Opinion
Civ. No. 4357.
December 26, 1922.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of the City and County of San Francisco. George E. Crothers, Judge. Affirmed.
The facts are stated in the opinion of the court.
Raymond Perry and John S. Partridge for Appellant.
Breuner Erb, C, W. Durbrow and John Breuner, Jr., for Respondent.
This is an appeal by the plaintiff from a judgment against it in an action brought against the defendants to recover $32,507 damages for failure to deliver 100 cases of egg albumen, stored in the defendant's warehouse, for which plaintiff had purchased a negotiable warehouse receipt, for value, and without notice of any adverse claims to the goods.
The trial court found that on December 11, 1919, the collector of customs of the port of San Francisco ordered 100 cases of dried egg albumen to be stored as unclaimed goods in Humboldt bonded warehouse, a warehouse owned and operated by defendant as a class 3 warehouse, as classified under and by virtue of the provisions of the customs regulations duly made by the secretary of the treasury for the regulation of United States bonded warehouses, and that on or about the said eleventh day of December, 1919, defendant received said goods in said warehouse; that on or about the twenty-fourth day of December, 1919, the said goods were entered by the said collector of customs in the name of and as the property of one T. N. Morris, and that defendant thereupon, and by virtue of such entry, entered said goods at said warehouse in the name of and as the property of said T. N. Morris; that on or about the sixth day of January, 1920, H. W. Gutte Company presented to defendant an order for the delivery of said goods to said H. W. Gutte Company, Inc., duly executed by said T. N. Morris, and on said date defendant issued a negotiable warehouse receipt for said goods to said H. W. Gutte Company, Inc., and said receipt provided, and it so appeared upon the face of the receipt, that the said goods were received by defendant in storage in said Humboldt bonded warehouse.
On January 7, 1920, Gutte Company indorsed and delivered the said negotiable warehouse receipt to Kockos Brothers, who purchased the same in good faith and for value without notice of any fact that might cause it to be dishonored. Kockos Brothers, in turn, indorsed and delivered said negotiable warehouse receipt to plaintiff, who purchased it in good faith and for value. On February 17, 1920, plaintiff surrendered said negotiable receipt to defendant in exchange for a non-negotiable warehouse receipt for the same goods, which non-negotiable receipt stated that it was given for goods in storage in Humboldt bonded warehouse. On February 17, 1920, the plaintiff gave to Kockos Brothers an order allowing them to withdraw 50 cases of the 100 cases of egg albumen mentioned in the warehouse receipts.
Prior to the issuance of either of the warehouse receipts, to wit, on January 2, 1920, a permit for the withdrawal of said goods was filed by the said T. N. Morris with the said collector of customs and upon the said withdrawal permit, the said T. N. Morris ordered the delivery of said goods to be made to Kockos Brothers. On February 18, 1920, Kockos Brothers paid the customs duties upon said goods and the said withdrawal permit was thereupon stamped "Duty Paid" and the United States storekeeper at said Humboldt bonded warehouse was authorized by the collector of customs to release said goods, which authorization was in writing upon the face of said withdrawal permit. On February 18, 1920, the said withdrawal permit, together with an order for the delivery of 50 cases of said egg albumen, was presented at the said Humboldt bonded warehouse and the storekeeper of customs at said Humboldt bonded warehouse, acting under instructions of the said collector of customs, refused to deliver the said 50 cases of egg albumen, or any part thereof.
At the time said documents were presented at said warehouse defendant had information that plaintiff was not lawfully entitled to the possession of said goods and that the person or persons lawfully entitled to the possession of said goods were Christenson, Hanify Weatherwax, a copartnership, or some person or persons for whom the said copartnership was acting. The firm of Christenson, Hanify Weatherwax was brought into the case by order of court and the evidence demonstrated its right to the goods as agent of the owner.
Shortly after the eighteenth day of February, 1920, the said withdrawal permit was surrendered to the collector of customs who thereupon refunded the customs duties to said Kockos Brothers and canceled the "Duty Paid" stamp theretofore stamped on said permit, and the collector of customs has issued no further withdrawal permit, either to the said Kockos Brothers or to the plaintiff herein.
The defendant claims no interest in the goods and is ready to deliver them upon the payment of the storage charges thereon if the collector of customs will authorize the release of said goods from the said bonded warehouse.
The trial court also found the following facts, which establish the contention relied upon by defendant as a defense to this action: Unless the goods in controversy be released from said bonded warehouse by said collector of customs, defendant is unable and cannot deliver said goods to plaintiff, because said goods are stored, as plaintiff well knew when purchasing the warehouse receipt therefor, in a United States bonded warehouse, and said goods are in the joint custody of defendant and the collector of customs and subject to the exclusive control of said collector with respect to the delivery of said goods and the release of said goods from said bonded warehouse; that defendant issued its warehouse receipts for said goods as and for goods received in said bonded warehouse and that all persons holding or receiving said receipts had notice by virtue of the provisions thereof and recitals therein, that said goods were in storage in a bonded warehouse and subject to the control of said collector and subject to the rules and regulations, duly made and issued by the secretary of the treasury, for the government and control of bonded warehouses and goods stored therein.
[1] Appellant contends that the refusal of the collector of customs to allow defendant to deliver the goods to plaintiff does not release defendant from liability, because plaintiff has been damaged by relying upon the negotiable warehouse receipt issued by the defendant. But it appears from the undisputed facts and from the findings of the trial court that the warehouse receipts showed on their face that they were issued for goods in a bonded warehouse. All persons holding or receiving said receipts had notice, therefore, that the goods were subject to the control of the collector of customs with respect to the release of said goods and subject to the rules and regulations issued by the secretary of the treasury for the government and control of bonded warehouses and goods stored therein. [2] Goods received in a government bonded warehouse are in the joint custody of the collector and the warehouseman. The United States Revised Statutes declare that the proper officer of the customs and the owner and proprietor of the warehouse shall have joint custody of the merchandise stored in the warehouse. (U.S. Rev. Stats., sec. 2960 [2 Fed. Stats. Ann., p 1096; Comp. Stats. 1916, sec. 5644].) [3] The secretary of the treasury is empowered to establish rules and regulations governing bonded warehouses. (U.S. Rev. Stats., sec. 2989 [2 Fed. Stats. Ann., p. 1109; Comp. Stats. 1916, sec. 5682].) The treasury regulations have the force of law. ( United States v. Ehrgott, 182 Fed. 267, 272.) The customs regulations of the secretary of the treasury, in so far as they are relevant to the issues of this case, were introduced in evidence. These regulations provide that all goods will be received and delivered by storekeepers or under their supervision, and that goods shall not be delivered from bonded warehouses except upon presentation of a permit to the storekeeper signed by the collector and naval officer, if any. [4] The case of Bliss v. Carroll, 2 Cal. Unrep. 595 [9 P. 88], holds that the indorsee of a negotiable warehouse receipt is bound to take notice of the treasury regulations and the law applicable to bonded warehouses.
[5] It follows, therefore, that the goods could not be delivered from the bonded warehouse except upon presentation of a permit to the storekeeper signed by the collector of customs or his authorized deputy. The evidence in the instant case is that the collector, by his deputy, refused to allow the goods to be delivered and so instructed the storekeeper in charge of the warehouse.
[6] The defendant makes no claim to the goods and the trial court has found that it is ready and willing to deliver the goods if permitted by the collector of customs to do so. The defendant did not guarantee that the collector of customs would permit the assignees of Morris to withdraw the goods. It merely issued a receipt showing that the goods were actually held by it as the property of Morris. But appellant contends that defendant thereby guaranteed the title of Morris. We think the contention is without merit. To hold that defendant guaranteed Morris' title by issuing to him a negotiable receipt for the goods would mean that if goods were stolen and placed in a warehouse by the thief, and a negotiable receipt issued therefor, a purchaser for value of such receipt could recover from the warehouseman after the real owner had secured possession of his goods. The mere statement of the case demonstrates its unsoundness. Assuredly, the purchaser of a negotiable warehouse receipt representing merchandise can be in no better position than a purchaser receiving actual possession of such merchandise. In the latter case, the purchaser would take no better title than his grantor, except where an estoppel of the real owner was involved, an element that does not enter into the present case. To put the matter more strongly, let us suppose that the defendant and collector of customs had delivered the goods to plaintiff before they had knowledge of the superior claim of Christenson, Hanify Weatherwax. This latter firm, representing the real owners, as appears by the evidence, in the absence of any facts which would estop it to assert its rights, could have recovered the goods from plaintiff. In such an event, would plaintiff and appellant contend that it could recover damages from the defendant because its delivery of the goods upon Morris' order constituted a guarantee of Morris' title? Assuredly, it could not. Does appellant occupy a superior position because it accepted a receipt for the goods from the defendant, rather than the goods itself? We think not. The transfer of a negotiable warehouse receipt is but a symbolic delivery of the goods called for by it. ( Widemann Co. v. Digges, 21 Cal.App. 342 [ 131 P. 882].) The transfer of such a receipt passes the title to the goods as effectually as if the actual delivery had been made. ( Widemann Co. v. Digges, supra.) But it cannot pass title more effectually than an actual delivery and if the defendant would not have been liable to plaintiff in the case of an actual delivery of the goods and a subsequent dispossession by the real owner, it is not liable under the facts presented here.
The judgment is affirmed.
Sturtevant, J., and Nourse, J., concurred.
A petition to have the cause heard in the supreme court, after judgment in the district court of appeal, was denied by the supreme court on February 21, 1923.
All the Justices concurred.