Opinion
AV92000042.
March 12, 1993.
Rehearing Denied April 16, 1993.
Appeal from the Mobile Juvenile Court, John F. Butler, J.
Jay M. Ross of Reid, Friedman, Perloff Ross, Mobile, for appellant.
Sarah S. Frierson, Mobile, for appellee.
B.W.J. was born in 1983 to V.J. (mother) and W.B.Z. (father). The parents never married. The child lived with his mother.
The mother died in 1991. In July 1991 the maternal grandmother, D.J., filed a petition in juvenile court, alleging that the child was in need of protective care. She requested that she be granted temporary custody of the child.
Subsequent to the mother's death, the father filed a petition for legitimation of the child. The petition was granted in September 1991.
A hearing on the grandmother's petition was held in November 1991. The trial court, affirming the decision of a referee, found the child to be dependent and awarded temporary custody to the grandmother. The case was set for further review in August 1992 to determine at that time "whether or not the child progressed in his relationship with the father . . . such that it would be appropriate for the child to be placed in the home of the father."
The review hearing was held in August 1992. The trial court, affirming the decision of the referee, found that it was in the "best interest" of the child for custody to remain with the grandmother. It determined "that a change in custody to the natural father would not materially promote the child's welfare so as to overcome the inherently disruptive effect caused by uprooting the child." The father filed a post-judgment motion, which was denied. The father appeals.
The father asserts that the trial court erred in its award of custody to the grandmother. He insists that the court failed to apply the correct standard in its custody determination.
A natural parent has a prima facie right to custody of his or her child as against a non-parent. Ex parte Terry, 494 So.2d 628 (Ala. 1986). Under the Terry standard, the presumption may be overcome only by proof that the natural parent "is guilty of misconduct or neglect to a degree rendering that parent an unfit and improper person to be entrusted with the care and upbringing of the child in question." Terry.
In cases where the natural parent has voluntarily relinquished custody or the trial court has removed custody from the parent and awarded it to a non-parent by virtue of a prior decree, the presumption favoring the natural parent does not exist. Terry. In such instances, the parent may not regain custody without establishing that a change will materially promote the child's welfare. Ex parte McLendon, 455 So.2d 863 (Ala. 1984).
A review of the record establishes that the father never relinquished custody of the child to the grandmother, nor was custody removed from the father and awarded to the grandmother by a prior court decree. The November 1991 order was only a temporary disposition of custody pending a final determination. Wright v. Wright, 602 So.2d 421 (Ala.Civ.App. 1992); J.F. v. A.G., 607 So.2d 234 (Ala.Civ.App. 1991); Creel v. Creel, 582 So.2d 1153 (Ala.Civ.App. 1991). Consequently, the father did not lose his prima facie right to custody. For the trial court to remove custody from the father, it must have determined that the father was unfit. Terry.
The trial court made no finding concerning the father's "unfitness" to have custody, and there was no evidence presented suggesting that the father was unfit. The trial court utilized the incorrect standard in granting custody to the grandmother. Consequently, the judgment of the trial court is reversed and remanded for further proceedings, granting custody to the father, such custody to become effective at the end of the present school term.
The foregoing opinion was prepared by Retired Appellate Judge L. CHARLES WRIGHT while serving on active duty status as a judge of this court under the provisions of § 12-18-10(e), Code 1975, and this opinion is hereby adopted as that of the court.
REVERSED AND REMANDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS.
ROBERTSON, P.J., and YATES, J., concur.
THIGPEN, J., concurs in part and dissents in part.
Although I concur with the majority that the cause must be reversed, it appears that the present case exposes an inconsistency in the application of Ex parte Terry, 494 So.2d 628 (Ala. 1986). In Terry, our Supreme Court established the rule that a natural parent has a prima facie right to custody of his/her child as against a non-parent. This presumption in favor of the natural parent can be overcome by clear and convincing evidence that the natural parent is unfit or unsuited for custody and that the best interests of the child will be served by granting custody to the non-parent, or by showing that the parent has voluntarily forfeited his/her right of custody.
Some cases cite Terry, supra, as standing for the proposition that a parent's prima facie right to custody can be overcome by showing that the parent voluntarily relinquished custody to a non-parent (emphasis added). See, e.g., P.L.H. v. E.C., 601 So.2d 1018 (Ala.Civ.App. 1992); H.T. v. C.T.W, 569 So.2d 418 (Ala.Civ.App. 1990); and Roden v. Colburn, 522 So.2d 290 (Ala.Civ.App. 1988). As a slight divergence, other cases seem to hold that any forfeiture extinguishes the presumption in favor of the natural parent. See, e.g., Ex parte Woodfin, 596 So.2d 918 (Ala. 1992); Wright v. Wright, 602 So.2d 421 (Ala.Civ.App. 1992); S.M. v. State Department of Human Resources, 598 So.2d 975 (Ala.Civ.App. 1992); and T.L.L. v. T.F.L., 580 So.2d 1359 (Ala.Civ.App. 1991). The recent Supreme Court case of Jones v. Jones, 620 So.2d 4 (Ala. 1992), relies on Ex parte McLendon, 455 So.2d 863 (Ala. 1984). Jones quotes McLendon in pertinent part as follows:
"A natural parent has a prima facie right to the custody of his or her child. However, this presumption does not apply after a voluntary forfeiture of custody or a prior decree removing custody from the natural parent and awarding it to a non-parent."
McLendon at 865. This language seems to indicate that our Supreme Court is following the latter standard.
The distinction is important in the present case where it appears that the natural father may have voluntarily relinquished custody to the natural mother. Utilizing the principles set out in the first line of cases, the father did not relinquish custody to a non-parent, and hence he would have a prima facie right to custody against the child's maternal grandmother. See Terry, supra. Utilizing the principles of the latter line of cases, the father's relinquishing custody to the natural mother would extinguish the presumption that he is entitled to custody, and he would face the McLendon standard. The majority opinion seems to incorporate both lines of cases by stating that "review of the record establishes that the father never relinquished custody of the child to the grandmother. . . ."
The record reveals that the parents never married and that the child lived with its mother until her death. The father's involvement with the child has been negligible since he moved to Texas when the child was three years old. Additionally, it is only after the mother's death that the father pursued legitimization proceedings and seeks custody. Under the circumstances, it is my opinion that the cause should be remanded to the trial court for determination of whether the father's prolonged absence is tantamount to"voluntary relinquishment" to the mother and also the maternal grandmother. If the trial court determines that the father voluntarily relinquished custody, then the matter should be decided using the McLendon analysis. If the trial court determines that the father did not voluntarily relinquish custody, then the Terry analysis is proper.
The majority opinion refers to the November 1991, order as a "temporary disposition of custody pending a final determination." That order was properly a pendente lite order. A temporary order is intended to last until one party petitions the court for modification. Sims v. Sims, 515 So.2d 1 (Ala.Civ.App. 1987). Pendente lite orders are generally intended to last only during the pendency of the litigation. Sims, supra. From the wording of this order, "pending further order of this Court," it is clear that the trial court intended that its November 1991, order be a pendente lite order. It should be noted that had the November 1991, order been a temporary order, the McLendon standard would automatically be proper. Sims, supra.
Last, it appears that the majority's opinion does not reverse and remand for further proceedings, but actually renders judgment for the father. It is my opinion that the more proper course would be for this court to reverse and remand the cause for further proceedings, so that the trial court may make the determination utilizing the proper standard. Regardless of the standard used, the result may be the same.