Opinion
No. 08-02-00041-CR.
February 13, 2003. DO NOT PUBLISH, Tex.R.App.P. 47.2(b).
Appeal from 195th District Court of Dallas County, Texas.
Before BARAJAS, C.J., LARSEN, and McCLURE, JJ.
OPINION
Arthur Lee Waters was charged with two counts of aggravated robbery of a motor vehicle. He entered a plea of guilty in both cases. The jury found the Appellant guilty as charged and assessed punishment at ten years and one day imprisonment to be served in the Institutional Division of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice. On appeal, he complains of Batson error and the admission of extraneous offenses, neither of which is dependent upon the specific facts of the case. Consequently, we will dispense with a factual summary. Finding no error, we affirm.
BATSON CHALLENGE
In Point of Error No. One Appellant argues that the trial court erred in finding that the prosecutor exercised a peremptory strike on a potential juror for racially neutral reasons. In Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 106 S.Ct. 1712, 90 L.Ed.2d 69 (1986), the United States Supreme Court announced its mandate that in a criminal cause, a prospective juror may not be peremptorily challenged solely on the basis of race. Under Batson, the defendant is required to make a three-pronged showing. The first step requires that the defendant establish a prima facie case raising an inference of purposeful discrimination on the part of the prosecuting attorney. Brewer v. State, 932 S.W.2d 161, 164 (Tex.App.-El Paso 1996, no pet.); Belton v. State, 900 S.W.2d 886, 897 (Tex.App.-El Paso 1995, pet. ref'd). As for the second prong, once the accused establishes a prima facie case of racially motivated strikes, the burden of production shifts to the State to provide a race-neutral explanation. Emerson v. State, 851 S.W.2d 269, 271-72 (Tex.Crim.App. 1993); Calderon v. State, 847 S.W.2d 377, 382 (Tex.App.-El Paso 1993, pet. ref'd). In this context, a race-neutral explanation means one based on something other than the race of the juror. Hernandez v. New York, 500 U.S. 352, 358-60, 111 S.Ct. 1859, 1866, 114 L.Ed.2d 395 (1991); Francis v. State, 909 S.W.2d 158, 162 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1995, no pet.). It must relate to the particular case to be tried, but need not rise to the level justifying exercise of a challenge for cause. Batson, 476 U.S. at 97, 98, 106 S.Ct. at 1723, 1724; Francis, 909 S.W.2d at 162. Moreover, the explanation need not be persuasive, or even plausible. Purkett v. Elem, 514 U.S. 765, 767, 115 S.Ct. 1769, 1771, 131 L.Ed.2d 834 (1995); Francis, 909 S.W.2d at 162. With regard to the third prong, if the prosecutor's explanation is facially valid, the burden of production shifts back to the accused to establish by a preponderance of the evidence that the reasons given were merely a pretext for the State's racially motivated use of its peremptory strikes. Salazar v. State, 818 S.W.2d 405, 409 (Tex.Crim.App. 1991); Calderon, 847 S.W.2d at 382. The defendant must do more than simply state his disagreement with some of the State's explanations; he must prove affirmatively that the State's race-neutral explanations were a sham or pretext. Davis v. State, 822 S.W.2d 207, 210 (Tex.App.-Dallas 1991, pet. ref'd); Straughter v. State, 801 S.W.2d 607, 613 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1990, no pet.). In other words, the challenging party must prove purposeful discrimination. Baker v. Sensitive Care-Lexington Place Health Care, Inc., 981 S.W.2d 753, 755 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1998, no pet.). In reviewing Batson issues in criminal cases, the courts apply the clearly erroneous standard.Emerson, 851 S.W.2d at 273; Vargas v. State, 838 S.W.2d 552, 554 (Tex.Crim.App. 1992); Davis, 822 S.W.2d at 210. We will review the record in its entirety and consider the voir dire process, including the make-up of the venire, the prosecutor's explanation, and the defendant's rebuttal and impeachment evidence. Whitsey v. State, 796 S.W.2d 707, 726 (Tex.Crim.App. 1989) (opinion on reh'g); Davis, 822 S.W.2d at 210. Further, the record is examined in the light most favorable to the trial court's rulings. Williams v. State, 804 S.W.2d 95, 101 (Tex.Crim.App.), cert. denied, 501 U.S. 1239, 111 S.Ct. 2875, 115 L.Ed.2d 1038 (1991); Davis, 822 S.W.2d at 210. It is incumbent upon Appellant to provide a record illustrating that the trial judge's findings are clearly erroneous.Williams, 804 S.W.2d at 101; Mata v. State, 867 S.W.2d 798, 805 (Tex.App.-El Paso 1993, no pet.); see also Hill v. State, 827 S.W.2d 860, 865 (Tex.Crim.App. 1992); Wyle v. State, 836 S.W.2d 796, 797 (Tex.App.-El Paso 1992, no pet.). Under the "clearly erroneous" standard, we may only reverse if a review of the voir dire record, the State's explanations, the composition of the jury panel, and Appellant's rebuttal and impeachment evidence results in a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made. Whitaker v. State, 977 S.W.2d 869, 874 (Tex.App.-Beaumont 1998, no pet.). Where the trial court finds no prima facie case, it is imperative that the challenging party include in the record evidence establishing that the challenged veniremembers were members of a protected class, together with a demonstration of the make-up of the jury panel as a whole. Where, as here, the trial court proceeds to a hearing on the Batson issue, the prima facie case has already been sustained and a presumption of discrimination arises. At that point, further evidence on the jury panel's background becomes unnecessary. Dominguez v. State Farm Ins. Co., 905 S.W.2d 713 (Tex.App.-El Paso 1995, writ dism'd by agr.). Thus, where the State offers an explanation for the challenged strike and the trial court makes its ruling, the issue of whether the defendant presented a prima facie case is moot. Hernandez, 500 U.S. at 359, 111 S.Ct. at 1866, 114 L.Ed.2d at 406. Instead, the facial validity of the prosecutor's explanation becomes the central issue. Purkett, 115 S.Ct. at 1771; Francis, 909 S.W.2d at 162. As a result, an appellate court bypasses the first prong and moves directly to the second prong. Unless a discriminatory intent is inherent in the prosecutor's explanation, the reason offered will be deemed race-neutral. Id. Here, Appellant argues that the State used a peremptory challenge to prevent a black person, Juror No. 32, from sitting on the jury. Appellant complains of the trial court's ruling which accepted the prosecutor's explanation that the veniremember "had a bad juror rating." The following colloquy occurred:THE COURT: Let the Record reflect that the Defendant, Arthur Lee Waters, is African-American; that among the 42 prospective jurors — well, actually, there were fewer than that because some had been agreed on. But we went through Number 42, Mr. Limon. Within that group there were six African-Americans and five Hispanic-Americans.
The Defendant struck Number 42, who was Hispanic. The State struck four, all of them African-Americans, Number 22, Number 32, Number 37, and Number 41.
Does either side wish to make a Batson challenge?
MR. ROBERTS: We would, Your Honor, yes.
THE COURT: You believe the State has stricken those four because of racial reasons?
MR. ROBERTS: We'd like an explanation.
THE COURT: All right.
MR. HOPPING: Your Honor —
MR. ROBERTS: Can I have those numbers again?
THE COURT: 22, 32, 37, and 41.
MR. HOPPING: Your Honor, I believe most of the four jurors — 22 said that the most important punishment was rehabilitation. 32 had a bad juror rating. 37 said rehabilitation, and her brother was in the pen for capital murder. 39 — or 41 said that there were lots of innocent people in prison and cited rehabilitation as a reason.
The State also struck everyone that said rehabilitation was a primary reason of punishment. The State also struck 8, which was a white male, who stated rehabilitation. 13, Melissa Garza, the State struck her because of rehabilitation. 35, another white male, the State struck for those purposes.
THE COURT: All right. Mr. Roberts, do you wish to cross-examine the Prosecutor?
MR. ROBERTS: No, sir.
THE COURT: The Court rules that the reasons cited by the State show that there was no racial discrimination, and that that was not the purpose of any of the State's strikes. The reasons stated are all racially neutral.Thus, we must determine whether the prosecutor's explanation that Juror No. 32 was stricken because he had a "bad juror rating" establishes juror discrimination. We first note that this case has been transferred to us under the Supreme Court's docket equalization procedure. It was tried in Dallas County and prosecuted by the Dallas County District Attorney's Office. Although the record here does not establish what a "bad juror rating" is, or the methodology by which a juror is rated, prior opinions of the Dallas Court of Appeals have explained it, as the following excerpt demonstrates: At the hearing following abatement, the prosecutor testified that, based on information received from her investigator, she struck Ms. Watson because the district attorney's office had Ms. Watson listed as a bad juror in a prior case. The prosecutor explained that the district attorney's office keeps a book with a list of jurors who were exceptionally good or bad jurors in prior cases. The list contains the jurors' names, addresses, and the type of case involved but gives no reason for the classification. When asked for some of the reasons that a person would be listed as a bad juror, the prosecutor responded, `When they find a case not guilty, when they give a weak punishment.' The prosecutor further explained that she gives a list of the venire panel to her investigator who then checks to see if anyone on the list has a criminal record or is listed in the jury book. If a venireperson is listed in the book, the investigator places either a `B,' `F,' or `G' by that person's name to indicate whether they were previously a bad, fair, or good juror. In this case, a `B' appeared beside Ms. Watson's name. Webb v. State, 840 S.W.2d 543, 545 (Tex.App.-Dallas 1992, no pet.). Finding the explanation race-neutral, the court concluded that the burden had shifted to Webb to prove affirmatively that the prosecutor's explanations were a sham or pretext. Id. The "bad juror rating" system was again held to be a race-neutral explanation for striking a prospective juror in Bausley v. State, 997 S.W.2d 313, 316 (Tex.App.-Dallas 1999, pet. ref'd). We recognize, of course, that in Webb the prosecutor detailed the process by which jurors were rated and in Bausley, the court found the trial court had erred in denying Bausley's request to question the prosecutor who had rated the juror in his earlier jury service. We do not have the benefit of such details here and, indeed, it is the absence of these details that Appellant challenges. However, the juror rating system has been determined to be a facially neutral explanation. Once the State provided a race neutral explanation for its strike, the defendant must do more than simply state his disagreement with some of the State's explanations; he must prove affirmatively that the State's race-neutral explanations were a sham or pretext. Davis, 822 S.W.2d at 210; Straughter v. State, 801 S.W.2d 607, 613 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1990, no pet.). The burden to rebut the State's race neutral explanation is substantial, and often there is little evidence to show purposeful discrimination. See Mandujano v. State, 966 S.W.2d 816, 821 (Tex.App.-Austin 1998, pet. ref'd). It is essential that the opponent of the strike be given the opportunity to demonstrate that the State's race neutral explanations are untrue or pretextual. Yarborough v. State, 947 S.W.2d 892, 906 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997) (Baird, J., dissenting). Here, when the court asked defense counsel whether he wanted to cross-examine the prosecutor, defense counsel replied, "No, sir." The court gave Appellant every opportunity to inquire about the rating system, the methodology employed, the rating Juror No. 32 had received in his prior service and the reasons why. But he declined to do so. Since Appellant did not pursue the challenge, he has not presented a record illustrating that the trial court's findings are clearly erroneous. Consequently, we overrule Point of Error No. One.