeding in forma pauperis under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g). Accordingly, the Court will vacate the July 16, 2021 order granting Plaintiff leave to proceed in forma pauperis and, instead, will deny Plaintiff that relief. The Court will order Plaintiff to pay the $402.00 civil action filing fees applicable to those not permitted to proceed in forma pauperis. This fee must be paid within 28 days of this opinion and accompanying order. If Plaintiff fails to pay the fee, the Court will order that this case be dismissed without prejudice. Even if the case is dismissed, Plaintiff must pay the $402.00 filing fees in accordance with In re Alea, 286 F.3d 378, 380-81 (6th Cir. 2002). The Court will further deny Plaintiff's request for expedited review. (ECF No. 8.)
The filing fee for a civil action is $350.00. 28 U.S.C. § 1914(a). The Clerk is also directed to collect a miscellaneous administrative fee of $52.00. 28 U.S.C. § 1914(b); https://www.uscourts.gov/services-forms/fees/district-courtmiscellaneous-fee-schedule. The miscellaneous administrative fee, however, “does not apply to applications for a writ of habeas corpus or to persons granted in forma pauperis status under 28 U.S.C. § 1915.” https://www.uscourts.gov/services-forms/fees/district-court-miscellaneous-fee-schedule.
Discussion
The Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA), Pub. L. No. 104-134, 110 Stat. 1321 (1996), which was enacted on April 26, 1996, amended the procedural rules governing a prisoner's request for the privilege of proceeding in forma pauperis. As the Sixth Circuit has stated, the PLRA was “aimed at the skyrocketing numbers of claims filed by prisoners-many of which are meritless-and the corresponding burden those filings have placed on the federal courts.” Hampton v. Hobbs, 106 F.3d 1281, 1286 (6th Cir. 1997). For that reason, Congress created economic incentives to prompt a prisoner to “stop and think” before filing a complaint. Id. For example, a prisoner is liable for the civil action filing fee, and if the prisoner qualifies to proceed in forma pauperis, the prisoner may pay the fee through partial payments as outlined in 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b). The constitutionality of the fee requirements of the PLRA has been upheld by the Sixth Circuit. Id. at 1288.
In addition, another provision reinforces the “stop and think” aspect of the PLRA by preventing a prisoner from proceeding in forma pauperis when the prisoner repeatedly files meritless lawsuits. Known as the “three-strikes” rule, the provision states:
In no event shall a prisoner bring a civil action or appeal a judgment in a civil action or proceeding under [the section governing proceedings in forma pauperis] if the prisoner has, on 3 or more prior occasions, while incarcerated or detained in any
facility, brought an action or appeal in a court of the United States that was dismissed on the grounds that it is frivolous, malicious, or fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, unless the prisoner is under imminent danger of serious physical injury.28 U.S.C. § 1915(g). The statutory restriction “[i]n no event, ” found in § 1915(g), is express and unequivocal. The statute does allow an exception for a prisoner who is “under imminent danger of serious physical injury.” The Sixth Circuit has upheld the constitutionality of the three-strikes rule against arguments that it violates equal protection, the right of access to the courts, and due process, and that it constitutes a bill of attainder and is ex post facto legislation. Wilson v. Yaklich, 148 F.3d 596, 604-06 (6th Cir. 1998).
Plaintiff has been an active litigant in the federal courts in Michigan. In at least three of Plaintiff's lawsuits, the court entered dismissals on the grounds that Plaintiff's cases were frivolous, malicious, or failed to state a claim. See White v. Caruso, No. 1:08-cv-80 (W.D. Mich. Feb. 14, 2008) (dismissing the complaint for failure to state a claim); White v. Caruso, 1:08-cv-10057 (E.D. Mich. Mar. 17, 2008) (dismissing the case as frivolous and for failure to state a claim); White v. 6th Cir. Ct., 2:95-cv-71764 (E.D. Mich. June 23, 1995) (dismissing the case as frivolous). Although one of the dismissals was entered before enactment of the PLRA on April 26, 1996, the dismissals nevertheless count as strikes. See Wilson, 148 F.3d at 604.
Judges of the Eastern District have already determined that plaintiff has accumulated “three strikes” under section 1915(g) and, accordingly, denied Plaintiff leave to proceed in forma pauperis. White v. Saginaw Cnty. Jail, No. 2:09-cv-13470 (E.D. Mich. Sept. 14, 2009); White v. Heyns, No. 5:13-cv-12104 (E.D. Mich. May 24, 2013); White v. U.S. Dist. Cts. of Mich., No. 5:13-cv-14428 (E.D. Mich. Oct. 25, 2013). This Court made the same determination in White v. Correctional Medical Services, Inc., No. 1:10-cv-1082 (W.D. Mich. May 11, 2011), and White v. McKee, No. 1:16-cv-601 (W.D. Mich. June 13, 2006). The Sixth Circuit has affirmed this Court's denial of leave to proceed in forma pauperis for Plaintiff. White v. McKee, No. 16-2066 (6th Cir. July 13, 2017).
Moreover, Plaintiff's allegations do not fall within the “imminent danger” exception to the three-strikes rule. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g). The Sixth Circuit set forth the following general requirements for a claim of imminent danger:
In order to allege sufficiently imminent danger, we have held that “the threat or prison condition must be real and proximate and the danger of serious physical injury must exist at the time the complaint is filed.” Rittner v. Kinder, 290 Fed.Appx. 796, 797 (6th Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks omitted). “Thus a prisoner's assertion that he or she faced danger in the past is insufficient to invoke the exception.” Id. at 797-98; see also [Taylor v. First Med. Mgmt., 508 Fed.Appx. 488, 492 (6th Cir. 2012)] (“Allegations of past dangers are insufficient to invoke the exception.”); Percival v. Gerth, 443 Fed.Appx. 944, 946 (6th Cir. 2011) (“Assertions of past danger will not satisfy the ‘imminent danger' exception.”); cf. [Pointer v. Wilkinson, 502 F.3d 369, 371 n.1 (6th Cir. 2007)] (implying that past danger is insufficient for the imminent-danger exception).
In addition to a temporal requirement, we have explained that the allegations must be sufficient to allow a court to draw reasonable inferences that the danger exists. To that end, “district courts may deny a prisoner leave to proceed pursuant to § 1915(g) when the prisoner's claims of imminent danger are conclusory or ridiculous, or are clearly baseless (i.e. are fantastic or delusional and rise to the level of irrational or wholly incredible).” Rittner, 290 Fed.Appx. at 798 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted); see also Taylor, 508 Fed.Appx. at 492 (“Allegations that are conclusory, ridiculous, or clearly baseless are also insufficient for purposes of the imminent-danger exception.”).Vandiver v. Prison Health Servs., Inc., 727 F.3d 580, 585 (6th Cir. 2013). A prisoner's claim of imminent danger is subject to the same notice pleading requirement as that which applies to prisoner complaints. Id. Consequently, a prisoner must allege facts in the complaint from which the Court could reasonably conclude that the prisoner was under an existing danger at the time he filed his complaint, but the prisoner need not affirmatively prove those allegations. Id.
In this action, Plaintiff raises First Amendment retaliation claims. He does not allege any physical injury, imminent or otherwise. The allegations of the complaint are insufficient to allow the Court to reasonably conclude that Plaintiff was in imminent danger at the time he filed his complaint. Vandiver, 727 F.3d at 585.
Therefore, section 1915(g) prohibits Plaintiff from proceeding in forma pauperis in this action. The Court's prior order granting Plaintiff leave to proceed in forma pauperis (ECF No. 4) will be vacated as improvidently granted. Plaintiff has 28 days from the date of entry of this order to pay the civil action filing fees, which total $402.00. When Plaintiff pays his filing fees, the Court will screen his complaint as required by 28 U.S.C. § 1915A and 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(c). If Plaintiff does not pay the filing fees within the 28-day period, this case will be dismissed without prejudice, but Plaintiff will continue to be responsible for payment of the $402.00 filing fees.
Plaintiff has asked the Court to give his complaint expedited consideration. In light of the Court's ruling that Plaintiff must pay the filing fee before the Court will proceed, Plaintiff's motion (ECF No. 8) is properly denied as moot.
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Clerk, U.S. District Court 399 Federal Bldg. 110 Michigan St., N.W. Grand Rapids, MI 49503
All checks or other forms of payment shall be payable to “Clerk, U.S. District Court.”