Summary
stating in the statutory construction context that courts should "interpret the several parts of a statute as a consistent and harmonious whole"
Summary of this case from Nadolski v. NadolskiOpinion
44561 Record No. 830721.
December 2, 1983
Present: Carrico, C.J., Cochran, Poff, Compton, Stephenson, and Russell, JJ., and Gordon, Retired Justice.
Under Code Sec. 56-46.1 the State Corporation Commission may conduct an environmental-impact review of a proposal to construct a 230 kv transmission line in a corridor acquired in 1969, the "grandfather" clause of the statute applying only to transmission lines of 200 kv or over in corridors acquired prior to 8 April 1972.
(1) Statutory Construction — General Principles — Court Should Not Construe Language Which is Facially Unambiguous.
(2) Statutory Construction — General Principles — Several Parts of Statute Should be Construed as a Consistent Whole so as to Effectuate Legislative Goal.
(3) Statutory Construction — General Principles — Provisos Etc. are Inherently Ambiguous as Inconsistent With Basic Policy Statement of Act.
(4) Statutory Construction — General Principles — Purpose for Which Statute is Enacted is of Primary Importance in its Construction.
(5) Public Service Companies — Electrical Utilities — State Corporation Commission — Statutory Construction — Commission to Consider Environmental Factors, Etc. (Code Sec. 56-46.1) — Manifest Purpose is to Minimize Impact on Scientific and Environmental Assets Resulting from Construction of High Voltage Transmission Lines.
(6) Public Service Companies — Electrical Utilities — State Corporation Commission — Statutory Construction — Commission to Consider Environmental Factors, Etc. (Code Sec. 56-46.1) — Only Acquisitions of New Corridors Prior to 8 April 1972 are Grandfathered and Not Construction of 200 kv Line or Over in Existing Corridor.
Under Code Sec. 56-46.1, the State Corporation Commission is required to consider environmental factors in approving construction of certain electrical transmission lines. No electrical transmission line of 200 kv is to be approved without notice by publication and a hearing if requested by an interested party. When enacted in 1972, Code Sec. 56-46.1 contained a "grandfather" clause stating "[t]his section shall apply to such transmission lines for which rights-of-way acquisitions have not been completed as of April eight, nineteen hundred seventy-two."
VEPCO proposed to construct a 230 kv transmission line in a corridor presently carrying a 115 kv line and a 500 kv line. The VEPCO rights of way were acquired in 1969. On 17 September 1982 the Commission granted VEPCO's application under Code Sections 56265.1 et seq. for an amendment to its certificate of convenience and necessity. However, after this grant the Supreme Court decided VEPCO v. Citizens, 222 Va. 866, 284 S.E.2d 613 (1981) and Fairfax County v. VEPCO, 222 Va. 870, 284 S.E.2d 615 (1981). In Citizens, the grandfather clause was not in issue and in Fairfax County the clause was factually inapplicable; but in both cases the Court stated the Commission had the power to review the environmental impact of upgrading the existing corridor. The Commission then directed VEPCO to show cause why it should not be enjoined from constructing the 230 kv transmission line without prior approval by the Commission under Code Sec. 56-46.1. By final order on 19 January 1983, the Commission asserted jurisdiction over the line and enjoined VEPCO from any further construction until VEPCO obtained approval under Code Sec. 5646.1. However, by Acts 1983, c. 438 the General Assembly deleted the "grandfather" clause and substituted an exemption of "transmission lines constructed prior to [1 January 1983] for which the Commission has issued a certificate of convenience and necessity" and that "any electrical transmission line that is the subject of litigation under Sec. 56-46.1 on the effective date of this Act [1 July 1983] shall be governed by Sec. 56-46.1 as in effect on [1 January 1983]."
The Commission issued 10 certificates of convenience and necessity for transmission lines exceeding 200 kv after enactment of Code Sec. 56-46.1. In each case the right of way had been acquired before 8 April 1972, the effective date of Code Sec. 56-46.1.
VEPCO invokes the superseded grandfather clause based on the language concerning electrical transmission lines subject to litigation as of 1 July 1983 and states the Commission's practice indicates it subscribed to VEPCO's view concerning the grandfather clause. This view, VEPCO contends, is that the Commission's environmental impact jurisdiction over existing corridors is limited to cases of which rights-of-way were acquired, wholly or in part after 8 April 1972.
1. Courts should not construe language which facially is unambiguous.
2. Several parts of a statute should be interpreted as a consistent and harmonious whole so as to effectuate the legislative goal.
3. Provisos, exceptions, exemptions and grandfather clauses, although facially unambiguous in themselves, are inherently inconsistent with the spirit of the statute of which they are a part. Thus, where a regulatory statute is designed to promote the public welfare, and the scope of the coverage in tended by the legislature is drawn in doubt by a regulated public service company claiming exemption, courts must determine what was intended.
4. The purpose for which a statute is enacted is of primary importance in its interpretation or construction.
5. The manifest legislative purpose of Code Sec. 56-46.1 was to minimize adverse impact on the scientific and environmental assets resulting from construction of high voltage transmission lines.
6. The General Assembly, aware of future contingencies as well as contemporary circumstances, had no intention of extending the grandfather exemption of Code Sec. 56-46.1 except to utility companies which had acquired new corridors prior to 8 April 1972 and not to utility companies which were using existing corridors. While the language of the grandfather clause could be read broadly to cover both cases, the exemption should be construed narrowly in view of the purpose of the General Assembly to avoid loss to a public utility which acquired new rights-of-way and then might fail to get approval of a line of 200 kv or more under Code Sec. 56-46.1.
Appeal from an order of the State Corporation Commission.
Affirmed.
Guy T. Tripp, III (Darla B. Tarletz; Hunton Williams, on briefs), for appellant.
Donald G. Owens; John H. Foote, County Attorney (Gerald L. Baliles, Attorney General; Anthony Gambardella, Assistant Attorney General; Lewis S. Minter, on briefs), for appellees.
This appeal challenges the jurisdiction of the State Corporation Commission to conduct an environmental-impact review of a proposal to construct a 230 kilovolt (kv) transmission line in a corridor which presently carries a 115 kv line and a 500 kv line.
Virginia Electric and Power Company (Vepco) proposes to construct the new line in an existing corridor connecting its Loudoun and Gainesville substations. All rights-of-way were acquired prior to 1969 at a cost of more than $350,000. On September 17, 1981, the Commission granted Vepco's application under the Utility Facilities Act, Code Sections 56-265.1, et seq., for an amendment to its certificate of convenience and necessity. Following our decisions three months later in VEPCO v. Citizens, 222 Va. 866, 284 S.E.2d 613 (1981), and Fairfax County v. VEPCO, 222 Va. 870, 284 S.E.2d 615 (1981), the Commission directed Vepco "to show cause why it should not be enjoined from constructing [the 230 kv] transmission line without prior approval by this Commission under Sec. 56-46.1 of the Code of Virginia". By final order entered January 19, 1983, the Commission ruled that it "has jurisdiction over the line in question under Sec. 56-46.1" and enjoined Vepco "from any further construction . . . until such time as it has obtained the requisite approval under Sec. 56-46.1." The Office of the Attorney General, Division of Consumer Counsel, and The Board of County Supervisors of Prince William County elected to participate with the Commission as appellees in Vepco's appeal.
In its first session following adoption of the new Virginia Constitution, the General Assembly enacted Code Sec. 56-46.1. Acts 1972, c. 652. In its original form, the statute read in pertinent part as follows:
Article XI. Sec. 1 provides:
Sec. 1. Natural resources and historical sites of the Commonwealth. To the end that the people have clean air, pure water, and the use and enjoyment for recreation of adequate public lands, waters, and other natural resources, it shall be the policy of the commonwealth to conserve, develop, and utilize its natural resources, its public lands, and its historical sites and buildings. Further, it shall be the Commonwealth's policy to protect its atmosphere, lands, and waters from pollution, impairment, or destruction, for the benefit, enjoyment, and general welfare of the people of the commonwealth.
No electrical transmission line of two hundred kilovolts or more shall be constructed unless the State Corporation Commission shall . . . approve such line. As a condition to such approval the Commission shall determine that the corridor or route the line is to follow will reasonably minimize adverse impact on the scenic and environmental assets of the area concerned. . . . This section shall apply to such transmission lines for which rights of-way acquisitions have not been completed as of April eight, nineteen hundred seventy-two.
The last sentence quoted above, which the parties call a "grandfather clause", is the focus of the issue on appeal. By amendments effective July 1, 1983, the General Assembly deleted the grandfather clause and substituted a provision which exempts "transmission lines constructed prior to January 1, 1983, for which the Commission has issued a certificate of convenience and necessity." Acts 1983, c. 438. Vepco agrees that "as a result of the 1983 amendments all new transmission lines of more than 200 kilovolts, regardless of time of acquisition of rights-of-way, will be subject to Commission review under Sec. 56-46.1". As Vepco points out, however, the amendments further provided that "any electrical transmission line that is the subject of litigation under Sec. 56-46.1 on the effective date of this Act shall be governed by Sec. 56-46.1 as in effect on January 1, 1983." Id.
Invoking the grandfather clause, Vepco argues that, inasmuch as all rights-of-way required for the Loudoun-Gainesville line were acquired prior to 1972, the line is exempt from environmental-impact review; that the Commission had no jurisdiction to require a review; and hence, that we should reverse its order and dissolve the injunction.
The record shows that, following enactment of Sec. 56-46.1, the Commission issued 10 certificates of convenience and necessity for transmission lines of more than 200 kv without benefit of the review required by the new statute. In each case, the rights-of-way had been acquired before April 8, 1972, and Vepco concludes that "the Commission itself must have subscribed" to Vepco's view of the legislative intent underlying the grandfather clause.
This seems a reasonable conclusion and, as always, the Commission's interpretation of legislative intent is entitled to great weight. But it is for this Court to determine the import of statutory language in light of what appears to be the central legislative goal.
It appears the Commission modified its interpretation of the grandfather clause and issued the show cause order against Vepco as a result of our opinions in Citizens and Fairfax. While the grandfather clause was not in issue in Citizens and was factually inapplicable in Fairfax, arguments advanced in both cases required us to consider whether the Commission had jurisdiction or "power" under Sec. 56-46.1 to review a proposal to upgrade an existing corridor by the construction of a new line transmitting more than 200 kv.
In Citizens, we said:
The interpretation urged on us by Vepco would preclude Commission review of construction of transmission facilities whenever the company decides to use an existing corridor. This would be the case irrespective of the changes the company proposes and irrespective of changes in the area that may have occurred since the corridor was first established.
Id. at 869, 284 S.E.2d at 614-15. Declining to accept the interpretation Vepco urged, we concluded that "the Commission had the power to review the environmental impact of upgrading the existing . . . corridor." Id.
In Fairfax, the challenge to the jurisdiction of the Commission to upgrade an existing corridor was raised by the County. In the course of our analysis upholding Vepco's argument that the grandfather clause was factually inapplicable, we reaffirmed our finding of legislative intent in Citizens.
The language in issue [the grandfather clause] was designed to protect those utilities which had acquired rights-of-way, but had not started construction, before the act was passed. The County's interpretation would exempt any transmission line from statewide control, as long as the utility used an existing corridor. There is nothing in the language, history, or spirit of the section to support such an interpretation, and we reject it.
Id. at 874, 284 S.E.2d at 617.
In the case at bar, Vepco's position is that the Commission's environmental-impact jurisdiction over "existing" corridors is limited to cases in which rights-of-way were acquired, wholly or in part, after April 8, 1972. If Vepco's construction is sound, then so long as a utility had acquired a corridor before that date, it was free (until the enactment of the 1983 amendments) to install in that corridor as many transmission lines, carrying as much voltage, as it chose, regardless of the effect its decision might have upon the environment. We cannot agree that the General Assembly intended the result Vepco's construction of the grandfather clause would entail.
Obviously, as Vepco acknowledged in an earlier case, " 'in some instances, placing new lines parallel to existing lines would be more detrimental to the environment than the use of new corridors' ". Rappahannack League v. VEPCO, 216 Va. 774, 780, 222 S.E.2d 802, 806 (1976).
[1-3] We are mindful of the general rule invoked by Vepco that courts should not construe statutory language which is facially unambiguous. Whenever possible, however, it is our duty to interpret the several parts of a statute as a consistent and harmonious whole so as to effectuate the legislative goal. "[A] statute is not to be construed by singling out a particular phrase." Citizens at 869, 284 S.E.2d at 615. Provisos, exceptions, exemptions, and grandfather clauses, although facially unambiguous in themselves, are inherently inconsistent with the spirit of the statute of which they are a part. Accordingly, where, as here, a regulatory statute is designed to promote the public welfare and the scope of the coverage intended is drawn in doubt by a regulated public service company claiming exemption, courts must determine what was intended.
[4-5] "The purpose for which a statute is enacted is of primary importance in its interpretation or construction." Norfolk So. Ry. Co. v. Lassiter, 193 Va. 360, 364, 68 S.E.2d 641, 643 (1952). In the language of Sec. 56-46.1, the manifest legislative purpose was to "minimize adverse impact on the scenic and environmental assets" resulting from construction of high voltage transmission lines. Typically, legislative history is scanty. But it is reasonable to assume that, at the time the statute was under consideration, some utilities had already acquired corridors for the purpose of constructing lines in excess of 200 kv. Even though such lines may have been certificated under the Utilities Facilities Act, such utilities faced the danger of losing the investment they had made in acquiring rights-of-way if they should fail to win approval under the new statute. Since the utilities could not have anticipated the enactment of new standards, the General Assembly decided to grant them an exemption to protect their investments. We are of opinion, however, that the language the draftsman chose to achieve that purpose swept more broadly than the legislature intended.
Admittedly, the grandfather clause, read in isolation from the rest of the statute, seems to apply not only to cases where a pre-1972 corridor was acquired for the purpose of constructing a 200 kv line, but also to cases such as this where a utility proposes to install a 200 kv line in a pre-1972 corridor originally acquired to carry other lines. Yet, to construe and apply the exemption so broadly is to ignore the evolutionary nature of the mischief the legislature sought to regulate. Population grows and shifts, land uses change, and the need to control the potential for environmental abuse expands apace. We believe that the General Assembly, aware of future contingencies as well as contemporary circumstances, had no intention of extending the grandfather exemption to any 200 kv transmission line other than one for which rights-of-way had been acquired before the enactment of the new statute.
There is no evidence in the record before us that at the time Vepco acquired the rights-of-way, it planned to upgrade the Loudoun Gainesville corridor in the manner now proposed, and we do not notice counsel's suggestion to such effect.
Having in mind the legislative goal, rooted as it is in the constitutional mandate, and construing Sec. 56-46.1 as a whole, we conclude that the grandfather clause does not apply to Vepco's proposal to upgrade the Loudoun-Gainesville transmission corridor, and we will affirm the Commission's order.
Affirmed.
In enacting Code Sec. 56-46.1 in 1972, the General Assembly included a grandfather clause by providing the statute should apply only to transmission lines for which right-of-way acquisitions had not been completed on April 8, 1972. The acquisitions for the transmission line involved in this case were completed before April 8, 1972. So by the clear terms of Code Sec. 56-46.1, the statute does not apply.
Recently, the General Assembly concluded that the grandfather clause was too broad. In 1983, it amended the statute to make it apply prospectively to all transmission lines. Because the Act expressly made the amendment inapplicable to cases in litigation, the amendment does not apply to this case.
Although restricted to Code Sec. 56-46.1 as originally enacted, the Commission added a provision that did not appear in the statute. The Commission ruled that Code Sec. 56-46.1 applied not only to transmission lines built on rights-of-way acquired after April 8, 1972, as the statute required, but also to transmission lines supplanting existing transmission lines built on rights-of-way, whether acquired before or after that date. In so ruling, the Commission amended the statute, a function it should have left to the General Assembly.
This Court has decided two cases involving Code Sec. 56-46.1, VEPCO v. Citizens, 222 Va. 866, 284 S.E.2d 613 (1981), and Fairfax County v. VEPCO, 222 Va. 870, 284 S.E.2d 615 (1981). Citizens did not concern the grandfather clause. In my opinion, it has nothing to do with this case.
Fairfax concerned, as does this case, the grandfather clause and a new transmission line that would (in part) supplant at a higher voltage an existing line. The Court held Code Sec. 56-46.1 applicable because Vepco had not acquired requisite rights-of-way before April 8, 1972. The underlying rationale of the opinion, as I read it, is that had the rights-of-way been acquired before April 8, 1972, Code Sec. 56-46.1 would not have been applicable.
COCHRAN, J., joins in dissent.