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holding court clearly erred when it failed to make specific findings on whether additional cocaine involved relevant conduct
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No. 03-1471.
Argued February 23, 2005.
Decided December 12, 2005.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Indiana, James T. Moody, J.
Sharon Johnson (argued), Office of the United States Attorney, Hammond, IN, for Plaintiff-Appellee.
Laura D. Cullison (argued), E. King Poor, Winston Strawn, Chicago, IL, for Defendant-Appellant.
Before CUDAHY, EASTERBROOK, and WILLIAMS, Circuit Judges.
Jose Ortiz pled guilty to one count of distributing marijuana and two counts of distributing cocaine. At sentencing, the district court found that Ortiz's relevant conduct involved 100 kilograms of cocaine and sentenced him to 240 months imprisonment. Ortiz argues that the government witness's testimony was inconsistent and therefore unreliable. Although we find aspects of that testimony troubling, we decline to find it incredible as a matter of law. Ortiz also appeals his sentence on the grounds that the district court improperly attributed to him quantities of cocaine not part of the offense of conviction. We agree and find that the additional cocaine that the district court attributed to Ortiz was not part of the same common scheme or plan as the crime to which Ortiz pled guilty, and is thus not relevant conduct. As such, we vacate Ortiz's sentence and remand for resentencing. In light of this remand, we need not address Ortiz's arguments under United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S.Ct. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005).
I. BACKGROUND
Ortiz pled guilty to one count of distributing marijuana and two counts of distributing cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). Ortiz sold drugs from the car repair shop he ran in Lake Station, Indiana. Unfortunately for Ortiz, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) launched an investigation into the northern Indiana drug trade, and had an informant buy drugs from Ortiz. In his plea, Ortiz admitted selling drugs to the informant on three occasions: eight pounds of marijuana in September 2000; five ounces of cocaine in January 2001; and another five ounces of cocaine in March 2001.
Around the same time that Ortiz was selling drugs to the DEA's informant, the DEA began investigating Jay Zambrana, another drug dealer. During the course of that investigation, the DEA spoke with Carlos Ripoll, who told them that he sold drugs for Zambrana, and that one of his customers was Ortiz. According to Ortiz's presentencing report, Ripoll told the investigators that he and Zambrana sold at least 15 kilograms of cocaine to Ortiz during the years 1997 to 1999.
In Ortiz's presentence report, his probation officer recommended that the district court include as the drug quantity for which Ortiz was responsible not only the drugs that Ortiz sold to the DEA's informant, but also the 15 kilograms of cocaine that he allegedly bought from Ripoll and Zambrana. In support of that recommendation, the government called Ripoll as a witness at Ortiz's sentencing hearing. Ripoll testified that he and Zambrana delivered even larger quantities of cocaine to Ortiz than what he previously told the DEA. Specifically, Ripoll testified that he sold Ortiz more than 100 kilograms of cocaine.
In sentencing Ortiz, the district court concluded that Ripoll's testimony regarding the additional 100 kilograms was credible, and concluded that Ortiz should be held responsible for 100 kilograms of cocaine. The district court also denied Ortiz a downward adjustment for acceptance of responsibility, and added two sentencing points for activity occurring during supervised release. Accordingly, the district court sentenced Ortiz to 240 months imprisonment. From this sentence, Ortiz appeals.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Waiver of District Court's Relevant Conduct Determination
We find that Ortiz neither waived nor forfeited the issue of relevant conduct and this issue was properly preserved. Waiver is the intentional relinquishment and abandonment of a known right. United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 733, 113 S.Ct. 1770, 123 L.Ed.2d 508 (1993). Waiver differs from forfeiture, which is simply the failure to make a timely assertion of a right. Id. Waiver extinguishes any error that the district court may have made and precludes appellate review. United States v. Staples, 202 F.3d 992, 995 (7th Cir. 2000). Forfeiture permits plain error review. Id. A common distinction we draw between waiver and forfeiture is that waiver comes about intentionally whereas forfeiture occurs through neglect. Id.
The government argues that Ortiz waived any right to appeal the district court's relevant conduct determination because he failed to object after the district court specifically solicited objections to its findings. We find this argument unconvincing. We have held that we construe waiver principles liberally in favor of the defendant. United States v. Sumner, 265 F.3d 532, 538 (7th Cir. 2001). The record reflects that Ortiz's counsel objected to the additional drug quantities asserted in the presentence report. Ortiz's counsel filed written objections to the alleged additional relevant conduct. Ortiz's counsel also stated at the sentencing hearing, "Mr. Ortiz argues that his drug quantity should be calculated only on the counts he has pled to . . . Mr. Ortiz would argue to the Court that that's the full extent of his involvement in drugs as it relates to both the indictment and his relevant conduct." Sentencing Hr'g Tr., Vol. II at 10-11. The fact that Ortiz's counsel did not continue to object regarding the additional relevant conduct, after the judge ruled on Ripoll's testimony, does not constitute waiver. In addition, after finding that Ripoll was credible and that the alleged additional transactions should be considered relevant conduct, the district court specifically limited objections to those "other than what you have already argued." Sentencing Hr'g Tr., Vol. II at 30. We have held that when a defendant consistently disputes an issue, and the district court does not specifically elicit objections to the adequacy of the findings, the defendant is not required to interpose a further objection to the adequacy of the district court's findings after the district court has ruled. United States v. Freitag, 230 F.3d 1019, 1025 n. 7 (7th Cir. 2000). Ortiz objected to the presentencing report, and he argued at sentencing that the district court should only attribute to him the drug quantity to which he pled. The government is arguing, in essence, that defendants must take exception to district judges' rulings, and the clear language of Fed.R. Crim P. 51(a) states that there is no need to do so. The actions of Ortiz, through his counsel, are sufficient to have preserved this issue.
B. Ripoll's Credibility
Ortiz argues that we should find Ripoll's testimony incredible as a matter of law. Although we conclude in this opinion that the district court clearly erred by its relevant conduct finding, we decline to take the additional leap of finding Ripoll incredible as a matter of law. We review a district court's witness credibility determinations for clear error. United States v. Noble, 246 F.3d 946, 953 (7th Cir. 2001). We have held that determinations of witness credibility are entitled to great deference and "can virtually never be clear error." United States v. Blalock, 321 F.3d 686, 690 (7th Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). See also United States v. Ferguson, 35 F.3d 327, 333 (7th Cir. 1994) ("The district court's evaluation of witness credibility will not be disturbed unless it is completely without foundation."); United States v. Porter, 23 F.3d 1274, 1278 (7th Cir. 1994) ("Any argument that the trial judge should have disbelieved a certain witness is doomed at the outset.") We give such a high-level of deference to such findings of credibility because "[t]he trial judge has the best opportunity to observe the verbal and non-verbal behavior of the witnesses focusing on the subject's reactions and responses to the interrogatories, their facial expressions, attitudes, tone of voice, eye contact, posture and body movements, as well as confused or nervous speech patterns in contrast with merely looking at the cold pages of an appellate record." United States v. Eddy, 8 F.3d 577, 582-83 (7th Cir. 1993) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). A credibility determination by a district court using the preponderance standard cannot be challenged on appeal "unless the court credited testimony that was essentially unbelievable as a matter of law." United States v. Smith, 308 F.3d 726, 746 (7th Cir. 2002). In order for testimony to be found incredible as a matter of law, "`it must have been either physically impossible for the witness to observe that which he or she claims occurred, or impossible under the laws of nature for the occurrence to have taken place at all.'" United States v. McEntire, 153 F.3d 424, 435 (7th Cir. 1998) (quoting United States v. Dunigan, 884 F.2d 1010, 1013 (7th Cir. 1989)).
Ortiz argues that Ripoll's testimony is incredible because of some inconsistencies of Ripoll's testimony. Ripoll testified initially that he saw Ortiz make one purchase of cocaine from Zambrana in 1997. The next purchase Ripoll observed was over a year later in the summer of 1998. Then, after a gap of a couple of months, Ripoll saw Ortiz thereafter purchase from Zambrana weekly, or every two or three weeks. However, later in Ortiz's testimony he said that he saw Ortiz purchase cocaine from Zambrana weekly. Ortiz also argues that, according to the presentence report, Ortiz initially told the DEA that Ortiz had purchased 15 kilograms of cocaine; however, while testifying, this number mushroomed to 100 kilograms. Although this testimony is troubling, it does not meet the standard mandating that we deem it incredible as a matter of law, and we decline to second-guess the credibility findings of the trial judge, who had the opportunity to observe Ripoll firsthand. As we have held, when making a credibility determination, the sentencing court, "may credit testimony that is `totally uncorroborated and comes from an admitted liar, convicted felon, or large scale drug-dealing, paid government informant.'" United States v. White, 360 F.3d 718, 720 (7th Cir. 2004) (quoting Blalock, 321 F.3d at 690).
C. Relevant Conduct Determination Was Error
We find that the district court clearly erred when it concluded that Ripoll's allegations concerning the additional 100 kilograms of cocaine constituted relevant conduct. We review a district court's calculation of the quantity of drugs involved in an offense for clear error. United States v. Bacallao, 149 F.3d 717, 719 (7th Cir. 1998). A finding of fact is clearly erroneous when "although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed." United States v. McEntire, 153 F.3d 424, 431 (7th Cir. 1998) (quoting United States v. Gypsum Co., 333 U.S. 364, 395, 68 S.Ct. 525, 92 L.Ed. 746 (1948)).
In calculating a defendant's base offense level under the now-advisory Sentencing Guidelines, "the sentencing court must consider types and quantities of drugs not specified in the counts of conviction but that were `part of the same course of conduct or common scheme or plan' as the convicted offenses." United States v. Beler, 20 F.3d 1428, 1431 (7th Cir. 1994) (citations omitted) (quoting U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(2)). In United States v. Duarte, we noted that this "relevant conduct" or "aggregation rule" "grants the government a fearsome tool in drug cases. It permits prosecutors to `indict defendants on relatively minor offenses and then seek enhanced sentences later by asserting that the defendant has committed other more serious crimes for which, for whatever reason, the defendant was not prosecuted and has not been convicted.'" 950 F.2d 1255, 1263 (7th Cir. 1991). However, the relevant conduct rule has limits. The rule allows sentencing courts to consider quantities of drugs not specified in the counts of conviction, provided "the unconvicted activities bore the necessary relation to the convicted offense." Id. Two or more offenses are part of a common scheme or plan if they are connected by at least one common factor, such as "common victims, common accomplices, common purpose, or similar modus operandi." U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(2), App. Note 9.
In assessing whether offenses are part of the same course of conduct, we look to whether there is "a strong relationship between the uncharged conduct and the convicted offense, focusing on whether the government has demonstrated a significant `similarity, regularity, and temporal proximity.'" United States v. Acosta, 85 F.3d 275, 281 (7th Cir. 1996). Offenses are part of the same course of conduct if they are "part of a single episode, spree, or ongoing series of offenses." U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(2), App. Note 9. Moreover, "section 1B1.3(a)(2) must not be read to encompass any offense that is similar in kind to the offense of conviction but that does not bear the required relationship to that offense." United States v. Patel, 131 F.3d 1195, 1204 (7th Cir. 1997); see also United States v. White, 888 F.2d 490, 500 (7th Cir. 1989). We have held that the mere fact that the defendant may have engaged in other drug transactions "is not sufficient to justify treating those transactions as `relevant conduct' for sentencing purposes." United States v. Crockett, 82 F.3d 722, 730 (7th Cir. 1996).
In this case, we are not convinced that the aggregated relevant conduct in question is sufficiently intertwined with the offense of conviction. See Bacallao, 149 F.3d at 721. To begin, there is no temporal proximity between the crimes to which Ortiz pled guilty and the relevant conduct which the district court attributed to Ortiz. Ripoll's testimony provides no specific dates for any of the alleged cocaine purchases by Ortiz, other than the loose time frame of "1997 through 1999." Ripoll testified that he first observed Ortiz purchase cocaine from Zambrana in "early 1997", but the next time he supposedly observed Ortiz purchase drugs from Zambrana was not until the "summer of 1998", over a year later. There is, at a minimum, a ten-month gap between Ripoll's arrest in December 1999 and Ortiz's first offense on September 21, 2000, which the government concedes. Such a temporal gap suggests the lack of a common plan or course of conduct. See United States v. Sykes, 7 F.3d 1331, 1337 (7th Cir. 1993) (temporal gap of 14 months "tends to indicate conduct that can easily be separated into `discrete, identifiable units' rather than behavior that is part of the same course of conduct or common scheme or plan") (quoting U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3 background comment); see also United States v. Mullins, 971 F.2d 1138, 1144 (4th Cir. 1992) (temporal proximity "extremely weak" where uncharged conduct occurred six months prior to offense of conviction); United States v. Hahn, 960 F.2d 903, 911 (9th Cir. 1992) (evidence of specific similarity and regularity important where period of five months separated drug transactions): United States v. Jones, 948 F.2d 732, 737-38 (D.C. Cir. 1991) (embezzlement that occurred over one year before mail-bag fraud not part of same course of conduct or common plan).
The government argues that this temporal gap problem can be explained if we make the assumption that Ortiz was forced to find another supplier after Ripoll's arrest. However, the record simply does not indicate that this was the case, and we refuse to make such an assumption. The government relies on our holdings in United States v. Ruiz, 178 F.3d 877, 882 (7th Cir. 1999), and Sumner, 325 F.3d at 886 for this proposition. We find the government's reliance on these cases unpersuasive. Although we did not remand in Ruiz because the error there did not affect the defendant's sentencing range, we did find that the prior drug activities at issue could not be considered for sentencing purposes as additional relevant conduct. 178 F.3d at 882. As in this case, in Ruiz we noted that the government was attempting to link drug transactions "on some occasions" to behavior that involved weekly transactions. See id. at 880, 882. In Sumner, we held that the defendant's crack cocaine dealings were sufficiently similar and temporally proximate to the relevant conduct the district court found. However, in that case, the defendant specifically admitted that the supplier who had been incarcerated was supplying him drugs before his arrest. There is no such link here.
We have held that without temporal proximity, the government needs a stronger showing regarding the other course of conduct factors, such as regularity or similarity of acts. Sumner, 265 F.3d at 541; Ruiz, 178 F.3d at 882 (7th Cir. 1999) ("If the prior incidents are remote in time, a stronger showing of regularity and similarity may be necessary to support a determination of a single course of conduct."). Here, there is no significant similarity or regularity between Ripoll's allegations and Ortiz's convicted offenses. The regular weekly purchasing activity Ripoll described in his testimony was part of a major, large-scale drug trafficking conspiracy extending throughout Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois. This drug trafficking ring ended in December 1999, with the arrest of Ripoll and others. In comparison, Ortiz's charged offenses consisted of three drug sales that took place over a six-month time span. The sales all took place at one location, the Lake Station car repair shop. The sales only involved Ortiz and the DEA's confidential informant. Additionally, while Ripoll describes Ortiz as exclusively purchasing cocaine, one of Ortiz's convictions involves a different drug, marijuana. Most damning to the government, however, is that Ortiz's three sales occurred in 2000 and 2001, long after the Zambrana/Ripoll conspiracy had been exposed.
The quantity of cocaine involved in the charged offenses and the alleged relevant conduct is also different. Ripoll describes Ortiz as purchasing between one and three kilograms of cocaine a week throughout 1997 to 1999. The two controlled purchases of cocaine between Ortiz and the DEA's confidential informant that took place in January and March 2001 equaled 10 ounces.
In addition, we find nothing in the record indicating that the alleged weekly purchases of cocaine from Ripoll and Zambrana involved the same purpose or modus operandi as Ortiz's convicted offenses. See Bacallao, 149 F.3d at 719 (stating courts cannot consider additional drug purchases when there is "no explanation indicating how the alleged purchase involved the same purpose or modus operandi as the convicted offense"). The convicted offenses here do not involve the same participants as the activities described by Ripoll. See Ruiz, 178 F.3d at 882 (finding that different participants indicated that transactions were not part of same conduct or scheme, even if transactions were similar). When we compare Ortiz's role in his convicted offenses to those of the alleged relevant conduct, we also see substantial differences. Ortiz pled guilty to selling marijuana once and relatively small amounts (when compared to 100 kilograms) of cocaine twice. However, according to Ripoll, Ortiz purchased large quantities of cocaine on a weekly basis. As such, we find the government's evidence that the relevant conduct involved the same purpose or modus operandi non-existent insufficient.
Finally, the district court did not make specific findings on the issue of whether Ripoll's allegations involved conduct relevant to the convicted offense. As we have noted before, the government's burden at sentencing is considerably lightened because of the preponderance of the evidence standard and the relaxed evidentiary rules that govern sentencing. However, we have also held that the relevant conduct rule is "not without limits" and "because its application so favors the government," we insist that courts be "scrupulous to ensure that the government has adhered to those limits." Beler, 20 F.3d at 1432. One of the ways in which we ensure that these limits are maintained is by requiring sentencing courts to "explicitly state and support, either at the sentencing hearing or (preferably) in a written statement of reasons, the finding that the unconvicted activities bore the necessary relation to the convicted offense." Id. (citing Duarte, 950 F.2d at 1263). The district court's relevant conduct decision seems solely based on Ripoll's testimony at the sentencing hearing. The district court did not address the fact that Ripoll's assertions regarding over 100 kilograms of cocaine purchases from 1997 through 1999 do not appear anywhere in the presentencing report. Most importantly, the district court did not address any issues of temporal proximity, similarity, regularity, or modus operandi and failed to explain how the events to which Ripoll testified were related to the conduct to which Ortiz pled guilty. The district court's terse findings, combined with our analysis examining the temporal proximity, similarity, regularity, and modus operandi of Ortiz's alleged relevant conduct, all lead us to conclude that the district court's finding that Ortiz was responsible for 100 kilograms of cocaine as relevant conduct was clearly erroroneous.
The district court, in making its relevant conduct finding, stated only the following:
As to the objection of the Defendant as to relevant conduct, and actually we can run that with the base offense level together. All my findings here are by a preponderance of the credible evidence that the court has in front of it. The court does find that the testimony of Carlos Ripoll — I find that testimony to be very credible, so, the defendant should be held responsible for at least a hundred kilograms of cocaine as relevant conduct.
Sentencing Hr'g Tr., Vol. II at 21.
D. The District Court's Additional Sentencing Determinations
We find that the district court also erred by denying Ortiz a downward adjustment of three points for demonstrating acceptance of responsibility, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1(b)(1). and by adding two points for activity occurring during supervised release. We review both the district court's acceptance of responsibility and supervised release factual findings for clear error. United States v. Wetwattana, 94 F.3d 280, 285 (7th Cir. 1996); United States v. Trotter, 270 F.3d 1150, 1153 (7th Cir. 2001). The district court made both of these determinations based exclusively on the alleged relevant conduct at issue here. Because we have already determined that the government's allegations against Ortiz do not constitute relevant conduct, it follows that the district court's acceptance of responsibility and supervised release findings are also clearly erroneous.
E. Ortiz's Booker Arguments
Ortiz also argues that his Sixth Amendment rights were violated when the district judge made a finding by a preponderance of the evidence regarding Ortiz's alleged relevant conduct. See Booker, 125 S.Ct. at 756. We are already remanding this case based on our finding that the district court clearly erred in its relevant conduct findings. Ortiz must be resentenced in accordance with Booker at that time, obviating the need for us to consider the propriety of a limited remand. See Paladino, 401 F.3d at 484.
III. CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, we VACATE Ortiz's sentence and REMAND for resentencing in accordance with this opinion.