Summary
In Werblo v. Hamilton Heights School Corp. (1989), Ind., 537 N.E.2d 499, the Court relied on the United States Supreme Court case of Felder v. Casey (1988), 487 U.S. 131, 108 S.Ct. 2302, 101 L.Ed.2d 123, which discussed the preemption of § 1983 over state statutes and the necessary avoidance of outcome-determinative effects in state court actions.
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No. 29S02-8905-CV-371.
May 4, 1989.
Appeal from the Superior Court, Hamilton County, Thomas G. Wright, Special Judge.
Richard J. Darko, Lowe Gray Steele Hoffman, Indianapolis, for appellant.
James W. Riley, Jr., Donald S. Smith, Callahan Riley, Indianapolis, Jack G. Hittle, Church, Church, Hittle Antrim, Noblesville, for appellees.
This cause comes to us on a petition to transfer from the First District Court of Appeals.
The facts as set forth by the Court of Appeals are as follows:
Diane P. Werblo taught English and Latin at Hamilton Heights High School during the 1983-84 school year as a tenured teacher. As part of the English course Werblo led her class through a movie version of "Romeo and Juliet" in preparation for a test on the Shakespearean play. The students were scheduled to view the final third (1/3) of the play on April 11, 1984. However, a convocation entitled "Sportsworld" which contained religious materials was scheduled on the same day. On April 10, 1984, Werblo discussed the conflicting schedule with Eugene Pitts, the school principal, and sought permission for her class to view the final third (1/3) of the play, rather than attend the convocation. A resolution to the conflict was not reached at that time. Werblo again discussed the conflict with Pitts on April 11, 1984, and further explained that the video was on loan and could not be secured for another time. Pitts considered the situation and then directed Werblo to attend the convocation with her students. Subsequently, Pitts made an announcement on the school's public address system. The announcement discussed the convocation, noted the speaker's career as a football player, and advised that the convocation would include religious content. The announcement also indicated that anyone who did not wish to attend the convocation for religious or "any other reasons" was to report to the principal's office or Pitts in the hallway.
Werblo interpreted this later announcement as a way for her class to view the movie, rather than attend the convocation. Accordingly, Werblo gave her students the individual option of attending the convocation or viewing the movie. Werblo and sixteen (16) of thirty (30) students chose to view the movie. In accordance with the announcement Werblo and the sixteen (16) students reported to the office and objected to attending the convocation. Werblo objected on religious grounds. Thereafter, Werblo and the students went to the library and viewed the movie.
Werblo v. Hamilton Heights School Corp. (1988), Ind. App., 519 N.E.2d 185, 186-87. The School Board found Werblo guilty of insubordination and she was dismissed.
On October 23, 1984, Werblo filed the instant action, claiming in Count I of her complaint that the School Board violated her constitutional and civil rights pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Counts II and III were not brought pursuant to § 1983 but alleged a breach of contract and violation of the Indiana Tenured Teachers Act (now codified at Ind. Code § 20-6.1-4-10, -11, and -12). Count II requested the trial court issue a mandate requiring the School Board to reinstate Werblo and pay her back pay, and Count III sought $50,000.00 in damages.
The School Board filed a Motion for Summary Judgment on all three counts and said motion was granted. The trial court dismissed Count I of Werblo's complaint for failure to comply with the Indiana Tort Claims Act, Ind. Code § 34-4-16.5-1, et seq., found no material issue of fact existed as to Counts II and III, and held the School Board was entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
On appeal, in Issue I of its opinion, the Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court in its dismissal of Count I of Werblo's complaint, finding that action brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 was subject to the notice provisions of the Indiana Tort Claims Act. In Issue II of its opinion, the Court of Appeals reversed the trial court in its granting of summary judgment as to Counts II and III of Werblo's complaint, finding that insufficient evidence existed to support the School Board's ruling that Werblo willfully refused to abide by a clear and reasonable rule of the school corporation.
Werblo petitions for transfer regarding the Court of Appeals holding in issue I, and claims in Count I of her complaint alleging a § 1983 violation need not comply with the notice provisions of the Indiana Tort Claims Act. Appellee School Board petitions for transfer regarding Issue II of the Court of Appeals opinion and claims the Court of Appeals used improper review standards in reversing the trial court's entry of summary judgment. Appellee School Board's petition to transfer regarding Issue II is denied. Plaintiff Werblo's petition to transfer is granted and the opinion of the Court of Appeals regarding Issue I is vacated.
The Court of Appeals properly found § 1983 actions do, in fact, sound in tort and are properly characterized as claims in tort. They further found that actions such as Werblo's, brought under § 1983 and involving constitutional and civil rights deprivations which arise out of an employer-employee relationship, are tort actions. Indiana Department of Public Welfare v. Clark (1985), Ind. App., 478 N.E.2d 699, 702, cert. denied (1986), 476 U.S. 1170, 106 S.Ct. 2893, 90 L.Ed.2d 980; Memphis Community School District v. Stachura (1986), 477 U.S. 299, 305-06, 106 S.Ct. 2537, 2542, 91 L.Ed.2d 249, 257-58; Wilson v. Garcia (1985), 471 U.S. 261, 105 S.Ct. 1938, 85 L.Ed.2d 254. However, the Court of Appeals was incorrect in holding that a § 1983 action is subject to the Indiana Tort Claims Act requiring a party bringing a suit or claim in tort must provide notice within one hundred eighty (180) days of the occurrence of a loss to the political subdivision involved. Ind. Code § 34-4-16.5-7. Pursuant to the Indiana Tort Claims Act, failure to file the required notice within one hundred eighty (180) days acts as a bar to claims or suits against those entitled to receive notice.
Werblo correctly maintains the Court of Appeals decision on this issue was effectively overruled on June 22, 1988, by the United States Supreme Court in Felder v. Casey (1988), 487 U.S. ___, 108 S.Ct. 2302, 101 L.Ed.2d 123. Felder arose in a Wisconsin state court and involved a § 1983 claim. Wisconsin had notice provisions in its tort claims act similar to those involved in the instant case and the United States Supreme Court held that under the principles of federalism and the supremacy clause (Art. 6, cl. 2) of the Federal Constitution, 42 U.S.C. § 1983 preempted the application of Wisconsin's notice of claim statute to a § 1983 action brought in Wisconsin state court. The Felder Court reasoned that enforcement of the statute stood as an obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of the full purposes and objectives of Congress for two reasons. First, the statute placed a burden which was inconsistent in both design and effect with the compensatory aims of the federal civil rights law on the exercise of the federal right by forcing victims who sought § 1983 redress in state courts to comply with a requirement entirely absent from § 1983 litigation in federal courts. Second, the enforcement of the statute would frequently and predictably produce different outcomes in § 1983 litigation based solely on whether that litigation took place in state or federal court. Accordingly, the Felder Court concluded, "States may not apply such an outcome-determinative law when entertaining substantive federal rights in their courts." Felder, 487 U.S. at ___, 108 S.Ct. at 2308, 101 L.Ed.2d at 139-40. The holding in Felder is dispositive of the issue in the instant case. George v. Hatcher (1988), Ind. App., 527 N.E.2d 199. Accordingly, the trial court is reversed on this issue.
This cause is remanded to the trial court for entry of judgment consistent with the holding of this opinion regarding Count I, and the opinion of the Court of Appeals regarding Counts II and III.
DeBRULER, GIVAN and DICKSON, JJ., concur.
SHEPARD, C.J., concurs in Count I; dissents in Counts II and III.