Thus, viewing the triggering and predicate felony convictions together, we conclude that these offenses are not so lacking in gravity or seriousness to support a conclusion that his sixty-four year prison sentence gives rise to an inference of gross disproportionality. See Wells-Yates, ¶ 23; see also Valenzuela v. People, 856 P.2d 805, 810 (Colo. 1993) (mitigating factors, such as a defendant's age, are irrelevant to determining whether a punishment is constitutionally proportionate to the crime). Therefore, a remand for an extended proportionality review is not warranted.

Wallace v. State, supra, 2008 WL 295064, *8 n. 40. In support of that statement, the Delaware Supreme Court in Wallace v. State, supra, 2008 WL 295064, *8 n. 41, relied on the following authority as cited by the state: Rice v. Cooper, 148 F.3d 747, 752 (7th Cir. 1998), cert. denied, 526 U.S. 1160, 119 S. Ct. 2052, 144 L. Ed. 2d 218 (1999); Harris v. Wright, 93 F.3d 581, 583-85 (9th Cir. 1996); Rodriguez v. Peters, 63 F.3d 546, 566-67 (7th Cir. 1995); Foster v. Withrow, 159 F. Sup. 2d 629, 645-46 (E.D. Mich. 2001), aff'd, 42 Fed. Appx. 701 (6th Cir. 2002); Valenzuela v. People, 856 P.2d 805, 810 (Colo. 1993); Tate v. State, 864 So. 2d 44, 54 (Fla.App. 2003); Phillips v. State, 807 So. 2d 713, 716-17 (Fla.App.), review denied, 823 So. 2d 125 (2002), cert. denied, 531 U.S. 1161, 123 S. Ct. 966, 154 L. Ed. 2d 896 (2003); People v. Cooks, 271 III. App. 3d 25, 40-41, 648 N.E.2d 190, appeal denied, 162 Ill. 2d 571, 652 N.E.2d 344 (1995); State v. Pilcher, 655 So. 2d 636, 643-44 (La.App.), cert. denied, 662 So. 2d 466 (La. 1995); People v. Bentley, 2000 WL 33519653, *2 (Mich.App. 2000); People v. Launsbury, 217 Mich. App. 358, 363, 551 N.W.2d 460 (1996), appeal denied, 454 Mich. 883, 562 N.W.2d 203 (1997); State v. Garcia, 561 N.W.2d 599, 609 (N.D.), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 874, 118 S. Ct. 198, 139 L. Ed. 2d 131 (1997); Commonwealth v. Carter, 855 A.2d 885, 892 (Pa.Super.), appeal denied, 581 Pa. 670, 863 A.2d 1142 (2004); State v. Jensen, 579 N.W.2d 613, 624-25 (S.D. 1998); State v. Powell, 34 S.W.3d 484, 494 (Tenn.Crim.App.), appeal denied, 2000 Tenn. LEXIS 539 (2000); Laird v. State, 933 S.W.2

Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, The Rest of Their Lives: Life Without Parole for Child Offenders in the United States, p. 1 (2005). In support of that contention, the State cites the following cases: Rice v. Cooper, 148 F.3d 747, 752 (7th Cir. 1998); Harris v. Wright, 93 F.3d 581, 583-85 (9th Cir. 1996); Rodriguez v. Peters, 63 F.3d 546, 566-67 (7th Cir. 1995); Foster v. Withrow, 159 F.Supp.2d 629, 645-46 (E.D.Mich. 2001), aff'd, 42 Fed.Appx. 701 (6th Cir. 2002); Valenzuela v. People, 856 P.2d 805, 810 (Colo. 1993); Tate v. State, 864 So.2d 44, 54 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App. 2003); Phillips v. State, 807 So.2d 713, 716-17 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App. 2002); People v. Cooks, 271 Ill.App.3d 25, 207 Ill.Dec. 734, 648 N.E.2d 190, 200 (1995); State v. Pilcher, 655 So.2d 636, 643-44 (La.Ct.App. 1995); People v. Bentley, 2000 WL 33519653, at *2 (Mich.Ct.App.); People v. Launsburry, 217 Mich.App. 358, 551 N.W.2d 460, 463 (1996); State v. Garcia, 561 N.W.2d 599, 609 (N.D. 1997); Commonwealth v. Carter, 855 A.2d 885, 892 (Pa.Super.Ct. 2004); State v. Jensen, 579 N.W.2d 613, 624-25 (S.D. 1998); State v. Howell, 34 S.W.3d 484, 494 (Tenn.Crim.App. 2000); Laird v. State, 933 S.W.2d 707, 714 (Tex.Ct.App. 1996); Speer v. State, 890 S.W.2d 87, 92-3 (Tex.Ct.App. 1994); State v. Loukaitis, 97 Wash.App. 1090, 1999 WL 1044203, at 13; State v. Massey, 60 Wash.App. 131, 803 P.2d 340, 348 (1990); State v. Stevenson, 55 Wash.App. 725, 780 P.2d 873, 880 (1989).

In an abbreviated proportionality review, the court compares the gravity and seriousness of the offense with the harshness of the sentence. Valenzuela v. People , 856 P.2d 805, 809 (Colo. 1993) ; see also Wells-Yates , ¶¶ 7, 10. This analysis generally requires a consideration of the facts and circumstances underlying the defendant's conviction.

Indeed, contrary to the dictates of Graham, existing case law in Colorado expressly precluded a court from using the age of a defendant as a factor in conducting a proportionality review of a defendant's sentence. See Valenzuela v. People, 856 P.2d 805, 809 (Colo.1993) ; People v. Fernandez, 883 P.2d 491, 495 (Colo.App.1994). ¶ 31 Thus, we hold that Rainer's motion is not time-barred under section 16–5–402(1).

See Willis v. State, No. 06-04-00172-CR, 2005 Tex. App. LEXIS 7113, at *7-*8 (Tex.App.-Texarkana Aug. 31, 2005, no pet.) (not designated for publication) (mem. op.) (decided after Roper, 543 U.S. 551); Vie Le v. State, No. 14-94-01265-CR, 1997 Tex. App. LEXIS 5622, at *37-*38 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] Oct. 23, 1997) (not designated for publication), rev'd on other grounds sub nom. Le v. State, 993 S.W.2d 650 (Tex.Crim.App. 1999); Valenzuela v. People, 856 P.2d 805, 808-810 (Colo. 1993); State v. Mitchell, 577 N.W.2d 481, 488-90 (Minn. 1998); State v. Green, 502 S.E.2d 819, 827-34 (N.C. 1998); State v. Jensen, 1998 SD 52, ¶¶ 59-64, 579 N.W.2d 613, 623-25.

The supreme court has held that the defendant's age is not an appropriate factor to consider in conducting an abbreviated review of a life sentence. Valenzuela v. People, 856 P.2d 805 (Colo. 1993). Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not err in its review of defendant's sentence.

Evidence of a defendant's intent can "rarely be proven other than by circumstantial or indirect evidence." People v. Valenzuela, 825 P.2d 1015, 1016 (Colo.App. 1991), aff'd, 856 P.2d 805 (Colo. 1993). Here, defendant contends that the prosecution presented no evidence sufficient to prove that he intended permanently to deprive the victims of their money.

Under the United States Constitution, a defendant's age is not a relevant consideration in determining the scope of proportionality review required or in conducting such a review. Valenzuela v. People, 856 P.2d 805 (Colo. 1993). Thus, we conclude that defendant's argument on this ground under the United States Constitution is foreclosed.

Age is not a relevant factor in determining the scope of proportionality review. See Valenzuela v. People, 856 P.2d 805 (Colo. 1993). And, defendant is not entitled to an extended proportionality review simply because the sentence will equal his life expectancy.