Opinion
No. 214873.
Submitted February 2, 2000, at Detroit.
August 15, 2000 at 9:00 a.m. Updated October 13, 2000.
Appeal from Wayne Circuit Court, Michigan, LC No. 97-740553-CZ.
John D. O'Hair, Prosecuting Attorney, Timothy A. Baughman, Chief of Research, Training, and Appeals, and George E. Ward, Chief Assistant Prosecutor, for the plaintiff.
Jennifer M. Granholm, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, and Chester S. Sugierski, Assistant Attorney General, for the defendant.
Before: O'Connell, P.J., and Murphy and Jansen, JJ.
Plaintiff appeals as of right from an order granting summary disposition in favor of defendant pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8). We affirm.
This case arises out of plaintiff's attempt to have MCL 791.242; MSA 28.2312, relating to a final order of discharge from parole, declared unconstitutional as a violation of the separation of powers doctrine. Specifically, by a letter dated November 18, 1997, plaintiff requested defendant's director to rule that § 42 is unconstitutional given the exclusive power vested in the Governor to commute sentences and pardon prisoners and, therefore, does not empower the Parole Board to grant the past discharges of sentences or to grant the discharges of sentences "hereafter contemplated."
By way of example, plaintiff offered the facts of the following three prisoners: David D. DuPuis, James B. Canady, and Robert J. Owens, Jr. Mr. DuPuis was sentenced on September 27, 1983 to 2 1/2 to 15 years in prison for burglary and receiving and concealing stolen property and he was sentenced on December 16, 1985 to 7 to 20 years in prison for breaking and entering. Mr. DuPuis was granted a parole on September 24, 1993, and was discharged from parole on September 24, 1995. DuPuis committed another felony (home invasion) on October 21, 1996, for which he was sentenced to 1 1/2 to 20 years in prison. Mr. DuPuis' parole for the conviction of home invasion was to begin on January 1, 1998, and end on January 1, 2000. Mr. Canady was serving a prison sentence of 4 to 20 years when, on December 8, 1989, Mr. Canady was convicted of assault on a prison employee and given another sentence of 1 to 4 years. Mr. Canady was paroled on April 29, 1992, and was discharged from his parole on April 29, 1994. Mr. Canady committed another felony (malicious destruction of property) on January 6, 1997, and sentenced to 1 year and 1 day to 15 years. Mr. Canady's parole for the convictions of malicious destruction of property was to begin on January 6, 1998, and end on January 6, 2000. Mr. Owens, who had accumulated 22 convictions, was sentenced to 3 to 10 years in prison following a conviction of fourth habitual offender in December 1994. Mr. Owens' latest parole was to begin on January 4, 1998, and end on January 4, 2000. It is plaintiff's contention that the Parole Board does not have the power, either under the constitution or under the statute, to discharge the unserved maximum sentence once it discharges the prisoner from parole, that is, ends the parolee's supervision.
Defendant's director did not respond within thirty days to plaintiff's request, thus, it was considered to be denied and vested the circuit court with jurisdiction. See MCL 24.263; MSA 3.560(163). On December 22, 1997, plaintiff filed a two-count complaint for a declaratory judgment in the Wayne Circuit Court. In count I of its complaint, plaintiff sought a declaration that § 42 is unconstitutional because it infringes on the Governor's exclusive power to pardon prisoners or commute sentences under Const 1963, art 5, § 14. In count II of the complaint, plaintiff sought a declaration that § 42, even if constitutional, precludes a prisoner's unserved sentence from being discharged if the prisoner ever violates a parole order, no matter how many subsequent periods of parole the prisoner may successfully complete.
MCL 791.242; MSA 28.2312 provides:
When any paroled prisoner has faithfully performed all of the conditions and obligations of his parole for the period of time fixed in such order, and has obeyed all of the rules and regulations adopted by the parole board, he shall be deemed to have served his full sentence, and the parole board shall enter a final order of discharge and issue to the paroled prisoner a certificate of discharge.
No parole shall be granted for a period less than 2 years in all cases of murder, actual forcible rape, robbery armed, kidnapping, extortion, or breaking and entering an occupied dwelling in the night time except where the maximum time remaining to be served on the sentence is less than 2 years.
Plaintiff claims that this statutory provision is unconstitutional because the Governor has the exclusive power to grant commutations and pardons pursuant to Const 1963, art 5, § 14, which provides:
The governor shall have power to grant reprieves, commutations and pardons after convictions for all offenses, except cases of impeachment, upon such conditions and limitations as he may direct, subject to procedures and regulations prescribed by law. He shall inform the legislature annually of each reprieve, commutation and pardon granted, stating reasons therefor.
On January 23, 1998, defendant filed a motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) and (10). The arguments made in the lower court are the same as those on appeal. With respect to count I, plaintiff argues that the Parole Board cannot grant discharges to parolees until the expiration of their maximum sentence; otherwise the Parole Board would be illegally exercising a power vested exclusively in the Governor, namely, the power to pardon. Plaintiff further claims that, although the Legislature has the authority to provide for indeterminate sentencing under Const 1963, art 4, § 45, this authority extends only to the "release" of prisoners from detention and does not permit the Legislature to enact laws providing for the discharge of unserved time on maximum sentences. Const 1963, art 4, § 45 specifically provides:
The legislature may provide for indeterminate sentences as punishment for crime and for the detention and release of persons imprisoned or detained under such sentences.
The trial court found that § 42 is not an unconstitutional usurpation of the Governor's exclusive right to pardon or commute, relying on our Supreme Court's decision in Oakland Co Prosecuting Attorney v Dep't of Corrections, 411 Mich. 183; 305 N.W.2d 515 (1981). Contrary to plaintiff's assertion, the trial court did not err in relying on that case inasmuch as the precise issue in that case was whether the Prison Overcrowding Emergency Powers Act ( 1980 PA 519) — providing for the release of prisoners imprisoned under indeterminate sentences — impermissibly infringed on the Governor's commutation power. The statute granted to the Department of Corrections the power to reduce minimum sentences to reduce prison overcrowding. The Court held that the statute was within the authorization given to the Legislature under Const 1963, art 4, § 45, and, thus, the statute was constitutional. Oakland Co Prosecuting Attorney, supra, p 195. The Court specifically noted that the Legislature also has a role in establishing the length of a sentence (pursuant to Const 1963, art 4, § 45) and that the statute had not intruded on the Governor's power to pardon or commute sentences that the governor feels the circumstances warrant in his discretion. Id., pp 193, 197.
Similarly, in the present case, § 42 does not infringe on the Governor's power to pardon prisoners or commute sentences. Further, as noted by the Court in Oakland Co Prosecuting Attorney, supra, pp 193-195, the Legislature and the Governor share commutation power under the state constitution and Const 1963, art 4, § 45 authorizes the Legislature to provide for "the detention and release of persons imprisoned or detained under [indeterminate] sentences." Section 42 does not infringe on the Governor's power to pardon or commute sentences.
In addition, Michigan courts have consistently held over the course of time and throughout various changes in the law that the indeterminate sentencing process, as authorized by Const 1963, art 4, § 45, permits the absolute discharge of any unserved time on the maximum sentence if a prisoner successfully completes parole. See In re Dawsett, 311 Mich. 588, 592-593; 19 N.W.2d 110 (1945), In re Eddinger, 236 Mich. 668, 670; 211 N.W. 54 (1926); People v Young (On Remand), 220 Mich. App. 420, 428; 559 N.W.2d 670 (1996); People v Raihala, 199 Mich. App. 577, 579; 502 N.W.2d 755 (1993). Although plaintiff relies for the most part on the case of People v Cummings, 88 Mich. 249; 50 N.W.2d 310 (1891), the Supreme Court held in In re Manaca, 146 Mich. 697, 699, 704; 110 N.W. 75 (1906), and People v Cook, 147 Mich. 127; 110 N.W. 514 (1907), that the 1902 amendment that added the predecessor to Const 1963, art 4, § 45, eliminated the constitutional obstacles to indeterminate sentencing by the Legislature that were identified in Cummings. See also, Oakland Co Prosecuting Attorney, supra, p 194. Thus, there is no showing that the Legislature here has exceeded the scope of its power under Const 1963, art 4, § 45.
Plaintiff further argues that a release from detention is distinguishable from a discharge of a sentence and that the Legislature's action is outside of its scope of authority under Const 1963, art 4, § 45 to provide for the release of persons imprisoned or detained under indeterminate sentences, as opposed to an absolute discharge from a sentence. However, we find that the trial court did not err in ruling that "release" and "discharge" are "largely synonymous." We agree with the trial court, for the reason that plaintiff's interpretation of the relevant constitutional provisions would render the Legislature's authority under Const 1963, art 4, § 45 to impose indeterminate sentences meaningless; under such a construction, sentences would always be determinate (i.e., the maximum term) and only the period of incarceration would be indeterminate. Certainly, had the framers of Const 1963, art 4, § 45 meant only the period of incarceration to be indeterminate, they would not have expressly authorized the Legislature to impose indeterminate sentences.
Accordingly, the trial court did not err in ruling that MCL 791.242; MSA 28.2312 is constitutional and does not infringe on the Governor's power to pardon prisoners and commute sentences under Const 1963, art 5, § 14.
Plaintiff argues, alternatively, that even if the statute is found to be constitutional, the statute does not authorize a discharge of a sentence in the same case where a prisoner had violated the conditions of a parole that had previously been granted. In other words, plaintiff asserts that once a prisoner violates one parole order, the prisoner can never have the sentence discharged no matter how many subsequent periods of parole are successfully completed. Plaintiff argues that the plain meaning of the statute is that all periods of release on a given sentence constitute one parole. Therefore, plaintiff contends that if a prisoner commits a new crime while on parole, the "exercise of the sentence-discharge power of [MCL 791.242; MSA 28.2312] is lost, and [the] maximum sentence thereafter can only be discharged by the [G]overnor."
We agree with the trial court that this interpretation is contrary to the express language of the statute, which states that a parolee's remaining sentence may be discharged "when the paroled prisoner has faithfully performed all of the conditions and obligations of his parole for the period of time fixed in such order. . . ." Section 42 employs the singular form of the word "order," compelling the conclusion that the Legislature must have intended that a prisoner's compliance with the terms of each parole order be considered independently. Further, as noted by defendant, the statute contains no language that limits the discharge provision only if the first grant of parole is successfully completed.
Accordingly, the trial court did not err in rejecting plaintiff's proffered interpretation of MCL 791.242; MSA 28.2312 because the plain meaning of the statute does not support plaintiff's interpretation. The statute simply does not state that if a parolee violates the terms of parole, the parolee forfeits any further possibility for a full discharge. Rather, the statute only requires that the parolee faithfully perform all the conditions of parole for the period of time fixed in the parole order and obey all the rules and regulations adopted by the Parole Board so that it can enter a final order of discharge.
Affirmed.