Opinion
Case No: 4:15CV1900 HEA
07-21-2017
AARON VILCEK, et al., Plaintiffs, v. UBER USA, LLC and UBER TECHNOLOGIES, INC., Defendants.
OPINION , MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
This matter is before the Court on Defendant Uber Technologies, Inc.'s Motion to Dismiss, [Doc. No. 25], Plaintiffs oppose the motion. For the reasons set forth below, the Motion is granted.
Facts and Background
Plaintiffs brought this action in the Circuit Court for the County of St. Louis, Missouri on November 12, 2015. Pursuant to the Court's diversity of citizenship jurisdiction, Defendants timely removed the action. 28 U.S.C. §§ 1332, 1441, 1446. On October 29, 2016, the Court dismissed Plaintiff's Petition for failure to state a claim. The Court allowed Plaintiffs to file an Amended Complaint, "consistent with the rulings" contained in the Opinion. Plaintiffs filed their Amended Complaint on October 21, 2016. Defendant now moves to dismiss the Amended Complaint.
Plaintiffs' Amended Complaint alleges the following:
Uber developed and operates a software system that allows passengers with Uber accounts to request rides from drivers. These drivers are classified by Uber as independent contractors. Customer payments are processed automatically through Uber's system at the time a ride is requested. Uber takes a percentage of the payment, normally 20%, and passes the balance of the payment to the driver.
The St. Louis Metropolitan Taxicab Commission (the "MTC") regulates taxicabs, their drivers, and taxicab companies operating in St. Louis City and County. The MTC is organized and exists under Section 67.1800, et seq., RSMo. The MTC was created to recognize taxicab service as a public transportation system, improve the quality of the system, and exercise primary authority over licensing, controlling, and regulating taxicab services within St. Louis City and County. The MTC is authorized to license, supervise, and regulate any person who engages in the business of transporting passengers for hire, and is required by statute to establish administrative procedures for granting, denying, suspending, or revoking taxicab licenses. These procedures are stated in the MTC's Vehicle For Hire Code ("Taxi Code").
Under the Taxi Code, individuals may not operate a taxicab in St. Louis City or County without first obtaining an MTC driver's license. To obtain an MTC driver's license, a person must comply with certain requirements, including: a. being in possession of a valid Class E chauffeur's license issued by the State of Missouri; and b. submitting to fingerprint identification as required by Section 67.1819, RSMo. Plaintiffs and all members of the putative class have complied with all MTC taxicab driver's license requirements, are in good standing with the MTC, and possess valid MTC taxicab driver's licenses.
The MTC voted September 18, 2015 to allow Uber to operate in St. Louis City and County. The MTC directed, however, that Uber drivers be fingerprinted and possess a Class E Missouri chauffeur's license, the same as all other taxicab drivers.
Uber, with intentional and contemptuous disregard for the MTC's authority and rules, and in disregard of the requirements that taxicab companies must comply with to operate taxicab services in St. Louis City and County, launched its services in St. Louis City and County on September 18, 2015 using drivers who do not comply with the Taxi Code's licensing requirements for taxicab drivers.
Uber's service is functionally and legally indistinguishable from the incumbent taxicab services in St. Louis City and County, and Uber's drivers are functionally and legally indistinguishable from the plaintiff taxicab drivers. Uber and the incumbent taxicab services each provide a vehicle-for-hire service to the public, not operating on a regular route or between fixed terminals. Uber drivers and the plaintiff taxicab drivers work as independent contractors transporting passengers assigned them by the company for a fare set by the company between the locations directed by the passengers. Uber drivers and the plaintiff taxicab drivers each pay a fee to the company for which they work in exchange for the company's contribution to the driver's business.
Uber's entry into the taxicab business in St. Louis City and County was unlawful and in violation of the MTC's rules and the Taxi Code. Since Uber's unlawful entry into the St. Louis City and County taxicab market, plaintiffs and members of the putative Class have experienced decreases in revenue of 30-40% compared to the comparable time period in 2014 resulting from a decrease in passenger calls. Passenger calls and revenue decreases began on or about September 18, 2015 and were directly caused by Uber's unlawful entry into the St. Louis City and County taxicab market. Uber has admitted that during its first weekend of operations in St. Louis City and County, it provided passengers more than 5,000 rides. A significant portion of those rides would have gone to plaintiffs and the class but for Uber's unlawful entry into the St. Louis City and County taxicab market. Based on historical trends and the regular course of prior dealings between taxicab drivers and passengers within the St. Louis City and County taxicab market, plaintiffs and the members of the putative class have a reasonable expectation before Uber entered the St. Louis County and the City of St. Louis market that they would continue to see a consistent usage of taxicab services by the traveling public, subject to long-term trends in the economy and punctuated by short-term increases and decreases in ride demand caused by various events.
Plaintiffs and the members of the putative class collectively had valid and reasonable expectations of future business relationships with current and prospective taxicab passengers collectively
The taxicab market in St. Louis County and the City of St. Louis consists of approximately 1,000 MTC-licensed drivers (based on Uber's estimate) servicing a public seeking ride-for-hire services for trips originating in St. Louis County and the City of St. Louis.
The public seeking ride-for-hire services includes persons who routinely use taxicabs, business visitors to St. Louis, persons arriving at or departing via the airport, and occasional, local users of the service. Although there are alternative transportation options to ride-for-hire services available in this market, such as buses, MetroLink, rental cars, bicycles, and self-ownership or leasing of an automobile, those alternatives are generally not readily substitutable with ride-for-hire services. In short, for trips for which a member of the public wishes to travel as a passenger from a point of origination to a point of destination of the passenger's choosing, and not between fixed termini, without ownership of or other responsibility for the vehicle, the choice is essentially limited to a ride in a taxicab.
Historically, the number of taxicab trips taken in St. Louis County and the City of St. Louis remains steady, adjusted by season, with slow movements up and down in overall demand over time.
Plaintiffs' and the putative class members' hope of future business from the traveling public was not a "mere hope", but a reasonable hope based on past experience and their prior dealings with the traveling public. Plaintiffs' and the putative class members' expectation of future business from the traveling public was reasonable under Missouri law even if they cannot identify the particular passenger who would take a ride with a particular taxicab driver on a particular day or during a particular time period. Missouri law recognizes that one can have an expectation of future business relationships with persons who are part of a particular market for services even when the particular persons with whom one would have had business cannot be specifically identified.
Plaintiffs and the members of the putative class are independent contractors who routinely rely on expected passenger demand to forecast their income and expenses, and use their expected passenger demand to schedule their work.
In addition to their general, collective expectation of a continued demand for taxicab services by the traveling public collectively, plaintiff and individual members of the putative class had individual relationships with specific passengers who regularly and routinely would call upon that specific taxicab driver to provide the passenger with ride-for-hire services.
Subsequent to Uber beginning ride operations in St. Louis County and the City of St. Louis, some of these specific passengers began taking rides with Uber and abandoned their existing driver-rider relationships with a plaintiff or other specific putative class member. In such cases, the plaintiff or other specific putative class member lost their relationship with his or her customer and the revenues that previously arose in that relationship.
Legal Standard
The purpose of a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim is to test the legal sufficiency of a complaint so as to eliminate those actions "which are fatally flawed in their legal premises and deigned to fail, thereby sparing litigants the burden of unnecessary pretrial and trial activity." Young v. City of St. Charles, 244 F.3d 623, 627 (8th Cir. 2001) (citing Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 326-27 (1989)). "To survive a motion to dismiss, a claim must be facially plausible, meaning that the 'factual content...allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.' " Cole v. Homier Dist. Co., Inc., 599 F.3d 856, 861 (8th Cir. 2010) (quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009)). The Court must "accept the allegations contained in the complaint as true and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party." Id. (quoting Coons v. Mineta, 410 F.3d 1036, 1039 (8th Cir. 2005)). However, "[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements," will not pass muster. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678.
To survive a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, "a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face." Braden v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 588 F.3d 585, 594 (8th Cir.2009) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). "A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff [has pleaded] factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged." Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 556 (2007)). Although a complaint need not contain detailed factual allegations, it must raise a right to relief above the speculative level. See Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555.
Discussion
Defendants urged dismissal arguing that Plaintiffs have failed to sufficiently allege a tortious interference claim Under Missouri law, a claim of tortious interference with a contract or valid business expectancy consists of the following elements: (1) a contract or valid business expectancy; (2) the defendant's knowledge of the contract or relationship; (3) intentional interference by the defendant inducing or causing a breach; (4) absence of justification; and (5) damages resulting from the defendant's conduct. Nazeri v. Missouri Valley Coll., 860 S.W.2d 303, 316 (Mo. 1993) (en banc) (citation omitted). Under Missouri law, "[a] plaintiff has the burden of producing substantial evidence to establish a lack of justification," and "[i]f the defendant has a legitimate interest, economic or otherwise, in the contract or expectancy sought to be protected, then the plaintiff must show that the defendant employed improper means in seeking to further only his own interests." Id. at 316-17. Rafferty v. Rafferty, No. 4:15-CV-1543 CAS, 2016 WL 319593, at *5 (E.D. Mo. Jan. 27, 2016).
A business expectancy is a "probable future business relationship that gives rise to a reasonable expectancy of financial benefit." Stehno, 186 S.W.3d at 251. The business expectancy must be "reasonable and valid" and not show just a "mere hope of establishing a business relationship." Wash Solutions, Inc. v. PDQ Mfg., Inc., 395 F.3d 888, 895 (8th Cir.2005) (quoting Serv. Vending Co. v. Wal-Mart Stores, 93 S.W.3d 764, 769 (Mo.Ct.App.2002)). A regular course of similar prior dealings suggests a valid business expectancy. Slone v. Purina Mills, Inc., 927 S.W.2d 358, 370 (Mo.Ct.App.1996). Liability cannot be predicated on "speculation, conjecture, or guesswork" and essential facts cannot be inferred without a "substantial evidentiary basis." Wash Solutions, Inc., 395 F.3d at 896; Stockdall v. TG Investments, Inc., 129 F. Supp. 3d 871, 881 (E.D. Mo. 2015).
Plaintiffs Amended Complaint again fails to satisfy the business expectancy element of a claim for tortious interference. Rather than setting out a valid and reasonable business expectancy in obtaining customers for their taxi business, Plaintiffs' claims are based on the mere hope that they will have customers for their taxis in the future. The allegations of a regular course of similar prior dealings with specific customers with whom it could be said Defendants interfered are merely vague references to passengers; there are no specific customers set out, nor any facts to establish that any "regular" customers indeed exist. There are no concrete allegations giving rise to a reasonable and valid business relationship. Plaintiffs' allegations are nothing more than speculation, conjecture and guesswork without a substantial evidentiary basis. Plaintiffs' allegations again fail to satisfy the pleading requirements of Twombly and Iqbal. As such, the claim fails to state a cause of action.
Conclusion
Plaintiffs' Amended Complaint fares no better than their previous Petition and it fails to set forth all of the necessary elements to state a claim for tortious interference with a valid business expectancy.
Accordingly,
IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Defendants' Motion to Dismiss, [Doc. No. 25], is GRANTED.
Dated this 21st day of July, 2017.
/s/_________
HENRY EDWARD AUTREY
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE