Opinion
CV-19-03377-PHX-JZB
08-10-2021
Iris Weiss, et al., Plaintiffs, v. American Airlines Incorporated, Defendant.
ORDER
HONORABLE JOHN Z. BOYLE UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
Pending before the Court is Defendant American Airlines, Inc.'s (AA) Motion for Summary Judgment. (Doc. 50.) The Motion is fully briefed. (See Doc. 51 (Defendant's Statement of Facts); Doc. 54 (Plaintiff's Response); Doc. 55 (Plaintiff's Controverting Statement of Facts); Doc. 56 (Defendant's Reply).) After review, the Court will deny Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment.
I. Background.
The following facts are undisputed unless otherwise noted. The Court will consider a fact undisputed “[i]f a party fails to properly support an assertion of fact or fails to properly address another party's assertion of fact as required by Rule 56(c).” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(e); LRCiv 56.1(b).
On September 8, 2017, Plaintiff Iris Weiss was a ticketed passenger aboard AA Flight 1598, traveling from Phoenix Sky Harbor Airport (PHX) to Newark Liberty International Airport (EWR), New Jersey. (Doc. 51, ¶ 1; Doc. 1-3, ¶ 8.) At the time, Iris was 69 years old. (Doc. 51, ¶ 2.) Approximately 45 minutes into the flight, Iris left her seat to go to the lavatory. (Id., ¶ 4.) Plaintiff was sitting in the fifth row from the back of the aircraft. (Id., ¶ 5.) Upon leaving the lavatory, Iris “felt dizzy” and “thought [she] was going to pass out.” (Doc. 51-1, Ex. 1, at 5 (Plaintiff's Deposition); Doc. 51, ¶ 6.) Iris asked the flight attendant multiple times to sit in the jump seat in the back of the plane but was refused each time. (Doc. 51, ¶¶ 8, 11; Doc. 55 at 4, ¶¶ 3, 6-7.)
Iris moved into the galley, instead of toward her seat, and used the beverage cart to steady herself. (Doc. 51, ¶ 15.) Iris stood in the galley long enough for the flight attendant to provide her with water and juice. (Id., ¶ 18.) Plaintiff did not ask for assistance back to her seat. (Id., ¶ 19.) “After an unknown amount of time, Plaintiff fainted.” (Id., ¶ 21.) Iris's loss of consciousness caused her to fall to the ground, breaking her ankle and her heel. (Doc. 55, at 4, ¶ 13.)
On March 19, 2019, Plaintiffs filed their complaint in the Maricopa County Superior Court. (Doc. 1-3.) On March 25, 2019, Plaintiffs filed an amended complaint. (Id.) In their amended complaint Plaintiffs seek damages from Defendant AA for Iris Weiss's injuries suffered because of her fall and Nathan Weiss's resulting loss of consortium. (Id.) Plaintiffs argue that AA breached its duty as a common carrier to provide reasonable aid to an ill passenger. (Id., ¶ 22.) On May 22, 2019, the case was removed to this Court under 28 U.S.C. § 1332.
On January 29, 2021, Defendant AA filed their Motion for Summary Judgment. (Doc. 50.) On March 25, 2021, Plaintiffs filed their Response. (Doc. 54.) On April 6, 2021, Defendant filed its Reply. (Doc. 56.)
II. Legal Standard.
The moving party seeking summary judgment “bears the initial responsibility of informing the district court of the basis for its motion, and identifying those portions of [the record] which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). The Court may issue summary judgment if the facts viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party demonstrate “that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed R. Civ. P. 56(a). The purpose of summary judgment is to expedite the business of the court and to “isolate and dispose of factually unsupported claims.” Orme School v. Reeves, 802 P.2d 1000, 1004 (Ariz. 1990); Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 323 (1986). The Court must draw “all justifiable inferences” in favor of the nonmoving party. Orme School, 802 P.2d at 1009. Thus, summary judgment should be denied if reasonable minds could disagree on the inferences drawn from undisputed facts. Adickes v. S. H. Kress Co., 398 U.S. 144, 157 (1970); Fresno Motors LLC v. Mercedes-Benz, USA, LLC, 771 F.3d 1119, 1125 (9th Cir. 2014).
III. Analysis.
In the Motion, Defendant seeks summary judgment against Plaintiff on all claims. Specifically, Defendant argues: (1) it did not breach its duty of reasonable care to Plaintiff; (2) Plaintiff discharged Defendant of any duty owed to Plaintiff; and (3) Defendant was not the cause of Plaintiff's injuries. (Doc. 50.) The Court will address each argument.
A. Breach of the Reasonable Standard of Care.
In general, “every person is under a duty to avoid creating situations which pose an unreasonable risk of harm to others.” Nunez v. Pro. Transit Mgmt. of Tucson, Inc., 271 P.3d 1104, 1108 (Ariz. 2012) (citing Ontiveros v. Borak, 667 P.2d 200, 209 (Ariz. 1983)).
Because common carriers have a special relationship with passengers, their duties traditionally have extended beyond the mere obligation not to create a risk of harm. See Second Restatement § 314A(1)(a) and cmt. b. The special relationship imposes a duty to avoid harm from “risks created by the individual at risk as well as those created by a third party's conduct.” Restatement (Third) of Torts (“Third Restatement”): Liability for Physical Harm § 40 cmt. g (Proposed Final Draft No. 1 2007);2 see also Ft. Lowell- NSS Ltd. P'ship v. Kelly, 166 Ariz. 96, 101, 800 P.2d 962, 967 (1990) (noting that common carriers “are often held to possess an affirmative duty to guard the safety of their [passengers]”); Second Restatement § 314A cmt. d.Id. In addition, a common carrier owes a duty to render passengers “first aid after it knows or has reason to know that they are ill or injured, and to care for them until they can be cared for by others, ” regardless of whether the carrier created the risk of harm. Id. (citing Second Restatement § 314A(1)(b)).
But, “[t]he existence of a duty of care is a distinct issue from whether the standard of care has been met in a particular case.” Gipson v. Kasey, 214 Ariz. 141, 143 ¶ 10, 150 P.3d 228, 230 (2007). “Although they impose broader duties on common carriers than on ordinary actors, the Restatements require only the exercise of ‘reasonable care.'” Nunez, 271 P.3d at 1108; Second Restatement § 314A cmt. e (stating that even with special relationships and affirmative duties “[t]he duty in each case is only one to exercise reasonable care under the circumstances”); Third Restatement § 40 cmt. d.
Defendant argues it did not breach its duty of reasonable care to Plaintiff. (Id. at 6-7.) While Defendant's argument is not a model of clarity, it appears to assert three points in support of its position: (1) Defendant does not have a duty to violate FAA regulations to assist a passenger by allowing her to sit in the jump seat; (2) Defendant's flight attendants are not trained medical professionals and are only trained to recognize serious medical conditions, and because lightheadedness is not typically indicative of a serious condition, the care provided to Plaintiff was reasonable; and (3) Plaintiff could have prevented her own injury. (Doc. 50 at 6-7.) Defendant's arguments are not persuasive.
Defendant's argument that the duty of reasonable care expected of common carriers does not require a flight attendant to violate FAA regulations (id.) is not persuasive because it construes Plaintiff's claim narrowly and ignores its gravamen. Plaintiff does not argue that Defendant breached its duty by failing violate FAA regulations by allowing Plaintiff to sit in the jump seat. Instead, Plaintiff argues that the flight attendant's response was unreasonable because she failed to provide any alternative assistance after Plaintiff announced she was going to pass out and asked to sit in the jump seat.
Moreover, Defendant acknowledges that a common carrier is required to “give [passengers] first aid after it knows or has reason to know that they are ill or injured.” (See Docs. 50, 54.) See also Nunez, 271 P.3d at 1108 (“stating that even with special relationships and affirmative duties [of common carriers, ] ‘[t]he duty in each case is only one to exercise reasonable care under the circumstances.'”). Although the existence of a duty is a matter of law, “breach of duty . . . is an issue of fact that turns on the specifics of the individual case.” Gipson v. Kasey, 150 P.3d 228, 230 (Ariz. 2007). Summary judgment is only appropriate in tort cases where “no reasonable juror could conclude that the standard of care was breached.” Id. at 230 n.1. The Court cannot conclude that no reasonable juror could conclude that Defendant's failure to render alternative assistance to Plaintiff constitutes a breach of Defendant's duty to provide reasonable care. Thus, Defendant's entitlement to summary judgment is precluded.
Defendant's second argument also fails. Defendant concedes that its flight attendants are trained to assess medical emergencies, obtain assistance, and treat symptoms but are not to trained diagnose medical conditions. (Id.) Plaintiff does not allege that Defendant failed to diagnose her condition. Rather, Plaintiff alleges that Defendant failed to act reasonably in the face of Plaintiff's medical emergency. (See Doc. 54 at 4-5.) Defendant does not show that no reasonable juror could find the flight attendant's conduct unreasonable because she was not required to diagnose Plaintiff's medical condition. Accordingly, an issue of fact remains, and summary judgment is not appropriate. See Gipson, 150 P.3d at 230.
Defendant's third argument is similarly unpersuasive because comparative negligence or fault is an issue of fact for the jury. See Gunnell v. Arizona Pub. Serv. Co., 46 P.3d 399, 405 (Ariz. 2002) (“[I]n a negligence case, the jury is the sole arbiter of fact and law as to the defenses of contributory and comparative negligence.”). There is no dispute that Defendant owed Plaintiff a duty of reasonable care in the face of a medical emergency. Instead, the parties dispute whether the flight attendant's actions were sufficiently reasonable to satisfy that duty under Arizona law. Such a question is an issue of fact not appropriate for resolution on summary judgment.
Accordingly, the Court will deny Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment on this ground. See Fed R. Civ. P. 56(a).
B. Discharged from the Duty of Reasonable Care.
Defendant next argues that Defendant was “discharged” from any duty owed. (Doc. 50 at 7.) Specifically, Defendant argues that “[Defendant] rendered the aid that was available for her to offer to Plaintiff when, and if, Plaintiff told her she was feeling faint. At that point, Defendant AA's duty was discharged. Any duty to render additional care did not exist until Plaintiff fell and hurt herself, creating a new situation with similar duties owed.” (Id.) Defendant notes that, after Plaintiff fell, Defendant satisfied its new duty “by finding a medical professional to assist Plaintiff.” (Id. at 7-8.) Defendant's arguments raise disputes of fact and are unpersuasive.
Under Arizona law, the standard of care consists of “[w]hat the defendant must do, or must not do.” Coburn v. City of Tucson, 691 P.2d 1078, 1080 (1984) (citing W. Page Keeton et al., Prosser and Keeton on the Law of Torts § 53, at 356 (5th ed.1984)). “Whether the defendant has met the standard of care. . . is an issue of fact.” Gipson, 150 P.3d at 230. Even if facts are undisputed, summary judgment is still not proper if the parties disagree over the inferences drawn from those facts. Adickes, 398 U.S. at 158. Inferences from undisputed facts must be made in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Id.
As discussed above, whether Defendant's actions to aid Plaintiff were sufficient to satisfy Defendant's duty of reasonable care is a material issue of fact that prevents summary judgment in this action. Only a fact finder can properly determine if the flight attendant provided a reasonable amount of aid under the standard of care or if any of Plaintiff's actions discharged the flight attendant's duty. Otherwise, this Court would have to make inferences against the non-moving party, which is improper at summary judgment.
In its Reply, Defendant also argues that “AA logically cannot be liable for injuries purportedly due to the failure to render assistance if Plaintiff admits she would have refused that assistance.” (Doc. 56 at 6.) Defendant cites to portions of Plaintiff's deposition, wherein Plaintiff stated: “I could have sat down, but I don't think I would have sat down [on the floor]” and “I was afraid to turn around.” (Doc. 51-1, Ex. 1, at 7-8.) Defendant argues that this deposition testimony shows that any alternative assistance Defendant may have provided Plaintiff would have been refused anyway.
As an initial matter, Defendant provides no legal support for its position that Plaintiff's potential refusal of reasonable care discharges Defendant of any obligation to attempt to provide that care. Even assuming arguendo that a plaintiff's certain refusal of care does discharge any duty owed by a defendant, an issue of fact would still preclude summary judgment because it is not clear from the cited deposition transcript that Plaintiff would have rejected any assistance that Defendant attempted to provide. (See Doc. 51-1 at 7.) To be sure, Defendant asked Plaintiff “Was there enough room in the hallway that you are standing in for you to sit down on the ground?” (Id.) Plaintiff answered:
You know what, I didn't -- I was so frightened, and I never passed out before. I didn't even -- you know, yes, I could have sat down, but I don't think I would have sat down. You know, in your mind, when you're scared and you're frightened and you know you're going to go down, pass out. I didn't want to pass out, so I grabbed the first thing I could to hopefully not pass out, but I -- it -- I just went down.(Id.) Plaintiff's answer does not state, as Defendant implies, that Plaintiff would have rejected any alternative assistance offered by Defendant. Rather, it seems to indicate that Plaintiff had not thought to sit on the ground and would probably not have decided to do so on her own. Because the Court finds that an issue of fact exists as to whether Defendant rendered sufficient aid to “discharge” Defendant of its duty, summary judgment is improper on this issue and will be denied.
C. Causation.
Lastly, Defendant argues that Plaintiff's claims should be dismissed because Defendant did not cause Plaintiff's injuries. (Doc. 50. at 8.) Specifically, Defendant argues that “AA did not proximately cause Plaintiff's injury by failing to offer aid because the aid Plaintiff claims Defendant AA should have offered related to decisions Plaintiff had already rejected.” (Doc. 56 at 7.) In response Plaintiff argues that proximate cause is an issue of fact not appropriate for resolution on summary judgment. (Doc. 54 at 6.) The Court agrees.
In Arizona Tort Law, proximate cause is defined as “that which, in a natural and continuous sequence, unbroken by any efficient intervening cause, produces an injury, and without which the injury would not have occurred.” McDowell v. Davis, 448 P.2d 869, 871 (Ariz. 1968). Causation is a “factual [issue] usually decided by the jury.” Gipson, 150 P.3d at 230. Summary judgment is not appropriate unless no reasonable juror could find in the nonmoving party's favor regarding the causation element. Id. at 230 n.1.
Here, the parties' dispute over the causation of Plaintiff s injuries is an issue of fact that precludes summary judgment. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a). Furthermore, to the extent Defendant contends that Plaintiff was contributorily negligent, resolution of such arguments is inappropriate at summary judgment. Markowitz v. Arizona Parks Bd, 706 P.2d 364, 370 (Ariz. 1985). Accordingly, the Court will deny Defendant's Motion.
IT IS ORDERED that Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment (doc. 50) is denied.