Opinion
C20-952 BHS
02-03-2022
LESLIE WHITE, Plaintiff, v. ETHICON, INC., Defendant.
ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT'S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT RE PUNITIVE DAMAGES
BENJAMIN H. SETTLE UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
This matter comes before the Court on Defendant Ethicon Inc.'s motion for summary judgment, Dkt. 99, and the Court's order reserving ruling on the availability of punitive damages, Dkt. 116.
I.FACTUAL & PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
The Court reincorporates by reference the relevant factual and procedural background found in the underlying order. See Dkt. 116 at 1-5. Plaintiff Leslie White alleges that she suffered injuries because of her TVT-Exact implant-a polypropylene mesh implant created by Ethicon-and brings claims under the Washington Products Liability Act (“WPLA”), RCW Ch. 7.72. See generally Dkt. 4. 1
Ethicon moved for summary judgment on White's claims, Dkt. 99, and on January 14, 2022, the Court granted the motion in part, denied it in part, and reserved ruling in part, Dkt. 116. In the underlying order, the Court requested supplemental briefing from Ethicon on the availability of punitive damages. See Dkt. 116 at 15-16. White argues that under Washington's choice of law analysis her claim for damages is governed by New Jersey law, which permits punitive damages in product liability cases. Dkt. 113 at 22-25. Ethicon argues in its surreply that the WPLA is the exclusive remedy for product liability claims and does not permit punitive damages. Dkt. 117.
II.DISCUSSION
In determining which state's substantive law applies in a diversity action, federal courts must apply the forum state's choice-of-law rules. Fields v. Legacy Health Sys., 413 F.3d 943, 950 (9th Cir. 2005) (quoting Patton v. Cox, 276 F.3d 493, 495 (9th Cir. 2002)). “In resolving conflict of law tort questions, Washington has abandoned the lex loci delicti rule and follows the Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws' most significant relationship test.” Singh v. Edwards Lifesciences Corp., 151 Wn.App. 137, 143 (2009) (citing Johnson v. Spider Staging Corp., 87 Wn.2d 577, 580 (1976)). “Washington courts have held that these same choice of law principles apply to the issue of punitive damages.” Id. at 144-45 (examining Kammerer v. W. Gear Corp., 96 Wn.2d 416 (1981); Barr v. Interbay Citizens Bank of Tampa, Fla., 96 Wn.2d 692 (1981)).
In determining which jurisdiction has the most significant relationship to a particular issue, which in this case is the availability of punitive damages, the Court first weighs “(a) the place where the injury occurred, (b) the place where the conduct causing 2 the injury occurred, (c) the domicile, residence, nationality, place of incorporation and place of business of the parties, and (d) the place where the relationship, if any, between the parties is centered.” Id. at 143 (citing Johnson, 87 Wn.2d at 581). If these contacts are balanced, the second step is to consider “the interests and public policies” of the concerned states. Johnson, 87 Wn.2d at 582.
Ethicon argues that White's claim for punitive damages should be dismissed with prejudice because the WPLA is the exclusive remedy for product liability claims in Washington. See Wash. Water Power Co. v. Graybar Elec. Co., 112 Wn.2d 847, 853-54 (1989) (en banc). Indeed, White conceded the dismissal of her non-WPLA claims, Dkt. 113 at 2, and her remaining substantive claims are her failure to warn claim, her design defect claim under the consumer expectations test, and her claim under RCW 7.72.030, see Dkt. 116. All that remains are WPLA claims. Ethicon argues that White fails to identify a Washington case allowing punitive damages under the law of a foreign jurisdiction where the sole basis for recovery is the WPLA. Dkt. 117 at 2-3.
The Court agrees. None of White's cited case law supports the proposition that punitive damages under foreign law is permissible based on a claim governed solely by Washington law. For example, in Kammerer, the Washington Supreme Court held that California law governed the plaintiffs' fraud claims and permitted an award of punitive damages under California law. See 96 Wn.2d at 422-24. Here, Washington law governs White's product liability claims, and the WPLA does not permit punitive damages. Laisure-Radke v. Par Pharm., Inc., 426 F.Supp.2d 1163, 1174 (W.D. Wash. 2006). The Court reached a similar result in Bryant v. Wyeth, 879 F.Supp.2d 1214 (W.D. Wash. 2012). 3 There, the Court concluded that Pennsylvania law applied to the plaintiff's fraud claims and that Pennsylvania law permitted punitive damages arising from the fraud. Id. at 1224. But the Court rejected the plaintiff's request for punitive damages for her WPLA claims because there was no authority supporting the application of Pennsylvania's punitive damages law to claims other than fraud. Id. at 1220 n.5. The Court thus agrees with Ethicon that punitive damages are unavailable here because White's only remaining claims are pursuant to the WPLA, which is the exclusive remedy for product liability claims and which prohibits punitive damages.
But even if the Court engaged in a choice of law analysis, the result would be the same. In considering which state has the most significant relationship, the Court concludes the contacts are balanced. White's injury occurred in Washington, where she resides, and Ethicon is headquartered in New Jersey. “In a products liability action, the place where the conduct causing the injury occurred is the place where the defendant designed, manufactured, or was otherwise involved with the product in question.” Brewer v. Dodson Aviation, 447 F.Supp.2d 1166, 1179 (W.D. Wash. 2006) (internal quotations omitted). White asserts that Ethicon designed and manufactured the TVT-Exact in New Jersey. Finally, Ethicon had no direct contact or relationship with White. But to the extent there is a relationship between the parties, it is centered in New Jersey. See Zenaida-Garcia v. Recovery Sys. Tech., Inc., 128 Wn.App. 256, 263 (concluding that the place where the relationship was centered was where the unsafe design occurred). These contacts are evenly balanced, and the Court turns to the second step of the choice of law analysis. See Id. (finding balanced contacts between Washington and Oregon where 4 Oregon was the location of the injury and residence of the victim and Washington was the headquarters of the defendant, where the relationship was centered, and where the conduct causing the injury occurred).
Washington's interest in this case is stronger. Other Washington courts have concluded that the state in which the defendant corporation is located has a strong interest in applying its law. See, e.g., Singh, 151 Wn.App. at 147-48. But White's cited cases did not address claims solely brought under the WPLA. Rather, Washington has a longstanding prohibition against punitive damages and has made the WPLA the exclusive remedy for products liability cases in this state. See Dailey v. N. Coast Life Ins. Co., 129 Wn.2d 572, 574 (1996) (discussing Washington's policy against punitive damages). Washington's interest in the exclusivity of the WPLA and its prohibition of punitive damages outweighs any interest that New Jersey may have in enforcing its punitive damages rules. Therefore, even under a choice of law analysis, Washington law would control here and preclude punitive damages.
III.ORDER
Therefore, it is hereby ORDERED that Ethicon's motion for summary judgment on White's demand for punitive damages, Dkt. 99, is GRANTED, and White's damages request is DISMISSED with prejudice. 5